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City branding and museum souvenirs: towards improving the St. Petersburg city brand: Do museums sell souvenirs or do souvenirs sell museums?
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify ways to develop museum shop product, which will possess competitive advantage, and to recommend what should be done to develop such product so that it has a positive impact on the city brand of St. Petersburg.
Design/methodology/approach
In total, 76 museums have been studied through the observation method to describe their shops’ inventory in terms of percentages of each product. Mostly St. Petersburg museums were included in the analysis. The observation method enabled the researchers to analyse the inventory of the museum souvenir shops. The findings of the analysis enabled the researchers to reach conclusions about museums’ strategies of product development.
Findings
The research allowed to make the conclusion that although the museum shops in St.Petersburg demonstrate positive tendencies in the development of competitive stores’ products a lot of work is still to be done. Not all museums are characterised by availability of clear strategy for product development. They offer souvenirs (if any) which do not differ from those existing on the market according to topics and functions which are characteristic for them. Recommendations on how to make the product of museum shops more competitive were proposed.
Practical implications
Cities need new and fresh ways to create and promote their brands. Museums can contribute to this significantly with the help of souvenirs production. This research will provide insight into the process of how museums can do this by developing their shops’ inventory strategies. Recommendations to improve strategies for creation of competitive product were offered in the paper.
Originality/value
In today’s competitive conditions, museums are creating augmented products and create museum shops. Nevertheless, the role of museum shops in brand creation is underexplored. Museum shops have a high potential for creating high-quality products that may influence the museum and city brand in a positive way, as souvenirs and visual images of museum artifacts play an essential role in making an impression on tourists.
... Museums have their own distinctive brands that, in some cases, are integrated into broader brand knowledge and serve as one of the associations that contribute to a location's overall brand. For cities with an 'academic' image and those whose city brands are founded on cultural and historical heritage, museums are especially crucial (Gordin, 2011;Trabskaia et al., 2019). Marketing is indeed the backbone of museums' sustainability and branding is the heart of future museums. ...
... Souvenirs are not only an essential part of the museum's identity but also strongly represent the town, city, region, or nation in which the museum is situated. A museum shop's creation of an original product could enhance the overall Destination's reputation (Trabskaia et al., 2019). The souvenirs sold in museum gift shops can have a big impact on how museums are branded. ...
... The souvenirs sold in museum gift shops can have a big impact on how museums are branded. Masterpieces from museum collections are frequently included in a variety of product lines in these retail venues (Trabskaia et al., 2019). In addition to serving as a form of communication, souvenirs can improve a visitor's memory of a particular location (Trabskaia et al., 2019;Kent, 2010). ...
... Pentingnya suvenir dalam mendukung citra kota juga telah mendapat perhatian, terutama di St. Petersburg, di mana penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suvenir museum tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai produk komersial, tetapi juga sebagai alat untuk memperkuat citra kota (Trabskaia et al., 2019) .Interaksi antara budaya lokal dan citra kota memperlihatkan bagaimana elemen-elemen ini saling mempengaruhi dalam penjenamaan tempat. ...
PENDAHULUAN Di era globalisasi yang semakin meningkat, penjenamaan tempat telah menjadi alat penting dalam strategi pembangunan, baik untuk kota maupun daerah pedesaan. Dalam konteks ini, Kabupaten Guangshan di China menjadi contoh menarik di mana penjenamaan tempat diadopsi sebagai kebijakan untuk meningkatkan daya tarik dan kesejahteraan ekonomi daerah .Strategi ini tidak hanya berfokus pada citra visual, tetapi juga melibatkan pengembangan narasi yang kuat untuk menarik perhatian masyarakat dan wisatawan. Pentingnya suvenir dalam mendukung citra kota juga telah mendapat perhatian, terutama di St. Petersburg, di mana penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suvenir museum tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai produk komersial, tetapi juga sebagai alat untuk memperkuat citra kota .Interaksi antara budaya lokal dan citra kota memperlihatkan bagaimana elemen-elemen ini saling mempengaruhi dalam penjenamaan tempat. Penjenamaan tempat juga berkaitan erat dengan nama perusahaan dan atribut tempat, yang dapat mempengaruhi persepsi publik terhadap suatu daerah Pemahaman tentang bagaimana nama dan atribut tersebut membentuk strategi branding publik menjadi krusial dalam menciptakan identitas yang kuat dan terintegrasi di kalangan pemangku kepentingan Analisis semiotik terhadap penjenamaan kota, seperti yang dilakukan untuk Rio de Janeiro, menunjukkan bagaimana simbol dan narasi memainkan peran penting dalam membentuk identitas kota Ini menggarisbawahi pentingnya pemahaman mendalam tentang konteks budaya dalam proses branding untuk menarik pengunjung dan menciptakan pengalaman yang bermakna. Dalam konteks pandemi COVID-19, dampaknya terhadap praktik penjenamaan tempat yang partisipatif menjadi isu krusial. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kolaborasi antara pemerintah, masyarakat, dan sektor industri dihadapkan pada tantangan dalam mengambil keputusan strategis di tengah krisis. Situasi ini memaksa banyak daerah untuk merespon dengan cepat dan adaptif terhadap kebutuhan dan harapan masyarakat. Selanjutnya, studi mengenai "cinta merek kota" menunjukkan hubungan emosional antara pengunjung dan kota, serta bagaimana pengalaman wisata yang positif dapat membangun loyalitas dan minat untuk kembali. Dengan demikian, pengembangan citra merek kota tidak hanya bergantung pada elemen visual dan naratif, tetapi juga pada pengalaman yang dirasakan oleh pengunjung dan penduduk setempat. Krisis kesehatan global, seperti yang dialami selama wabah Ebola, memberikan pelajaran berharga dalam pengelolaan situasi kritis. (Miftahuddin et al., 2022) mengeksplorasi bagaimana pengalaman tersebut dapat diterapkan dalam konteks pandemi COVID-19 dengan menggunakan model sistem manajemen insiden kritis. Pembelajaran dari pengalaman masa lalu dapat membantu organisasi merumuskan respons yang lebih efektif terhadap tantangan baru.
