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Electricity Load and Price Forecasting
Using Enhanced Machine Learning
Techniques
Hamida Bano1, Aroosa Tahir2, Ishtiaq Ali1, Raja Jalees ul Hussen Khan1,
Abdul Haseeb1, and Nadeem Javaid1(B
)
1COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
nadeemjavaidqau@gmail.com
http://www.njavaid.com
2Sardar Bhadur Khan Women University Quetta,
Quetta 87300, Pakistan
Abstract. The exponential increase in electricity generation and
consumption pattern are the two main issues in the wholesale markets.
To handle these issues different machine learning techniques are used for
load and price prediction in the research field. The wholesale utilities
provide real-time data of load and price for the better prediction of elec-
tricity generation purposes. The New York Independent System Operator
(NY-ISO) is one of the utility which provide electricity to different coun-
ties like United States, Canada and Israel. In this paper, hourly data of
2016–2017 is used for the forecasting process of load and price of New
York City. Feature selection and extraction are used to achieve important
features. The feature selection is done by two techniques Classification
and Regression Tree (CART) and Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE)
and Feature extraction by using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD).
The Multiple Layer Perceptron (MLP), Support Vector Machine (SVM)
and Logistic Regression (LR) classifiers are separately used for forecast-
ing purposes of electricity load and price. Further enhance these three
techniques EMLP, ESVM and ELR to take more accurate results for
electricity load and price forecasting.
1 Introduction
Electricity is the basic need of smart environment (smart city, smart industry,
smart homes, smart devices etc.). Due to the exponential increase in the demand
of electricity from different sectors (residential, commercial and industrial), it is
important to proposed a management scheme or smart system which betterly
handle the generation and consumption rate of both utility and consumption
side.
Smart Grid (SG) is the network of transmission lines from where electricity is
efficiently transferred from the power plants to residential, commercial or indus-
trial sectors. It has a two way communication between the utility and consumers
c
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
L. Barolli et al. (Eds.): IMIS 2019, AISC 994, pp. 255–267, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22263-5_25
256 H. Bano et al.
Table 1. List of abbreviations
ARIMA AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average
CART Classification and Regression Tree
DAs Data Analytics
DSM Demand Side Management
EMLP Enhanced Multilayer Perceptron
ELR Enhanced Logistic Regression
IWNN Improved Wavelet Neural Network
LR Logistic Regression
LSTM Long Short Term Memory
MLP Multilayer Perceptron
NN Neural Network
NY-ISO New York Independent System Operator
NLSSVM Normal Least Square Support Vector Machine
NSW New South Wales (Australia market)
PJM Pennsylvania, Jersey, Maryland
PV Photovoltaic
RNN Recurrent Neural Network
RFE Recursive Feature Elimination
STLF Short Term Load Forecasting
SG Smart Grid
SVM Support Vector Machine
SVD Singular Value Decomposition
however, the traditional grids have one way communication. The communica-
tion capability of SG efficiently increases its usage in the management schemes
of load and price. The SG is beneficial in many aspects quick restoration after
power outage, cost management of both utilities and consumers, reduced peak
load and improve security. Due to these beneficial factors utilities move to smart
grid to reduce the demand load in the peak hours.
Data Analytics (DA) is the broad field of qualitative and quantitative exam-
ining of large data sets. The techniques and technologies of DA are used for the
better decision making in business industries which increase the business revenue
and improve the operational efficiency.
Predictive DA is one of the types of DA which analyze the current or historical
facts to make future prediction. The utilities need to enhance the generation
and consumption rate of electricity, so that accurate prediction of load and price
of electricity is necessary. Electricity load and price forecasting techniques are
used in demand response and load management systems. Demand response is
the balance of supply side (utility) and demand side (consumer) to efficiently
control the load in peak hours (to minimize load and price).
