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Andropogon bicornis L. (Poales: Poaceae): a stink bug shelter in the soybean and corn off-season in southern Brazil
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Abstract
Associated host plants promote the survival of various species of pest insects during unfavorable periods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity, abundance and structure of the pentatomid bugs community during the soybean and corn off-season in Andropogon bicornis L. (Poales, Poaceae) plants. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil. During the soybean and corn off-season from 2014 to 2018, clumps of 10 to 50 centimeters in diameter were observed around the growing area. Data on the number of species and abundance of individuals were used for statistical analysis (ANOVA, linear regression and Pearson correlation) and faunistic (diversity and abundance distribution). At the end of the experiment 4050 adults belonging to the species Euschistus heros (F.), Dichelops furcatus (F.), Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas), Edessa meditabunda (F.), Edessa ruformaginata (De Geer) and Piezodorus guildini. Among the species, we found greater abundance for E. meditabunda, E. heros and D. furcatus (96.07%) of the individuals sampled. Higher interspecific correlation was observed between the same species, we also observed a direct effect of the clump diameter on the population density. Among the six species observed, at least five are economically important for soybean and corn crops, so further studies are needed in order to verify the effects of this hibernation site on the population present in the crop and its damages.
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The objective of this work were to evaluate the population dynamics of the rice stem bug (Tibraca limbativentris) around and in flood irrigated rice cultivation area, to quantify the insect population flow between crops and host plants, and to determine the effect of the species, the diameter of the plant, and the distance of the host plant from the border on the rice stem bug population. The work was conducted in the 2012/2013 harvest and in the off-season, with sampling of rice, Andropogom bicornis, and Andropogon lateralis plants in six cultivated areas, in order to count the number of insects. The population density of the rice stem bug in irrigated rice and alternative host plants presents spatial and temporal dependence. In the cultivated areas, the population density of the rice stem bug increases according to the evolution of the rice phenological stages, with the highest densities concentrated in regions close to the crop borders. The diameter and species of the host plant affect the rice stem bug population. Andropogon bicornis plants have higher population densities than A. lateralis, and plants with larger diameters show higher population densities of the rice stem bug. In the off-season, the greatest population of the rice stem bug on host plants is concentrated up to 45 m from the crop border, but it can disperse until 150 m.
The stink bug Dichelops furcatus (F.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) has increased in abundance in recent years on the wheat, Triticum aestivum L., crop cultivated in the southern region of Brazil. To investigate the probing (stylet penetration) behaviors and nonprobing behaviors of D. furcatus on wheat plants, the electrical penetration graph or electropenetrography (EPG) technique was applied. Nine EPG waveforms (types/subtypes) were identified and described on stem and on ear head of wheat plants, as follows: Z, Np, Df1a, Df1b, Df2, Df3a, Df3b, Df4a, and Df4b. For the waveforms Df1, Df2, Df3, and Df4, stylets were severed to determine, via histological studies, the location of the stylet tip and/or salivary sheath tip in plant tissue. Waveform Z was visually correlated with the bug standing still on the plant surface, whereas during Np the bug was walking. Df1a and Df1b represent initial stylet insertion, deep penetration of the stylets into the plant tissue, and secretion of salivary sheath. Df2 represents xylem sap ingestion on stem and on ear head. Waveforms Df3a and Df4a were related to the cell rupturing feeding strategy (laceration and maceration tactics) on stem and on ear head (seed endosperm), respectively. Waveforms Df3b and Df4b represent ingestion of cellular contents derived from cell rupturing activities on stem and on ear head (seed endosperm), respectively. With this fundamental knowledge in hand, future studies can use EPG to develop novel pest management solutions.