... • city authenticity (Hussein 2020) • city fuzziness (Hospers 2020) • city identity (Castillo-Villar 2018;Goess et al. 2016;Jelinčić et al. 2017;Joo and Seo 2018;Chen and Shih 2019;Glińska et al. 2021;Torres-Zamudio et al. 2021;de Jong and Lu 2022) • city image ((Karachalis and Deffner 2012;Aysu 2013;Cvijić and Guzijan 2013;Chunying 2013;Bouchon 2014;Castillo-Villar 2018;Acuti et al. 2018;Hussein 2020;Beck and Ferasso 2022;Dai et al. 2022;Jameel and Hussien 2023;Yu et al. 2023) • city personality (Sahin and Baloglu 2014) • city uniqueness (Hussein 2020) (Sahin and Baloglu 2014) • brand association (Sahin and Baloglu 2014;Acuti et al. 2018;Wang 2019) • brand attitude (Merrilees et al. 2013;Lee et al. 2016;Gómez et al. 2018;Miftahuddin et al. 2021) • brand attractiveness (Ardyan and Susanti 2018;Chigora and Hoque 2018;Dudek-Mańkowska and Grochowski 2019;Miftahuddin et al. 2021) • brand awareness (Gómez et al. 2018;Panjaitan 2020;Dai et al. 2022;Alzouby et al. 2023) • brand commitment (Piehler et al. 2020) • brand communication (Piehler et al. 2020) • brand creation (Lindstedt 2015;Trabskaia et al. 2019;Ma et al. 2020) • brand credibility (Noori and de Jong 2018) • brand element (Lucarelli and Olof Berg 2011;Chan and Marafa 2014;Torres-Zamudio et al. 2021) • brand equity (Chan et al. 2015;Molina et al. 2017;Gómez et al. 2018;Ardyan and Susanti 2018;Miftahuddin et al. 2021) • brand experience (Merrilees et al. 2013;Sahin and Baloglu 2014;Ardyan and Susanti 2018;Barani 2021;Karagiannis and Andrinos 2021;Miftahuddin et al. 2021) • brand Familiarity-favourability (Chan et al. 2015) • brand identity (Brandt and De Mortanges 2011;Cvijić and Guzijan 2013;Sahin and Baloglu 2014;Zali et al. 2014b;Wahyurini and Wardani 2014;Moilanen 2015;Lu et al. 2017;Jelinčić et al. 2017;de Jong et al. 2018;Noori and de Jong 2018;Han et al. 2018;Wang 2019;Belabas et al. 2020;Torres-Zamudio et al. 2021;Zhang et al. 2021;Dai et al. 2022) • brand image (Brandt and De Mortanges 2011;Sahin and Baloglu 2014;Lee et al. 2016;Acuti et al. 2018;Gómez et al. 2018;Panjaitan 2020;Won et al. 2020;Zhang et al. 2021;Dai et al. 2022) • brand love ( • brand potential (Chan et al. 2015) • brand resistance (Lundholt et al. 2020) • brand strength (Pashkus et al. 2015) • brand success (Moilanen 2015) • brand value (Herget et al. 2015;Panjaitan 2020) • brand values (Magor 2014) • brand vision (Hultman et al. 2016) *Measures in bold represent key indicators based on emphasis in the literature Table 6 (continued) of tourists. Insights from these measures enable cities to better understand, welcome and handle local, regional, and international tourists. ...
Tourism development benefits from harnessing the prospects of innovative city brands and motivates management scholars to postulate and investigate evolving motives and mechanisms for creativity and implementation of city branding processes. City branding as innovation creates positive images of metropolitan and urban areas with socio-economic potentials for attracting tourism, and there is a need for regular and on-going reviews to coalesce knowledge on the state-of-the-art in city branding scholarship. This study presents the current state of city branding research related to tourism development by systematically reviewing current literature within the field. The review investigates concepts for city branding and contributions to tourism practice within the literature based on analysing 140 peer-reviewed articles published between 2011 and 2023. The study finds concepts of branding strategies and practices, branding culture and creativity, branding generation and identity, branding quality and sustainability. The review also synthesises contributions of conceptual models and theoretical framework, strategic tools and management techniques, path analysis variables and performance indicators, branding narratives and interpretations. Additionally, a critique of the literature reflects on the forms of tourism and performance measures associated with city branding as innovation. Using insights from the analysis and synthesis, the review proposes areas for future management research. The review has management implications for tourism planning and provides a better understanding of the innovation factors that shape the physical, subjective, and objective space for city branding for tourism development.
... "Museum cultural and creative products" is a concept that has only been proposed in recent years by museums and the cultural and creative industry, and it appears more often in Chinese and Taiwanese literature. In the existing literature, the term is found expressed in multiple forms, such as "museum cultural and creative products" [43], "museum cultural products" ( [42,44,45]), "museum cultural creative merchandise" [46], and "museum souvenirs" ( [47][48][49]). In this research, these similar concepts are collectively named as "museum cultural and creative products" and refer to creative and unique cultural products sold by museums. ...
A museum’s core activities traditionally focus on such areas as collections’ care, exhibitions and scholarship. Income generation, including retail activities, is considered secondary. Academic research into museums’ merchandise, especially into the perceived value and purchase intentions, is limited. Drawing on literature embracing both core museum functions and marketing, this research, based on the Palace Museum in Beijing, China, explores the impact of the perceived value of a museum’s cultural and creative products on purchase intentions. Combining the results of in-depth interviews with museum visitors and experts, this study defines a construct composed of six perceived value dimensions, namely quality, social, price, innovation, educational, and experience values. A relationship model of perceived value and purchase intentions is proposed. Some 346 valid survey responses were obtained by distributing a questionnaire online and on-site at the Palace Museum, and hypotheses were tested by structural equation modelling. Results showed that innovation and experience values have a significant positive effect on purchase intentions, while quality, social, price, and educational values had no significant influence on purchase intentions. This research outlines feasible strategies and actions for the development of cultural and creative products at museums that have a strong tourism role.