Electricity Load and Price Forecasting Using Enhanced Machine ... 257
The utilities provide incentive programs to customers [1] to manage the
demand response. Electricity load forecasting techniques are classified into short
term, medium term and long term methods. Short term forecasting in smart
grids shows the continuous supply of electricity by saving cost. In short term
forecasting, prediction of a few minutes, hours or days ahead while in medium
term forecasting a week or month ahead and in long term forecasting prediction
of 1–10 years.
Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is a type of Neural Network (NN) used for
the processing of sequential data. In [2], authors describe the training procedure
of LSTM network useful for the short term load forecasting. LSTM sequential
models are efficiently used for data to memorize by its memory unit for long
sequence. In paper [3], the LSTM technique improves the accuracy of model by
presenting the optimum minimization of gradient vanishing problem.
1.1 Motivation
Deep Neural network (DNN) [4] , Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) [7], Hybrid
method + MLP [8], Convolution Neural Network (CNN), Shallow Neural Net-
work (SNN) and LSTM [9] models are efficiently used in the forecasting methods
which increase the prediction accuracy. Classifier based models are mostly used
in forecasting such as Sperm Whale algorithm + LSSVM [10]. The NN type MLP
has traditionally have one hidden layer network however the simpler models of
NN have potential to predict the accurate accuracy of price [12]. Other energy
related applications shows excellent results obtained in time series prediction
[13,14], the electricity price prediction is possible by using DL architectures.
These prediction techniques motivate the worth of the techniques to enhance
the prediction accuracy of load and price of power markets.
1.2 Problem Statement
Traditional techniques are difficult to handle big data in SGs. However, the
accurate load and price forecasting using huge amount of data from the smart
grid is the main challenges in the data analytic field. The exponential increase of
the electricity demand and the weather conditions also affect on the generation
side in terms of load and price. The high demand (on peak hours) of electricity
effect on the pricing schemes. The high complex computational time during
training process directly affect on accuracy. However, load forecasting is in [2]
ignored the computational time.
In [7], tune the hyperparameters (cost penalty, insensitive loss function and
kernal) of SVM are addressed for price forecasting however, the over fitting
problem is not handle.
1.3 Contributions
•The main contribution of this paper is the time series hourly prediction of
load and price of electricity of NY-ISO market.
258 H. Bano et al.
•First step to normalize the dataset in which selection and extraction techniques
are involved.
•In feature selection method, two steps are used to find the relevance and
validity of data from the dataset which effect on the forecasting accuracy.
•Feature Selection: CART technique is used to investigate the relationship
between a dependent variables (target) and independent variables (predictor).
It shows the strength or important impact of multiple independent variables on
dependent variables.
RFE technique is the second step of feature selection to further reduce the
dimensionality of dataset. To remove the low important features, RFE directly
improve the accuracy of prediction and reduce the model complexity.
•Feature Extraction: Further reduce the high dimensionality of dataset and
computational cost SVD technique is applied.
•Classifier: Three classifiers MLP, SVM and LR models are separately used for
the time series hourly prediction of load and price. Furthermore, enhance the
three techniques for more accuracy in forecasting process.
•Simulation results shows that MLP, SVM and LR gives best accuracy in
electricity load and price forecasting process.
2 Related Work
Literature reviews shows that different heuristic and meta heuristic techniques
are used in electricity markets to predict load and price. The accurate forecasting
techniques are beneficial for utility companies to enhance the stability in the
market. Management of supply and demand side by reducing the cost is also
depend on the forecasting models. Long term hourly load prediction for the
period of five years by LSTM-RNN is introduced in [16]. Abedinia et al. [17]
shows the hourly solar energy load prediction of PV plant generation. In [18]
proposed a novel hybrid algorithm (ARIMA and NLSSVM) for simultaneous
prediction of load and price. The DSM schedule the connected moments of all
the shiftable devices in a smart grid to bring the load consumption curve close
to the objective load consumption curve.