Features: • Presents a brief history of past classifications, a summary of present classification, and speculation on how the classification may evolve in the future • Includes keys for the identification of families and subfamilies of the Pentatomoidea and for the tribes in the Pentatomidae • Explains transmission of plant pathogens and concepts of pathology and heteropteran feeding for the non-specialist • Provides an extensive literature review of transmission by stink bugs of viral, bacterial, fungal, and protozoan organisms that cause diseases of plants • Discusses the diversity of microbial symbionts in the Pentatomidae and related species, showing how microorganisms underpin the evolution of this insect group • Reviews semiochemicals (pheromones, kairomones, allomones) of the Pentatomoidea and their vital role in the life histories of pest and beneficial species and their exploitation by natural enemies of true bugs • Covers past, current, and future control options for insects, with a focus on stink bugs and
The green belly stink bug, Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas), has become an important pest of maize in the Neotropics in recent years. Thus, more studies are needed to understand its feeding behavior in order to find ways to reduce its damage. One way to do so is through the technique known as electrical penetration graph (EPG), which allows unveiling the stylet activities of piercing–sucking hemipterans. The goal of this study was to investigate the feeding behavior of D. melacanthus on maize seedling and create a waveform library. The feeding activities were monitored on maize stem using the new AC–DC EPG monitor. Seven distinct waveforms were recorded: Z, Np, O, Dm1, Dm2, Dm3a, and Dm3b, grouped into two families—P (Dm1) and I (Dm2 and Dm3). Histological studies of severed stylets were carried out during Dm1, Dm2, and Dm3a waveforms to correlate with the specific activities. Z, Np, and O represented the nonprobing phase; in Z the insect was still on the stem surface; in Np the insect was walking on the stem; and in O occurred egg deposition. Dm1, Dm2, and Dm3 correspond to the probing waveforms, where Dm1 represents the insertion and deep pathway of the stylets in plant tissue and secretion of salivary sheath; Dm2 represents the sap ingestion from xylem vessels; and Dm3 represents the cell rupturing feeding (waveform Dm3a), and the ingestion of cellular contents derived from mechanical (laceration) and chemical (maceration) degradation (waveform Dm3b).
Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de efetuar o levantamento fitossociológico em um pasto de capim-gordura (Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv), que vinha sendo pastejado por bovinos de corte, há mais de dez anos, sem estratégia de manejo definida. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no campus da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, em Viçosa, MG. Para avaliação das características fitossociológicas e da massa seca das plantas daninhas e da forrageira, utilizou-se o método do quadrado inventário, aplicando-se um quadrado de 0,25 m2, lançado, ao acaso, 40 vezes, na pastagem, perfazendo uma área amostral de 10 m2. Em toda a área experimental, foram identificadas 31 espécies e 12 famílias botânicas, tendo como destaque as famílias Poaceae, com oito espécies, e Asteraceae, com sete espécies. A forrageira cultivada M. minutiflora P.Beauv, corresponde a 24,26% da produção total de massa seca, entre espécies levantadas na área. Estes resultados indicam estádio avançado de degradação do pasto de capim-gordura, com elevada infestação por plantas daninhas, inclusive espécies consideradas tóxicas, epinescentes e de alta competitividade com as forrageiras, o que o caracteriza como pasto de baixa capacidade de suporte.
Herein we discuss the interactions of selected species of phytophagous stink bug observed on leguminous (Fabaceae) crops in the Neotropics (Neotropical Region) with their associated plants. We included the following pentatomid species: Nezara viridula (L.), Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood), Euschistus heros (F.), Edessa meditabunda (F.), Dichelops furcatus (F.), Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas), and Thyanta perditor (F.). Based on a literature review, a list of plants on which these stink bug species were intercepted is included, indicating the reproductive hosts, i.e., plants on which bug can complete development, and incidental records, i.e., plants on which bugs are found occasionally. The change in feeding habits (from fruits/seeds of preferred host plants) to less preferred vegetative structures (stems/leaves of less preferred associated plants) for feeding or shelter, due to change in the landscape by intense multiple cropping and no-tillage cultivation systems is discussed.
Tussocks of Andropogon bicornis (Poaceae) make up a significant part of the landscape of the rice-growing region of south Brazil. However, little is known about their role in maintaining insect diversity in anthropized regions. We tested the hypothesis that A. bicornis is a hibernation site for Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) by analyzing the composition, structure, and diversity of pentatomoid assemblages over the course of a year. A total of 208 tussocks were removed at fortnightly intervals from April 2010 to March 2011. We collected 3,423 pentatomoid specimens belonging to 22 species distributed in 13 genera of three families, Pentatomidae, Scutelleridae, and Thyreocoridae. The most common species was Tibraca limbativentris Stål, the main rice pest in southern Brazil, followed by Oebalus ypsilongriseus (De Geer) and Edessa meditabunda (Fabricius). Abundance and species richness were the lowest in January, February, and March and the highest in July, August, and September. A combination of high species diversity observed during the colder months, including several unrelated to rice, and the absence of immature specimens in the tussocks strengthens the hypothesis that A. bicornis is a hibernation site for pentatomoids in the region.