Pendahuluan Dalam lanskap digital yang berkembang pesat, pertemuan antara sistem manajemen informasi dan branding kota telah menjadi semakin signifikan. Tinjauan literatur ini mengkaji 30 karya ilmiah yang secara kolektif mengeksplorasi tiga tema utama: sistem manajemen informasi, strategi branding kota, dan peran teknologi dalam pembangunan perkotaan. Tema utama pertama berpusat pada sistem manajemen informasi di berbagai sektor. Mulai dari layanan pertanian presisi (Karydas et al., 2023) hingga aplikasi ilmu nuklir (Chun, 2003). Para peneliti telah menyelidiki bagaimana organisasi memanfaatkan sistem informasi untuk meningkatkan efisiensi operasional dan proses pengambilan keputusan. Kontribusi penting mencakup studi tentang sistem perencanaan sumber daya perusahaan (Makori & Osebe, 2016) manajemen keselamatan dalam lingkungan industri (Asad et al., 2020), dan evolusi tata kelola informasi dalam berbagai konteks (Lomas, 2010). Tema menonjol kedua berkisar pada branding kota dan identitas perkotaan. Beberapa studi mengkaji bagaimana kota-kota membentuk dan mengkomunikasikan identitas unik mereka. (Zhao et al., 2024) mengeksplorasi hubungan antara branding kota inklusif dan praktik aktual, sementara (Alsayel et al., 2023) membandingkan kinerja branding di berbagai model kelembagaan di Arab Saudi. Literatur juga membahas aspek khusus branding kota, seperti pariwisata medis (Kalantarzadeh & Fasli, 2018) dan acara olahraga sebagai katalis untuk rebranding kota (Herstein & Berger, 2013). Tema ketiga yang sedang berkembang adalah peran teknologi dan sistem digital dalam membentuk manajemen informasi dan pembangunan perkotaan. Studi berkisar dari menganalisis implementasi sistem informasi manajemen dalam perumahan publik (Ming Yu & Sheng Han, n.d.) hingga mengeksplorasi bagaimana alat digital dapat meningkatkan
Contributing to the city and environmental identity, buildings reflecting traditional and regional life style it has historical and aesthetic value. Structures that cause cultural, social and economic losses are faced with irreversible situations. In addition, it has caused many problems that are affected by environmental conditions and caused by design and application errors made during construction. In the first stage of the study, civil architectures in the Taraklı district of Sakarya province, which contain qualified examples of our cultural structures, were examined on site and documented with photographs. In the second stage, by examining the buildings, evaluations were made about the materials used in the buildings and the repairs they had undergone. It has been revealed that the data obtained from these
evaluations are environmental factors, physical and mechanical factors, biological factors, building physics problems and user related problems. Building physics problems (humidity, heat, sound, sun, fire and corrosion) affecting our cultural assets cause irreversible deterioration in the bearing systems of the structures and cause the destruction of historical buildings to a large extent. The aim of this study in order not to risk the transfer of our cultural assets to future generations, the current problems encountered in the selected sample area, especially the problems of building physics, have been identified. With these findings, In order to take measures specific to the structures that need to be protected, Suggestions have been made to shed light on similar negativities to be encountered in the future.
Taraklı district of Sakarya province, which constitutes qualified examples of West Black Sea architecture, is an Ottoman settlement that has preserved its original texture by being shaped in organic texture with the effect of climatic and topographic features. The fact that it is located in the region where forest areas are dense has revealed the purpose of use of wood material. Wood is among the most preferred building materials due to it is light, easy to process and transportable. At the same time, its compatibility with nature, ease of recycling, high strength and long service life have an important place in traditional Turkish architecture.
In this study, the construction techniques and materials used in the traditional architecture of Taraklı were examined. The load bearing systems applied on wooden building walls have been classified according to the way they work under the influence of load. The load bearing systems applied on wooden building walls are classified according to the way working under the influence of load. By providing informations about foundation walls as vertical carriers
and timber framed walls, structure cover systems and structure elements have been
investigated and supported in which cases caused by deterioration was investigated and supported with photographs. The wood material used in traditional civil architecture examples forms the backbone of the structure in wooden structures. For this reason, it has been revealed that the woods of resistance to vertical and horizontal loads in the building, it is not deformation and long standing depend on the qualities that determine the value of the structure. In terms of the preservation and sustainability of the original qualities of traditional architecture, it is necessary to know the properties of the wood material to be used in the structures and to design it well.
In certain areas of animal research summarizations of literature data are needed,
statistical methods dealing for the analysis of summary data from the literature are known as meta-analysis. The method of meta-analysis is used to combine the result from several independent studies which have been done in different regions or areas on a specific subjectas qualitative and quantitative and assist to achieve a consensus. The current meta-analysis was performed to provide the association between prolactin PRL polymorphism with some productive milk traits in Holstein crossbreed dairy cattle. The data was collected from the years 2002 to 2021 and a total of 26 published studies were included in milk yield study, 14 studies for protein yield, and 18 studies included for protein content. For the performance of
statistical evaluation four genetic models, dominant; AA + AB versus BB, recessive; AA versus AB + BB, co-dominant; AA versus BB versus AB were employed to obtain
standardized mean difference (SMD) between genotypes. In this analysis cattle with AB versus BB genotype (SMD= 0.289, 95% CI 0.005, 0.573) and a statistically significant (p<0.05) higher protein yield were found compared to AA versus AB and AA versus BB genotype. In the remaining cases, the association between prolactin polymorphism and milk yield and protein content was not statistically significant (p>0.05).
Keywords: Meta-analysis, crossbreed, Polymorphism, co-dominant, PRL, SMD.
Meta-Analysis is defined as the collection of analyses or top analysis when it is
considered as the meaning of the word. Meta-analysis is a statistical analysis method in which
the results of many independent studies conducted on a specific topic are evaluated together.
This study aims to investigate the relationship of Kappa-Casein (CSN3) gene polymorphism
with lactation milk yield, fat yield, and protein yield in Holstein breed cattle. For this purpose,
the Meta-Analysis method was used. All databases reached for the study were searched by
using appropriate keywords to cover the years 2002-2022, taking into account all national and
international studies. Data were obtained by examining 15 studies for lactation milk yield, 10
studies for fat yield, and 9 studies for protein yield that meets the research criteria. Statistical
analyses were performed using the Stata 11.2 software program. Codominant (AB versus AA,
BB versus AA, and BB versus AB), dominant (AA+AB - BB), and recessive (AB+BB versus
AA) were used as inheritance models. As a result of the study, the relationship between CSN3
gene polymorphism and lactation milk yield and protein yield was found to be insignificant
(p>0.05), while the relationship between CSN3 gene polymorphism and fat yield (AA versus
AB and AB versus BB) was significant (respectively p<0.05 and p<0.01).