In [19] hybrid model LSSVM with the combined kernal function is used for
price forecasting of Australian electricity market. A hybridize model of Phase
Space Reconstruction (PSR) with Bi-Square Kernel (BSK) regression model
called PSR-BSK model [10] . The PSR extract the evolutionary trends of power
system and the valuable features improve the forecasting procedure. The main
goal of electricity price and load prediction is to increase and decrease the power
generation of utility companies. The precise prediction of cost and load of elec-
tricity increase the competency and stability of utilities in the power markets
[20]. The medium term load and price forecasting by Multi-block NN (Elman
NN) has high capability to reduce error and improve the training mechanism of
forecast process. It also shows that the hybrid topology present an accurate pre-
diction as compared to the prediction models [21]. A day ahead price prediction
using Wavelet Packet Transform, Generalized Mutual Information for normal-
ization of data, Least Square Support Vector Machine for forecast engine and
Electricity Load and Price Forecasting Using Enhanced Machine ... 259
Artificial Bee Colony for optimization. (WRT, GMI, modified LSSVM, ABC)
in [22] Hybrid algorithm is applied on different datasets of NY-ISO, PJM and
NSW for simultaneous and accurate peak hour’s prediction of load and price and
optimizes DSM in [24]. The electricity load is predicted in microgrid scenario by
hybrid evolutionary fuzzy technique in [25]. In [26], STLF method is efficient
in managing the scheduling pattern and reducing cost of utility companies. In
[27], Wavelet Least Square Support Vector Machine (WLSSVM) model is used
to optimize by fruit fly algorithm. The summary of related work is mentioned
in Table 2.
Table 2. Summary of related work
References Fore cast
method
Dataset Techniques Objectives Limitations
[5]Short
term
Nord pool
spot market
Univariate and
multivariate
models
Average
hourly
price
prediction
Over fitting
problem
[6]Short
term
Australian
electricity
markets
Multilayer
neural
network
Hourly
price
forecasting
Less capability
to memorize
the previous
sequential
data
[11]Medium
term
Ontario and
Australian
electricity
markets
IWNN Price
forecasting
Over fitting
problem
[16]Long
term
ISO New
England
market
LSTM-RNN Hourly load
forecasting
No
appropriate
normalization
technique
[17]Short
term
PV plant
generation
Hybrid (neural
network and
metaheuristic
algorithm)
Load
prediction
Less precise
prediction
[18]Short
term
PJM CNN, LSTM Price
forecasting
Negative
impact of
feature
reduction on
forecasting
accuracy
[10]Short
term
NSW and
NY-ISO
PSR-BSK
regression
model
Load
prediction
Not applied
on natural gas
forecasting
[27]Long
term
ZheJiang
province
FOA Load
forecasting
Less
prediction
accuracy
260 H. Bano et al.
3SystemModel
The proposed scheme shows the flow of the techniques which involve in the fore-
casting procedure of load and cost of electricity market. The electricity genera-
tion and consumption rate are greatly increasing by smart grids. These increasing
rates create serious problems for utility markets to manage the load and cost of
electricity changes. In the research field different machine learning techniques are
used to find the nearer predictive cost and load of electricity provider companies.
The real time electricity dataset 2016–2017 per hour are collect from NY-
ISO which is known as one of the electricity provider company and manage the
wholesale energy markets of different areas. The New York City hourly load and
cost are predict and store in a database for pre-processing. Preprocessing is a
machine learning technique which purify the dataset from redundancy, missing
values and quality of data. Data preprocessing is done by both the selection and
extraction techniques. The selection and extraction techniques are generally used
for preprocessing in machine learning techniques. The data set are divided into
training set and test set. 70% data is used for training and 30% for testing. In
the feature selection, two steps are involve by using CART and RFE techniques
to recognize the relevant and important features for forecasting purpose. SVD
technique is used for feature extraction to select the good quality of data however,
bagging is also used in extraction technique [23] . The main importance of feature
extraction is to reduce the dimensionality of dataset which directly affect the
computational time of the system. The hourly data of NY-ISO are rearranged
to compatible with the classifiers (MLP, LR and SVM) to predict the electricity
load and price. After the completion of the forecasting engine the predicted
values of load and price are evaluated by four performance metrics i.e RMSE,
MSE, MAE and MAPE. The proposed system shows the flow of forecasting
procedure of electricity load and price in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Proposed system model
Electricity Load and Price Forecasting Using Enhanced Machine ... 261
4 Techniques Description
In this section, all the techniques are described which are used to proposed
forecasting models for electricity load and price of NY-ISO New York market.
