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UAV Command and Control, Navigation and Surveillance: A Review of Potential 5G and Satellite Systems
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Published link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8741719
........................................................................................................................Drones, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or unmanned aerial systems (UAS)are expected to be an important component of 5G/beyond 5G (B5G) communications. This includes their use within cellular architectures (5G UAVs), in which they can facilitate both wireless broadcast and point-to-point transmissions, usually using small UAS (sUAS). Allowing UAS to operate within airspace along with commercial, cargo, and other piloted aircraft will likely require dedicated and protected aviation spectrum-at least in the near term, while regulatory authorities adapt to their use. The command and control (C2), or control and non-payload communications (CNPC)link provides safety critical information for the control of the UAV both in terrestrial-based line of sight (LOS)conditions and in satellite communication links for so-called beyond LOS (BLOS)conditions. In this paper, we provide an overview of these CNPC links as they may be used in 5G and satellite systems by describing basic concepts and challenges. We review new entrant technologies that might be used for UAV C2 as well as for payload communication, such as millimeter wave (mmWave)systems, and also review navigation and surveillance challenges. A brief discussion of UAV-to-UAV communication and hardware issues are also provided.
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... The main objective of flight dynamics control is to ensure that the aircraft remains stable, controllable, and safe across its entire flight envelope [198]. Various approaches and algorithms are employed in flight dynamics control to design control systems that stabilize and govern the behaviour of aircraft throughout different flight tasks, including path following [199], morphing capabilities [45], [47], [48], [179], navigation and surveillance [77], swarm flights [28], autonomous manoeuvring [17], mapping [200], and sprayer operations [201]. These approaches and algorithms [27], [28], along with their architectural considerations [28], [202], utilize mathematical models of aircraft dynamics and control theory to generate control inputs that modify the aircraft's behaviour to achieve specific performance objectives [27]. ...
... A survey in networking and communication technologies is well presented in [304]. 5G systems and satellite communication for UAV navigation and surveillance are presented by [77]. While [124], [305] analysed in-depth the swarm communication architectures. ...
... The main objective of flight dynamics control is to ensure that the aircraft remains stable, controllable, and safe across its entire flight envelope [199]. Various approaches and algorithms are employed in flight dynamics control to design control systems that stabilize and govern the behavior of aircraft throughout different flight tasks, including path following [200], morphing capabilities [45,47,48,180], navigation and surveillance [77], swarm flights [28], autonomous maneuvering [17], mapping [201], and sprayer operations [202]. These approaches and algorithms [27,28], along with their architectural considerations [28,203], utilize the mathematical models of aircraft dynamics and control theory to generate control inputs that modify the aircraft's behavior to achieve specific performance objectives [27]. ...
... A survey of networking and communication technologies is well presented in [300]. Fifth-generation (5G) systems and satellite communication for UAV navigation and surveillance are presented in [77]. Moreover, [124,301] performed an in-depth analysis of the swarm communication architectures. ...
The growing interest in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) from both the scientific and industrial sectors has attracted a wave of new researchers and substantial investments in this expansive field. However, due to the wide range of topics and subdomains within UAV research, newcomers may find themselves overwhelmed by the numerous options available. It is therefore crucial for those involved in UAV research to recognize its interdisciplinary nature and its connections with other disciplines. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the UAV field, highlighting recent trends and advancements. Drawing on recent literature reviews and surveys, the review begins by classifying UAVs based on their flight characteristics. It then provides an overview of current research trends in UAVs, utilizing data from the Scopus database to quantify the number of scientific documents associated with each research direction and their interconnections. This paper also explores potential areas for further development in UAVs, including communication, artificial intelligence, remote sensing, miniaturization, swarming and cooperative control, and transformability. Additionally, it discusses the development of aircraft control, commonly used control techniques, and appropriate control algorithms in UAV research. Furthermore, this paper addresses the general hardware and software architecture of UAVs, their applications, and the key issues associated with them. It also provides an overview of current open source software and hardware projects in the UAV field. By presenting a comprehensive view of the UAV field, this paper aims to enhance our understanding of this rapidly evolving and highly interdisciplinary area of research.