Keywords: Kappa-Casein, Meta-Analysis, Polymorphism, Holstein
ABSTRACT
Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy, known as ICP-MS, is a spectroscopic device that analyzes many elements in the dream table, such as trace elements, minerals and heavy metals, which are basic inorganic things, with high selectivity and sensitivity. Materials collected from living things such as humans, animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, and model organisms constitute biological sample groups. These materials include; body fluids, tissue, cells and many other components. Researchers need specific types of biological samples to perform their work and advance medicine. The analysis of elements in biological samples is very important in terms of clinical and routine analysis. Apart from this, studies that have contributed to the literature in recent years have been carried out as a research and examination subject. The reason why ICP-MS is highly preferred in biological samples is that it has the ability to quickly measure many elements simultaneously, at very low detection limits. Although ICP-MS is highly preferred in biological samples, various difficulties arise in its use. These are low concentrations of the target species in a small amount of samples, matrix effect, contamination and various interferences. The most common is the contamination that may occur during sampling and storage. The materials used in the sample collection stage should be carefully selected to avoid elemental contamination and should be plastic. Plastic materials used in sample preparation and collection should be washed with 2% nitric acid. Samples can be stored for a long time at +4-8 °C with pre-treatment, convert to solution and acidification processes. Apart from this, in order to analyze biological samples with ICP MS, it is necessary to convert the samples into liquid form and remove the majority of their organic components. Biological samples cause matrix effect due to their organic components and high salt content. Digestion of the organic part, dilution up to a certain rate, is effective in reducing matrix interactions. In this sense, sample preparation is the first and most important step in ICP-MS analysis. For this purpose, microwave combustion systems are mostly used in sample preparation. Analyzing the sample by applying the sample directly to the device in ICP-MS devices produced in different designs provides a great advantage in biological samples. ICP-MS, which is highly preferred in routine clinical analyzes and toxicology, is a powerful and analytical device with its high sensitivity and ability to quickly analyze many elements at the same time. In recent years, research with the ICP-MS device has gained momentum in many diseases and pathological conditions.
The main purpose of this study is to explore the design requirements that will affect the user satisfaction of museum souvenirs through experimental research in order to provide a scheme for museum souvenir design. The research shows that museum memorabilia play a role in enhancing the brand value of museums. Second, using the Delphi method, experts were gathered to summarise and screen the design elements, and a total of 13 design elements were identified. The Kano test was then conducted with experts, and the Kano properties of 13 design requirements and their impact on user satisfaction were determined. Finally, through a discussion of the experimental results, a design requirements model for museum souvenirs was constructed. The results of the study found that three types of models were constructed according to the Kano attributes of requirements that can be used by different types of museums.
This research aims to analyze the City Branding model “Pemalang pusere Jawa” in Pemalang Regency, which focuses on the strategy of the Government to develop a new brand of Pemalang. “Pemalang pusere Jawa” has shown an impact on increasing tourism in Pemalang, Central Java, Indonesia. The Government supports the success of the City Branding program, and the people involved in the program, stakeholders, and culture, to boost tourism, which will have an impact on the economic sector and increase tourism significantly. Data were analyzed using the Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) approach in qualitative research that defines and explains distribution characteristics. The data were collected through interviews with six key informants who were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Document studies were also conducted to support data analysis. This research uses the NVivo 12 Plus application to analyze data consisting of Concept Maps, Group Analysis, and Cluster Analysis. There are three points found in this study, consisting of 1) Program; the program is based on Pemalang Regent Regulation Number 27/2017 Article 7 concerning Utilization and Implementation of the City Branding Logo. The branding “Pemalang pusere Jawa” was launched in 2016 and the Visit Pemalang application is used to assist tourists in exploring tourism in Pemalang or known as a tour guide application. A Visit Pemalang application makes users easier to find tourism sites in Pemalang Regency by displaying the distance from the users’ location to the destination. 2) Partnership; this program is supported by infrastructure stakeholders consisting of the Planalogy Team, the Architect Team, and the Economic Development Expert Team. Program implementation involves the Government and the Community. 3) Culture; various annual events are held as an effort to preserve culture in Pemalang such as “Festival Wong Gunung” and other annual events. Community involvement in the implementation of City Branding is one of the success factors of the program.
The objective of this article is to explain visits to arts institutions by merging two theoretical perspectives that are generally regarded as antithetical, the model of the human being as homo sociologicus, and the model of the human being as homo oeconomicus. This article demonstrates that visits to arts institutions cannot be explained either by structural conditions or by individual choice alone, but by a combination of both. I demonstrate this by combining Bourdieu’s theory of practice and Giddens’ structuration theory to produce a reconciled model of an agency-structure-feedback loop, applying this model to analyse the societal significance of museums and museum visits. The reciprocal relationship of structure and agency connects Giddens’ agency-driven museum visitor with Bourdieu’s structure-driven museum visitor.This case of museum analysis shows that an agency-structure polarity does not reflect reality. Neither do museums (structure) fully determine museum visitors (agency) nor do museum visitors fully determine museums (structure).
The souvenir is an important component of the tourist experience, with most tourists bringing back mementos and souvenirs as evidence. People like to be reminded of special moments in their lives and to hold evidence of those special moments. However, despite the considerable previous research into souvenirs and purchase behavior, little research exists that investigates the motivations for souvenir purchase. In addition, there has been little investigation of the impact of gender on the souvenirs purchased and the motivations for purchase. This research addresses these gaps in the literature and evaluates the souvenir purchase behavior of tourists. The research identifies the core importance of the souvenir as evidence of the experience as well as the roles of memory and as gifts.