4.1 Data Preprocessing
•CART
The selection technique is mainly used to overcome the redundancy and
dimensionality of data which have low importance in the performance of pre-
diction.
The CART is a binary tree and information based learning algorithm. The
nodes split and the terminal leaf node contains an output which is used to
make prediction. This technique also investigate the relationship between
a dependent (target) and independent variables (predictor). It shows the
strength or importance impact of multiple independent variables on depen-
dent variables.
•RFE
RFE commonly used to reduce the redundancy and discard the weak fea-
tures of data which has no effect on the electricity prediction performance.
The RFE technique also overcomes the uninformative data from the dataset
and find the prediction errors. In the algorithm the training set is used for
three purposes for predictor selection, model fitting and performance evalua-
tion.
For further extracting the interested features and to reduce the high-
dimensional data into low-dimensional data, extraction process is done by
SVD.
•SVD
SVD is a numerical technique based on simple linear algebra. This technique is
a factorization or decomposing a complex matrix to reduce the dimensionality
of dataset features. Classification and selection techniques improve forecasting
accuracy and simplify the classifier complexity.
4.2 Classifiers
•MLP Technique
MLP is a deep learning technique and is the class of Feed-Forward Artificial
Neural Network (FFANN). It consist of three layer; input, hidden and output
layers. Each neuron has its own activation function. The input layer has no
activation function just introduced the input values. Hidden layers perform
the classification of features obtained from the input layer and the output
layer produce output through an activation function. MLP is fully connected,
each node in one layer connected with certain weights to every node in the
following layer.
The enhancement in MLP is done by tuning the parameters. Three types
of solvers ‘lbfgs, sgd and adam’ are used for weight optimization in MLP
classifier. In EMLP lbfgs solver gives better results than other two optimizers.
262 H. Bano et al.
•SVM Technique
SVM is a supervised machine learning algorithm which can be used for both
classification and regression methods. The SVM linearly separable binary
sets of data. The objective to design a hyperplane in between the number
of features to classifies all training vectors in two classes. Many hyperplanes
could be chosen to separate the two classes of data points. The plane has
the maximum margin distance provides future data points can be classified.
The effectiveness of SVM depend on the high dimentional spaces of support
vectors (data points near to hyperplane) to the hyperplanes.
•LR Technique
LR is a statistical method which is used for predictive analysis. When one
or more independent variables exist in the dataset the logistic function (sig-
moid function) analyze the outcomes. The sigmoid function was developed to
describe the properties of population growth. In the plots the sigmoid func-
tion is represented by S-shape curve which take any real number and map it
into a value 0 and 1. This machine learning technique can be used for both
binary or multivariate classification tasks.
Algorithm 1 MLP
1: Set MLP Network (mlp signals, weights and activation function)
2: Summation of signals with weights
3: Load and normalized the dataset
4: Splitting the dataset (training and testing)
5: Select training data
6: FOR nepochs and batchsize
7: Train the Network
8: ENDFOR
9: Run Prediction using Network
10: Calculate the loss function
Algorithm 2 SVM
1: Require: X and y loaded with training labeled data, a = 0
2: partially trained SVM
3: C = some value (for example 10)
4: repeat
5: FOR (xi, yi),(xj, yj )do
6: Optimize ai and aj
7: ENDFOR
8: until no change in a or other resource constraint criteria met
9: Ensure: Retain only the support vectors (ai > 0)
Electricity Load and Price Forecasting Using Enhanced Machine ... 263
5 Simulation and Results
In this paper the prediction of electricity load and price by using MLP, LR and
SVM Classifiers. The system type x64-based processor, 4.00 GB RAM and Intel
(R) core i5 processor. The implementation environment is in anaconda (spyder)
by using python language.
