For energy-efficient resource management, void node avoidance is one of the key objectives in the energy constrained underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). In this paper, we propose two new routing protocols for the UWSN which is one of the end parts of a cloud. The first protocol is avoiding void node with adaptive hop-by-hop vector based forwarding (AVN-AHH-VBF), and second is
... [Show full abstract] cooperation-based AVN-AHH-VBF (CoAVN-AHH-VBF). In both schemes, sensor nodes forward data packets in multi-hop fashion within a virtual pipeline. The nodes outside the pipeline do not forward data packets to avoid flooding in the network. At each hop, forwarding towards void region of the network is avoided by utilizing two hop information. Results of extensive simulations show that our proposed schemes significantly improve the network performance in terms of the selected performance metrics as compared to the selected existing schemes.