Talavera pottery is a unique art form produced in Puebla, Mexico. Although it has a long history, little is known concerning the aspects that contribute to perceptions of authenticity. A study of people who purchase Talavera found that authenticity encompasses five main factors: Appearance/Utility, Tradition and Certification, Difficult to Obtain, Locally Produced, and Low Cost. ANOVA indicates that there are differences with respect to the perception of authenticity with regard to appearance/utility and locally produced. Local tourists view authenticity through appearance and utility while international visitors are more concerned with the pottery being locally produced by local residents. The challenge for the people of Puebla is to continue to encourage interest in Talavera production while attempting to maintain its perception of authenticity and uniqueness among local residents and visitors to the region.
Purpose
This study matches destination brand components with motives and identifies those components that are most important for the consumer during various stages of the decision process. This study also aims to classify various functional and symbolic brand components. The findings take the customers' point‐of‐view in identifying those descriptors that affect consumer choice preference and create destination loyalty.
Design/methodology/approach
The research is exploratory. Through a detailed literature review, destination brand components are identified, simplified and then classified as symbolic or functional. They are also classified by motive. The review is followed by a quantitative study that uses open‐ended questions to find the relationship between destination brand components and the stage of decision making. This study also presents a conceptual model with taxonomy of brand components.
Findings
Functional brand components seem to play a major role in a consumer's description of place brands during the various decision making stages. This finding highlights the importance of stressing functional components in the destination's branding strategy.
Originality/value
This study is the first of its type and can serve as a platform for future research, practically helping destinations create more effective communication.
Purpose
The use of brand ambassadors is a quite recent phenomenon, even in the business world. This paper aims to explore the employment of ambassador networks as a place marketing and place development tool. This is done by identifying various kinds of networks, understanding how networks are governed, and pinning down the motivations and expectations of network members.
Design/methodology/approach
The study used interviews and a survey to collect empirical material. The research process employed an approach with many inductive elements, deemed appropriate given that research into the topic is scant.
Findings
The study identified four main dimensions of networks and, on this basis, we outline a typology with four main categories of networks. One major finding is that ambassador networks are seen not only as a communication channel, but also as a development resource. That means they are seen as enhancing the general competitiveness of the place involved. The networks are also seen as a resource for mobilising local citizen pride. Another finding was that ambassadors value getting access to first‐hand information about the place much more than the opportunity of taking part in meetings and events and forming new relationships.
Research limitations/implications
The findings are in line with the perspective of the place brand as a “relational brand network”, extending place branding beyond a matter of just one‐way communication. It is somewhat surprising that ambassadors value getting access to information more than interaction, given that other research puts such a high value on interaction and dialogue as value‐creating factors.
Practical implications
Based on the observations in the study, it is argued that ambassador networks have the potential to constitute an integral component of place brand management.
Originality/value
Research on the application of ambassador networks in place marketing seems to be scant, not to say non‐existent. The present study relates to the implementation of place branding, and can hopefully contribute to a more efficient practice as well as a better theoretical understanding.
Place branding is the idea of discovering or creating some uniqueness, which differentiates one place from others in order to gain a competitive brand value. This article is not about the concepts or justifications but about how it is actually done at the local level, especially as part of broader conventional place management policies. Three main local planning instruments are widely used throughout the world in various combination in diverse places, each of which is described and exemplified here. These are first, personality association , where places associate themselves with a named individual, from history, literature, the arts, politics, entertainment, sport or even mythology, in the hope that the necessarily unique qualities of the individual are transferred by association to the place. Secondly, the visual qualities of buildings and urban design is an instrument of place-branding available to local planners. This could include flagship building, signature urban design and even signature districts. Thirdly, event hallmarking is where places organise events, usually cultural or sporting, in order to obtain a wider recognition that they exist but also to establish specific brand associations. Lessons are drawn from practice about the importance of combining these instruments and integrating them into wider planning and management strategies.
This study (premised on inductive approaches) examines Chinese tourists’ souvenir shopping experiences in North Korea, a unique destination by reason of its strict controls over tourism, where even a self-drive tourist must have a North Korean guide in the car accompanying the driver and passengers. Consequently tourist souvenir shopping can only be undertaken at approved retail outlets, The paper reports findings based on fifty in-depth interviews analysed with the help of Leximancer textual analysis software. This study confirms that, in this context, gift-giving for relatives and friends remains an important motivation for Chinese tourists to purchase souvenirs. The most popular souvenir was traditional Chinese medicine, especially for elderly tourists. Chinese tourists described their North Korean souvenir shopping experience from four aspects: store attributes, payment methods, tour guides, and souvenir sellers. Further analysis show that elderly tourists recalled memories of their childhood while shopping in North Korean Souvenir shops. Finally, based on these findings, a model of tourist shopping is suggested.
Purpose: City branding has gained popularity as governance strategy. However, the academic underpinning is still poor and city branding needs a more critical conceptualization, as well as more complex management systems. This paper challenges the use of ‘a one size fits all’ city brand, which is still common sense in many places. The paper proposes that city branding involves much more complexity than is commonly thought and outlines a strategy that enables urban policy-makers, marketing researchers, and (place) marketers alike to better deal with city branding.
Design/methodology/approach: The authors integrate insights from literature on place branding, brand architecture and customer-focused marketing.
Findings: The article argues that place brands (in general and communicated place brands in particular) are by definition very complex, due to their different target groups, diverse place offerings, and various associations place customers could have. Thus, an advanced brand management including target group-specific sub-brands is needed.
Practical implications: The model will be helpful for place brand managers dealing with the diverse target audience and it is bound to improve the target group-specific communication.
Originality/value: The paper increases the insights in the complexity of city brands and acknowledges that the perception of city brands can differ considerably among different target groups. Additionally, it offers a more comprehensive definition of place brands. This will be helpful for city brand managers and researchers alike in dealing with city brand complexity.
Shopping is a common activity for many tourists, but research into this phenomenon is piecemeal and fragmented. This paper provides a critical review of tourist shopping research with the aims of identifying progress, presenting a descriptive framework, and suggesting new areas and approaches for research. The paper identifies main themes in tourist shopping research based on a “4W2H” framework that examines who (segmentation), what (product), why (motivation), where (setting and service), how (behaviour and experience) and how much (expenditure). Attention then shifts to a review of conceptual, theoretical and methodological issues. The findings show that the area is dominated by quantitative studies and a reliance on four generic concepts – customer satisfaction, motivation, culture and attitude. A lack of appropriate and specific theoretical foundations is a major problem for the area and the paper concludes with a discussion of key topics that merit further attention and that could address this problem.