The four months (first two months of 2016 and 2017) hourly electricity data
of New York are taken as input from NY-ISO wholesale electricity provider. The
different features for example humidity, temperature, pressure, wind speed and
wind direction impact on the target load (TWIActualLoad) and target price
TWIZonalLBMP.
Figure 2shows the importance of features of a dataset in forecasting process.
Here we can see that the zonal transmission losses has more important role than
zonal price version in load forecasting. The features play an important role in
forecasting process, after the pre-processing of data, the normalized data of four
months is shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 2. Feature importance of load Fig. 3. Normalized load data
Prediction of load and price of electricity market by using MLP, SVM, LR
with EMLP, ESVM and ELR techniques is shown in the following plots. The
hourly dayahead load with MLP and EMLP model and price prediction with
LR and ELR are shown in Figs. 4and 5.
Fig. 4. Dayahead load prediction Fig. 5. Dayahead price prediction
264 H. Bano et al.
The electricity load and price of first week, January 2016 and four months
of electricity load with MLP and EMLP techniques are shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. a Load prediction of 1st-week, bload prediction of January, celectricity load
of four months
Electricity price prediction of week ahead and month based are shown in
Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. a Price prediction of 1st-week, bprice prediction of January, cprice prediction
of four month
5.1 Performance Evaluation
Different performance evaluators are used in this section for evaluation of the
simulation results. In particular four metrics are used, which include, Mean
Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Root Mean Square Error
(RMSE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). Figures 8and 9show
the performance graph of electricity load and price data.
Fig. 8. Performance matrix of load Fig. 9. Performance matrix of price
Electricity Load and Price Forecasting Using Enhanced Machine ... 265
MAE =1
n
n
t=1
|et|(1)
MSE =1
n
n
t=1
e2
t(2)
RMSE =
1
n
n
t=1
e2
t(3)
MAPE =100%
n
n
t=1
et
yt
(4)
Table 3shows the performance evaluation comparison of different techniques
which are used for electricity load and price prediction of New York market by
using Eqs. 1–4.
Table 3. The different evaluation criterion of price and load prediction
Model Criterion Price error values Load error values
MLP MSE
MAE
RMSE
MAPE
69
15.4
101.7
18.9
320.07
109.3
146.07
45.41
EMLP MSE
MAE
RMSE
MAPE
68.3
14.3
100.4
12.2
236.7
95.08
125.6
34.98
SVM MSE
MAE
RMSE
MAPE
69.08
15.5
101.7
19.14
207
83.03
117.7
31.28
ESVM MSE
MAE
RMSE
MAPE
68.3
14.3
100.4
12.2
206.7
81.12
117.3
29.5
LR MSE
MAE
RMSE
MAPE
67.14
14.7
100.35
17.37
294.7
112.9
140
32.52
ELR MSE
MAE
RMSE
MAPE
53.58
14.49
89.65
15.47
291.23
112.7
139
32.21
266 H. Bano et al.
6 Conclusion
In this paper, MLP, EMLP, SVM, ESVM, LR and ELR techniques are used
for the time series hourly prediction of load and price of NY-ISO electricity
market. Feature selection and extraction techniques (CART, RFE and SVD)
are used for the normalization of the dataset. These normalization techniques
remove the redundancy and irrelevant features which have less impact on the
forecasting process. The high dimensionality reduction of the dataset improved
the computation of the system and reduces cost. The LSTM and MLP models
presents clear representation of load and price forecast. In our scenario LSTM
model performs better prediction than MLP. Due to this problem, we proposed
enhanced MLP model for load and price prediction. The three techniques MLP,
SVM and LR gives 65, 64.85 and 82.62% accuracy for price prediction while
54.58, 68.71 and 67.47% for load prediction. The EMLP, ESVM and ELR models
present 76.30, 70.85, 84.52 and 79.40% and 65.01, 70.40 and 67.78% accuracy
for price and load prediction. These accurate prediction performance models
maximize the profits and formulate the long term strategies for utility companies.
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