... The main objective of flight dynamics control is to ensure that the aircraft remains stable, controllable, and safe across its entire flight envelope [198]. Various approaches and algorithms are employed in flight dynamics control to design control systems that stabilize and govern the behaviour of aircraft throughout different flight tasks, including path following [199], morphing capabilities [45], [47], [48], [179], navigation and surveillance [77], swarm flights [28], autonomous manoeuvring [17], mapping [200], and sprayer operations [201]. These approaches and algorithms [27], [28], along with their architectural considerations [28], [202], utilize mathematical models of aircraft dynamics and control theory to generate control inputs that modify the aircraft's behaviour to achieve specific performance objectives [27]. ...
... A survey in networking and communication technologies is well presented in [304]. 5G systems and satellite communication for UAV navigation and surveillance are presented by [77]. While [124], [305] analysed in-depth the swarm communication architectures. ...
The growing interest in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) from both scientific and industrial sectors has attracted a wave of new researchers and substantial investments in this expansive field. However, due to the wide range of topics and subdomains within UAV research, newcomers may find themselves overwhelmed by the numerous options available. It is therefore crucial for those involved in UAV research to recognize its interdisciplinary nature and its connections with other disciplines. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the UAV field, highlighting recent trends and advancements. Drawing on recent literature reviews and surveys, the review begins by classifying UAVs based on their flight characteristics. It then provides an overview of current research trends in UAVs, utilizing data from the Scopus database to quantify the number of scientific documents associated with each research direction and their interconnections. The paper also explores potential areas for further development in UAVs, including communication, artificial intelligence, remote sensing, miniaturization, swarming and cooperative control, and transformability. Additionally, it discusses the development of aircraft control, commonly used control techniques, and appropriate control algorithms in UAV research. Furthermore, the paper addresses the general hardware and software architecture of UAVs, their applications, and the key issues associated with them. It also provides an overview of current open-source software and hardware projects in the UAV field. By presenting a comprehensive view of the UAV field, this paper aims to enhance understanding of this rapidly evolving and highly interdisciplinary area of research.
... In fact, if the operation is VLOS, the communication is done through a direct radio link. A BVLOS communication relays on the use of a satellite connection [47] or on more than one connection with redundant C2 links [3]. For the decentralized blockchain UTM systems, the GCS receives data from the UAV and then return the control commands using the cloud through Internet. ...
The Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management (UTM) system is a set of services offering an automated management of the airspace and thus providing safe and secure Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) flights in both controlled and uncontrolled airspace. Controlled airspace refers to the portion of the airspace that is under the authority of Air Traffic Control (ATC) and where separation services are offered, while uncontrolled airspace refers to the portion of airspace where aircraft are not regulated by ATC. This article is a comprehensive survey of the existing UTMs development efforts with a focus on the different UTMs architectures, the provided services, the used communication technologies and the decision-making process within UTMs. We firstly review the different UTM architecture and propose a novel UTM taxonomy based on high-level qualitative criteria. Secondly, we detail the services provided by UTMs with an emphasis on the used technologies in the identification, the surveillance, the monitoring, and the deconfliction services. Effective decision-making is crucial, particularly in emergency scenarios such as Air-to-Ground (A2G) communication loss, battery or motor malfunction, or encountering aerial obstacles, among other potential hazards. Despite its significance, the UTM decision-making process is not enough considered in the literature and especially in UTM surveys. We analyze and compare in this article both the centralized and decentralized UTM decision-making. Centralized decision-making is not conducted in real-time and primarily relies on Air-to-Ground (A2G) communication. In the decentralized case, the decision-making process primarily relies on communication and collaboration among UAVs with varying degrees of autonomy. We show in this paper that centralized decision-making may encounter issues with packet loss and imperfect data, which can negatively impact the quality of decision-making. We also highlight that the decentralized decision-making may also face challenges related to security and scalability, which can hinder its effectiveness. Finally, evaluating the performance of UTMs on a real environment rises several challenges and the simulation is a cost-effective alternative. Hence, we provide a summary of the existing UTMs simulators and discuss their main features.
... Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) offer numerous advantages as technology progresses, but they are also subject to limitations and concerns regarding privacy, security, and safety [59,60]. Implementing regulations and licensing measures for drone usage is crucial to restricting unnecessary aerial photography. ...