This article considers the role of souvenirs within domestic spaces. Souvenirs are ambivalent objects; at the same time the very epitome of tourism kitsch and personal objects for which the owner holds significant affection. Rather than pre-framing these objects either as ‘touristic signifiers’ or as personal memory objects, this article reflects on the roles they take as material and embodied co-habitants in domestic space, living - and communicating – with their owners. Hence, this paper departs from ‘humanistic’ accounts of cohabiting people and things and instead attempts to put human and non-human agents on an equal footing. It does so, by discussing the ‘magical capabilities’ of everyday objects that enable these to enchant the lives of their human cohabitants; animating them with affects and emotions, feelings of remembrance, affection, appreciation and loss. By drawing inspiration from autoethnography and in particular its potentials for interrogating objects, the author explores the ‘souvenirish’ qualities of five homely objects; using this exploration to enter into a dialogue with objects as well as theories and studies of objects. Considering the many faces of the souvenir - as utility item, mediator, fetish, tuner and artwork - the article suggests an opening for more imaginative thinking and explorations of how we live with objects in everyday life.
This article considers the concept of place' in the context of place marketing. Following a discussion of the disciplinary antecedents of place marketing/branding, the article evaluates the concept of the place product', with specific reference to the construction of place narratives. In particular, contrasts are drawn between notions of materiality and realm of meaning as devices for conceptualising places as products to be commodified and marketed. This is illustrated using as a case study, a place marketing initiative in the city of Manchester in the north west of England. The implications of this are analysed in terms of three questions, relating to (1) what is being marketed, (2) who is implementing the place marketing activity and (3) how places are represented as a consequence. The article concludes by arguing that the place product should be regarded as a dynamic concept, composed as much from changing and competing narratives in and over time, as it is from its tangible and material elements.
Tourist shopping and souvenirs have contributed significantly to tourism retailing and may represent the best and easiest way to experience local culture. The aim of this research is to analyze the attributes of successful food specialties and provide suggestions for the development of food souvenirs. This research initially explored the relationship among the major dimensions of souvenirs in existing literature, the critical attributes of award winning food specialties and the connections with requirements for food specialty souvenirs. A content analysis research approach was adopted in the current study. Research samples were selected from a professional food specialty institution (National Association for the Specialty Food Trade, NASFT). The 192 Gold Award winners analyzed were based on competitions from 2008 to 2013.
Purpose
– This paper deals with the importance of residents within place branding. The aim of this paper is to examine the different roles that residents play in the formation and communication of place brands and explores the implications for place brand management.
Design/methodology/approach
– The paper is based on theoretical insights drawn from the combination of the distinct literatures on place branding, general marketing, tourism, human geography, and collaborative governance. To support its arguments, the paper discusses the participation of citizens in governance processes as highlighted in the urban governance literature as well as the debate among marketing scholars over participatory marketing and branding.
Findings
– The paper arrive at three different roles played by the residents: as an integral part of the place brand through their characteristics and behavior; as ambassadors for their place brand who grant credibility to any communicated message; and as citizens and voters who are vital for the political legitimization of place branding. These three roles make the residents a very significant target group of place branding.
Originality/value
– Residents are largely neglected by place branding practice and their priorities are often misunderstood, even though they are not passive beneficiaries but are active partners and co‐producers of public goods, services and policies. This paper highlights that only meaningful participation and consultation can produce a more effective and sustainable place branding strengthening the brand communication and avoiding the pitfall of developing “artificial” place brands.
The article considers cultural tourism as a new technology for tourist activities; analyzes the development peculiarities of St. Petersburg as a tourist center, which has the inherent characteristics of tourism in a megacity; and also presents a number of factors, which allow for characterizing the phenomenon of the tourist potential of the city.
Bilbao is an outstanding test case for the impact of an internationally famous cultural facility in a context that otherwise does not lend itself to large flows of tourism. Although early for a complete impact study, the aim of this study is to quantify the influence of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao in the attraction of tourism and to identify the potential factors that explain such impact in the short run.
A museum and art gallery experience study reveals that visitors view shop spaces as an integral part of the experience during a visit, therefore having the ability to support and expand the on-site and continued learning experience, rather than acting purely as souvenir shops – generating memories after the event. Museum and gallery shops could aid in the construction of meaningful, personal visit mythologies in an immersive, self-developmental event, corresponding to co-creative retail theory.It is proposed that shop spaces should be more integrated within a holistically designed visitor experience orientation (gestalt) than is apparent from impressions to be gained from the museum experience literature, which reveals a gap between curators and shop operation. For integration purposes, it is recommended that the shop space should be included in the provision of a mix of spatial types, each featuring differentiated qualities or characteristics. All spaces should be considered in a complimentary manner to deliver a synergistic balance of holistic, sociocultural-economic experience and flow for each visitor type, including the contribution of creative retail spaces.
Purpose
– Experiential marketing is arguably marketing's most contemporary orientation, but as with many marketing innovations it has been largely overlooked by those involved in tourism and hospitality marketing and promotion. Whilst in many industries companies have moved away from traditional features and benefits approaches, to putting experiential marketing centre‐stage, marketing in the tourism and hospitality sectors does not appear to have explicitly engaged the theoretical issues involved. This raises the question what, if anything, does experiential marketing have to offer marketers in the disciplines of tourism and hospitality? In this paper, I will seek to introduce the experiential marketing debate and demonstrate how the questions raised by the concept are critical to an understanding of marketing theory and research within the tourism and hospitality sectors.
Design/methodology/approach
– Following the authors previous publications which sought to investigate alternative paradigms for studying hospitality consumers, this research attempts to consider the practical applications of one such model.
Findings
– The tourism and hospitality sectors cannot be seen to be immune to fundamental changes in the orientation of marketing. Innovative experience design will become an increasingly important component of tourism and hospitality firms core capabilities. Those who go beyond service excellence, and market experientially will lead the creation of value in the sector.
Originality/value
– Provides a framework as to how organisations might usefully implement an experiential marketing strategy.
This study focusses on souvenirs and their meanings. It employs both quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate time-dependent changes in tourists' attitudes toward souvenirs and the process through which objects become souvenirs. The research indicates that the passage of time and gaining tourist experience does affect the meanings of tourists' souvenirs. The changes in the meanings given to souvenirs affected their location in the tourists' homes. The most common change was the diminished significance of souvenirs among most of the participants. The research also establishes the importance of the post-journey assignation of meaning to objects as part of the process by which everyday objects are transformed into meaningful bearers of memories. This study stresses the need to redefine the concept of ‘souvenir’ in order to accommodate a broader definition. The term should include any object that reminds us of the journey, even if it was not acquired during the journey itself and was not intended to serve as a souvenir. Expanding the term ‘souvenir’, will require a new classification of souvenirs, thereby changing people's perception of them.
This article examines the development of souvenirs research in tourism studies. It looks at souvenirs from four broad vantage points, namely historical perspectives on souvenirs research, souvenirs as messengers of meaning, souvenirs as tradable commodities and the commodification of souvenirs and handicrafts. Part of this includes the supply and demand aspects of souvenir production and consumption, including the distribution system and various aspects of producers. The paper also considers the commodification process of native arts and crafts into consumable tourism products and suggests future directions for additional works in this understudied area of tourism research.
Shopping as a tourist activity has only recently been subjected to academic analysis and discussion. To date much of the published literature is focused on shopping as an activity. The present paper reports on a survey of 1,630 tourists to a popular Australian tourist destination. The present study extended previous research by studying shopping as a factor in destination choice with a sample of both shoppers and non-shoppers, and with the aim of understanding the role of shopping in the total destination experience. Four types of shopper were identified based on a combination of the importance of shopping in destination choice and actual participation in shopping activities. These four groups were then compared and profiled on a series of socio-demographic, travel behaviour, destination choice, activity participation and attraction visitation variables. The paper then examines the links between these findings and previous research results before discussing the implications of the results for both management and marketing of the destination and for developing a model to explain tourists’ shopping behaviour.
Photography has an ambivalent relationship with tourism. Many destinations visited by tourists have a strong identity and sense of place, which is embodied in the history, physical form and social activity. However, photography selectively extracts from this multifaceted expression and reduces it to a series of icons. This distorts the identity and trivialises the place and contributes to the consuming nature of tourism. The commodification of places to the detriment of its identity is an ethical issue. There are also practical implications: the sensitive use of photography in marketing, supported by local people, should be seen as an essential component of a more sustainable approach to tourism; and the inappropriate choice of visual imagery may reduce the value of tourism and undermine attempts at destination management.
Purpose
– This paper seeks to explore the Imperial War Museum North, located in Salford, and how it relates to both consumers and the wider area.
Design/methodology/approach
– Utilising the work of Edward Soja, the authors aim to understand how his work serves to facilitate a greater understanding of both the museum itself as a space, and the role the physical place plays in the context of the local surroundings.
Findings
– It is found that, the role of the museum is as a form of “culturally led regeneration”, in line with Soja's notion of “thirdspace”.
Originality/value
– The paper will appeal to those who are concerned with town planning, urban regeneration and the role of museums in contemporary space and place.
Purpose
– The branding of places has gained popularity among city officials in recent years. Unfortunately, place marketers often disregard the complexity of place brands, as do their counterparts in the academic discussion: the focus repeatedly falls on the simple explorative description of certain city brands, rather than a proper conceptualization of a place brand that employs different measurement approaches for the different elements of the brand. Thus, this paper aims to identify those different elements and discuss measurement approaches that could prove useful in place branding.
Design/methodology/approach
– Following a review of the extant literature on the measurement of brand image in general and place branding in particular, the paper outlines distinct elements, categories and dimensions of a place brand, as well as a number of approaches from place brand image measurement, with example cases of each approach.
Findings
– Exploring a brand can be divided into three main approaches: in the form of free brand associations of target customers with qualitative methods, in the form of attributes with quantitative methods like standardized questionnaires and with mixed methods that combine qualitative research with quantitative methods.
Originality/value
– This paper presents an extensive review of current place brand measurement studies and provides a conceptual framework for the elements of a place brand. Through these means, the paper offers a valuable concept for place branding and furthers the discussion of appropriate measurement approaches in the realm of place branding.
Brand architecture is a concept born in commercial branding. It is used to design and manage a portfolio of brands, providing each brand with purpose, relevance and clarity. Some authors have hinted at the possible use of this concept in place brand management. Other authors have used theoretical place brand examples to show how this concept might be applied. This study goes further by providing a case study of South Africa's brand architecture and discussing the principles used to develop it. The findings illustrate challenges and success factors in designing, managing and interpreting the brand architecture of places.
This article explores the relationship between art and gentrification at the urban scale. In particular, it maps shifting conceptualizations of this relationship through a focus on art, artists and arts spaces in the successive waves of gentrification. The first half of the article outlines the conceptualization of the arts in the first and second waves of gentrification, beginning with artist location preferences, detailing how and why these areas become attractive for higher income groups, and the agency prescribed to artists within the process. In the second half, the article places these findings in conversation with current debates taking place in the field surrounding third wave gentrification, in particular, how the arts are incorporated into public-policy and urban regeneration with a focus on public art and arts infrastructure. The conclusion raises questions about how the incorporation of the arts in city programming complicates understandings of gentrification, and presents future avenues for research.
The purpose of this study is to analyze what travel motivations influence the type of souvenirs tourists purchase, attributes of the souvenir, and attributes of the store where the souvenir is purchased. Tourists’ travel motivations were predicted to influence souvenir product choice, product attributes, and attributes of the retail environment where souvenirs are purchased. Structural equation modeling (LISREL 8) was used to test the causal relationships between travel motivations and souvenir products, product attributes, and store attributes. Data were collected from 398 tourists who had traveled to Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah using factor analysis dimensions of Likert-like scales. Results indicated that travel motivations have an influence on souvenir products, product attributes, and store attributes. Retailers within the souvenir trade should be cognizant of tourists’ travel motivations and provide a souvenir mix that has appealing attributes in an appealing store environment based on these motivations. In this way, retailers can provide a pleasurable and profitable selling environment benefiting the tourist and the economy of the tourist destination.