The small-drone technology domain is the outcome of a breakthrough in technological advancement for drones. The Internet of Things (IoT) is used by drones to provide inter-location services for navigation. But, due to issues related to their architecture and design, drones are not immune to threats related to security and privacy. Establishing a secure and reliable network is essential to obtaining optimal performance from drones. While small drones offer promising avenues for growth in civil and defense industries, they are prone to attacks on safety, security, and privacy. The current architecture of small drones necessitates modifications to their data transformation and privacy mechanisms to align with domain requirements. This research paper investigates the latest trends in safety, security, and privacy related to drones, and the Internet of Drones (IoD), highlighting the importance of secure drone networks that are impervious to interceptions and intrusions. To mitigate cyber-security threats, the proposed framework incorporates intelligent machine learning models into the design and structure of IoT-aided drones, rendering adaptable and secure technology. Furthermore, in this work, a new dataset is constructed, a merged dataset comprising a drone dataset and two benchmark datasets. The proposed strategy outperforms the previous algorithms and achieves 99.89% accuracy on the drone dataset and 91.64% on the merged dataset. Overall, this intelligent framework gives a potential approach to improving the security and resilience of cyber–physical satellite systems, and IoT-aided aerial vehicle systems, addressing the rising security challenges in an interconnected world.
... A further problem to which groups of UAVs can be applied, is communication networks. Using these robots, in combination with 5G technology, the coverage area for communication networks can be increased [6], and on-demand communications services can be offered in temporary massive events or in disaster relief [7]. UAVs will play a key role in smart cities. Traffic management and road safety could also rely on this technology [8]. ...
Heading synchronization is fundamental in flocking behaviors. If a swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can exhibit this behavior, the group can establish a common navigation route. Inspired by flocks in nature, the k-nearest neighbors algorithm modifies the behavior of a group member based on the k closest teammates. This algorithm produces a time-evolving communication network, due to the continuous displacement of the drones. Nevertheless, this is a computationally expensive algorithm, especially for large groups. This paper contains a statistical analysis to determine an optimal neighborhood size for a swarm of up to 100 UAVs, that seeks heading synchronization using a simple P-like control algorithm, in order to reduce the calculations on every UAV, this is especially important if it is intended to be implemented in drones with limited capabilities, as in swarm robotics. Based on the literature of bird flocks, that establishes that the neighborhood of every bird is fixed around seven teammates, two approaches are treated in this work: (i) the analysis of the optimum percentage of neighbors from a 100-UAV swarm, that is necessary to achieve heading synchronization, and (ii) the analysis to determine if the problem is solved in swarms of different sizes, up to 100 UAVs, while maintaining seven nearest neighbors among the members of the group. Simulation results and a statistical analysis, support the idea that the simple control algorithm behaves like a flock of starlings.
This paper presents a comprehensive comparison of graph neural networks, specifically Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN) and Graph Attention Networks (GAT), for traffic classification in satellite communication channels. The performance of these GNN-based methods is benchmarked against traditional Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) algorithms. The results indicate that GNNs demonstrate superior accuracy and efficiency compared to MLPs, emphasizing their potential for application in satellite communication systems. Moreover, the study investigates the impact of various factors on GNN algorithm performance, providing insights into the most effective strategies for implementing GNNs in traffic classification tasks. This research offers valuable knowledge on the benefits and prospective use cases of GNNs within satellite communication systems.
The technical problems during the application of the optical satellite communication network (FSON) in free space were analyzed, with the aim of creating new optical photon network switches for the construction of the optical communication network between nanosatellites and terminals in ground stations (GS) of the FSON nanosatellite-nano-satellite and nanosatellite-ground terminals, whereas a new generation 3D optical photon switch (OS) is proposed for switching optical channels between transmitters, and the principle of its operation at different wavelengths is explained appropriately. Based on the working principle of the new generation 3D optical switch, which is intended to be installed on nanosatellites and optical terminals, the reliability indicators of its elements were calculated and the sustained operation period was investigated.KeywordsOptical satellite communication networkOptical switchNanosatelliteSustained durationOptical terminal
Dünyada, sürü halinde otonom bir şekilde görev yapacak olan İnsansız Hava Aracı (İHA) ile ilgili birçok proje yürütülmekte ve geleceğin harekât ortamında da kullanılacağı öngörülmektedir. Özellikle yapay zekâ, otonomi, nesnelerin interneti, bulut veri ve 5G gibi teknolojilerin yaygınlaşması ile sürü halinde otonom harekât icra edebilen İHA’lar geliştirilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu gelişmelere paralel olarak değişen harekât ortamında, Sürü Otonom İHA’lara sahip olan ordular icra edilecek harekâtlarda karar icra döngüsünü kısaltarak stratejik, operatif ve taktik seviyede çok büyük avantaj sağlayacaklardır. Bu makalenin amacı; Sürü Otonom İHA’ların kullanımının muharebe ortamında oluşturacağı etkilerin değerlendirilerek gelecek dönemde icra edilecek harekâtlarda daha etkin olarak kullanılmasını sağlamaktır. Makalede, Sürü Otonom İHA’lar ile ilgili yürütülen projeler ve Sürü Otonom İHA’ların muharebe ortamında kullanım taktikleri incelenmiş, bir senaryo oluşturularak gelecek dönemde icra edilecek harekâtlarda etkin olarak kullanımı değerlendirilmiştir.