Consumer goods acquire symbolic value and serve many purposes for their owners. Exploration of meaning that crafts hold for tourists strengthens understanding of tourist behavior and contributes to craftpersons' knowledge of potential customers. Profiles of international tourists were developed based on the meaning they associated with special textile crafts acquired during travel. Craft meaning evolved from unusual experiences and encounters in obtaining the textiles and from their use in the home and for clothing. Crafts, and the memories associated with them, helped consumers participate in nonordinary experiences, sample indigenous lifestyles, expand a worldview, differentiate the self from or integrate with others, enhance feelings of confidence, express creativity, and experience aesthetic pleasure.RésuméLa signification symbolique de l'artisanat textile pour les touristes. Les biens de consommation acquièrent une valeur symbolique et servent à diverses fins pour leurs propriétaires. C'est en examinant la signification que possèdent les objets artisanaux pour les touristes que l'on comprenda mieux le comportement des touristes et que les artisans connaîtront mieux leurs clients potentiels. On a établi des profils des touristes internationaux selon la signification qu'ils ont associé aux textiles artisanaux acquis au cours d'un voyage. Le sens de l'artisanat a évolué des expériences et des rencontres insolites au moment d'obtenir les textiles et de leur usage dans la maison ou comme vêtement. L'artisanat et les souvenirs qu'on y associe ont aidé les consommateurs à participer à des expériences peu ordinaires, prendre part á un mode de vie indigéne, élargir une vision du monde, se différencier de ou s'intéger á autrui, rehausser un sens d'assurance, experimer la créativité et sentir le plaisir esthétique.
This research examines what influences tourists who want to purchase three categories of souvenirs and who are considering purchases for themselves vs. as gifts for family and friends. Female tourists traveling to Mexico completed a questionnaire and responded to photographic stimuli of three Mexican textile products. Findings suggested that the relationship between purchase intentions and some significant predictors, such as previous travel experience and attitude toward souvenirs, were affected by souvenir categories. However, the relationships were little influenced by the situational variable of buying for oneself vs. for others. When ethnic and recreational tourists were compared, relatively few differences were discovered.RésuméL'intention d'acheter des souvenirs pour soi-même ou pour d'autres personnes. Cette recherche examine ce qui influence les touristes qui veulent acheter trois catégories de souvenirs et qui pensent faire des achats pour eux-mêmes ou comme cadeaux pour la famille et des amis. Des touristes femmes qui voyageaient au Mexique ont rempli un questionnaire et ont répondu à des stimuli photographiques de trois produits textiles mexicains. Les résultats suggèrent que les rapports entre les intentions d'achat et quelques indices significatifs tels que l'expérience des voyages et l'attitude envers les souvenirs étaient modifiés par les catégories de souvenirs. Pourtant, les rapports étaient peu influencés par le variable situationnel d'acheter pour soi-même ou pour d'autres personnes. En comparant le tourisme ethnique au tourisme récréatif, on a trouvé relativement peu de différences.
As in tourism shopping, this research investigated travellers' shopping-related beliefs and behaviors of craft souvenirs. Tourism shoppers were segmented by their craft selection criteria and shopping involvement. Three distinctive groups of shopping enthusiasts, shopping lovers, and indifferent shoppers were found and then assessed by a heuristic approach of market segmentation evaluation. The results should be of great value to both tourism researchers and industry practitioners. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Cities all over Europe include more and more marketing techniques and methods in their administration practice and governing philosophy. The transfer of marketing knowledge, however, to the operational environment of cities proves a cause of difficulties and misalignments, mostly due to the peculiar nature of places in general and cities in particular as marketable assets.
In this paper, city branding is suggested as the appropriate way to describe and implement city marketing. City marketing application is largely dependent on the construction, communication and management of the city's image, as it is accepted that encounters with the city take place through perceptions and images. Therefore the object of city marketing is the city's image, which in turn is the starting point for developing the city's brand. The most appropriate concept to understand marketing applicability within cities is the recently developed concept of corporate branding, which with the necessary modifications is applied to cities.
The core of the paper is a theoretical framework to understand the city's brand and its management, which was developed through a review of the literature on both city marketing and the corporate brand. City branding provides, on the one hand, the basis for developing policy to pursue economic development and, at the same time, it serves as a conduit for city residents to identify with their city. In this sense the relevance of and need for a framework describing and clarifying the processes involved in city branding are equally strong for facing increasing competition for resources, investment and tourism on the one hand and for addressing urgent social issues like social exclusion and cultural diversity on the other. The framework focuses on the use of city branding and its potential effects on city residents and the way residents associate with and experience their city, and it is based on a combination of city marketing measures and the components of the city's brand management.
The industrial ‘Event City’, host to World Fair, sporting, cultural and ceremonial mega-event, has been transformed in its late-capitalist form into the ‘City as Event’– from the all year round festival city to the ubiquitous ‘Cities of Culture’. These self-styled culture cities now look to the contemporary art museum and cultural district to provide a cosmopolitan edge to their promotional icons and associations, with Art now acknowledged as an ‘industry’. Cities worldwide, irrespective of their indigenous culture and heritage (e.g. Guggenheim Bilbao, Rio et al.), are thus emulating the brand reinforcement witnessed in leisure and entertainment products and themed experiences, which themselves have entered the retail environment as prime urban consumption spaces. The paper critiques this evolution of the city of culture and the branded art facility in terms of their form and function, arguing that form has followed regional funding, and that culture-led regeneration and place-making now mirrors the product branding of Nike and Sony, vying with them for consumer and political attention through the use of star architecture and retail strategies that belie their public good/realm and cultural distinctions. The cost of these flagships and cultural strategies, the paper concludes, is borne in terms of cultural diversity and production versus consumption and mediation; in community cultural activity and amenity; and by those who do not have a stake in the gentrification process which attaches to these globalized grands projets
Place branding and heritage
- M Johnson
- M Marshall
- G Evans
- V Pirie
Managing the market of souvenir products aimed at city brand formation
- H A Trefilova
Direct speech: Svetlana landl - why St. Petersburd does not have brand
- D Kopylova
Souvenirs - local messages: an exploration from the design perspective
- F Nyffenegger
- D Steffen