In this paper, a novel concept of three-dimensional (3D) cellular networks, that integrate drone base stations (drone- BS) and cellular-connected drone users (drone-UEs), is introduced. For this new 3D cellular architecture, a novel framework for network planning for drone-BSs as well as latency-minimal cell association for drone-UEs is proposed. For network planning, a tractable method for drone-BSs’ deployment based on the notion of truncated octahedron shapes is proposed that ensures full coverage for a given space with minimum number of drone- BSs. In addition, to characterize frequency planning in such 3D wireless networks, an analytical expression for the feasible integer frequency reuse factors is derived. Subsequently, an optimal 3D cell association scheme is developed for which the drone-UEs’ latency, considering transmission, computation, and backhaul delays, is minimized. To this end, first, the spatial distribution of the drone-UEs is estimated using a kernel density estimation method, and the parameters of the estimator are obtained using a cross-validation method. Then, according to the spatial distribution of drone-UEs and the locations of drone-BSs, the latency-minimal 3D cell association for drone-UEs is derived by exploiting tools from optimal transport theory. Simulation results show that the proposed approach reduces the latency of drone- UEs compared to the classical cell association approach that uses a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) criterion. In particular, the proposed approach yields a reduction of up to 46% in the average latency compared to the SINR-based association. The results also show that the proposed latencyoptimal cell association improves the spectral efficiency of a 3D wireless cellular network of drones.
https://nhz.us/Content/Wideband%20channel%20sounding%20using%20software%20defined%20radios%20%28SDR%29%20with%20chirp%20waveform.html
In the near future, there will be a need for accommodating large populations of fast moving Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) operating in uncontrolled, very low level (VLL) (below 500 ft.) airspace. As is well-known, real-time knowledge of the wireless propagation channel is essential for the effective design and optimization of wireless communication systems. In this paper, we propose a software defined radio (SDR) based channel sounder employing a wideband linear frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) or chirp waveform technique for low altitude air-to-air (AA) links. This paper discusses both matched filter and heterodyne detector implementations in the receiver, and investigates advantages and disadvantages of both architectures for an SDR implementation in an AA scenario. We also discuss proper windowing techniques in the transmitter to improve sounding resolution. Some proof of concept measurement results using SDRs are presented for a simulated UAS scenario..................................................................................................................
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8384840
......................citation:
N. Hosseini and D. W. Matolak, "Wide band channel characterization for low altitude unmanned aerial system communication using software defined radios," 2018 Integrated Communications, Navigation, Surveillance Conference (ICNS), Herndon, VA, 2018, pp. 2C2-1-2C2-9.
In disaster management, reconstructing the environment and quickly collecting the geospatial data of the impacted areas in a short time are crucial. In this letter, a light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-based unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is proposed to complete the reconstruction task. The UAV integrate an inertial navigation system (INS), a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver, and a low-cost LiDAR. An unmanned helicopter is introduced and the multisensor payload architecture for direct georeferencing is designed to improve the capabilities of the vehicle. In addition, a new strategy of iterative closest point algorithm is proposed to solve the registration problems in the sparse and inhomogeneous derived point cloud. The proposed registration algorithm addresses the local minima problem by the use of direct-georeferenced points and the novel hierarchical structure as well as taking the feedback bias into INS/GNSS. The generated point cloud is compared with a more accurate one derived from a high-grade terrestrial LiDAR which uses real flight data. Results indicate that the proposed UAV system achieves meter-level accuracy and reconstructs the environment with dense point cloud.