Riparian forests are important features of any ecosystem, especially on grassland and savannah vegetation types. However, riparian forests in southernmost Brazil have received much less attention than elsewhere. This is the first quantitative study of pentatomoid (Hemiptera) diversity in the Pampa biome, surveying riparian forests of brooks and rivers in the environs of the municipality of Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. The aim was two-fold: taxonomic characterization of the fauna and a primary ecological study of bug diversity. Sweeping net and beating tray were used to sample trees and shrubs on the border of sampling sites; sampling was carried out during three consecutive days, from March 28th to 30th 2006. Overall 154 individuals of 32 species of Pentatomoidea were captured, almost all species are new records for the local fauna. Taller forest canopy sites had higher abundance overall and higher species richness than shorter forest canopy sites. Of the 32 species, 11 were singletons and four were doubletons. There were no differences for pentatomoid species composition between the two environments differing in vegetation structure. Association to the Pampa biome of the most abundant species found are discussed. Although based on a rapid assessment protocol of faunal inventories, our results add important bioecological information to the pentatomoid fauna of the Pampa biome, especially associated to riparian forests.
The rice stalk stink bug, Tibraca limbativentris Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a major pest of rice crops throughout Latin America. We investigated the occurrence of diapause in T. limbativentris, as well as the role of West Indian foxtail, Andropogon bicornis L.(Poaceae), in its seasonal abundance and mortality. This plant grows spontaneously in grasslands from Mexico to Argentina, including at the edges of rice fields in southern Brazil. Tussocks of A. bicornis were collected in Eldorado do Sul, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil throughout one yr and examined to sample rice stalk stink bugs. We collected in 2,355 T. limbativentris adults from 208 tussocks, totalling 2,205 live and 150 dead individuals. Live insects were dissected to determine the reproductive stage and to assess the presence of the fat body. We describe the occurrence of imaginal diapause and the use of A. bicornis as a shelter for this rice pest. Overwintering lasted 7 mo; arrival at the refuge occurred in early autumn (late Mar); the permanence period began in Jun, and extended to the end of Sep. From Oct the population decreased gradually until total departure from the tussocks in Jan. Thus, here we highlight the role of A. bicornis as an hibernation site for T. limbativentris in southern Brazil.
Canola (Brassicaceae: Brassica spp.) is an important feedstock for biodiesel production and a potential ingredient for use in the food industry. In different continents, various arthropod pests damage canola plants. Stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) are present in all zoogeographical regions, and many species are recognized by their economic importance as crop pests. Our aim was to describe the composition, structure, and diversity of the assemblage of stink bugs sampled on canola in southern Brazil. A total of 878 pentatomids were captured, belonging to 27 species. The dominant species were Euschistus heros (F.) (n = 439), Dichelops furcatus (F.) (n = 160), and Nezara viridula L. (n = 79). The species richness estimators indicated the samples correspond from 79.7 to 93.1% of the richness estimated. Comparing canola to other monocultures, the richness of Pentatomidae was much superior. Otherwise, when compared to studies conducted in native vegetation and urban fragments, the richness is similar, and sometimes higher. This relatively high number of associations brings out the vulnerability of the canola fields according to the expansion of its cultivated area. Nine species of Pentatomidae are recorded on canola for the first time in Brazil. The most abundant species reported here are often stressed as stink bugs of economic importance in agro-ecosystems. The economic importance of each species varies greatly depending on the plant attacked. Detailed studies are needed to evaluate the damage caused to canola by stink bugs.
Laboratory studies were conducted on food ingestion and excretion by selected species of pentatomids on different food sources to support their pest status. We compared the frequency and time of feeding on vegetative (stem) and reproductive (seed) structures of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill and of maize, Zea mays L. by Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood), Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas), and Edessa meditabunda (F.); in addition, the amount of excreta (feces) produced were compared for D. melacanthus feeding on seed of soybean and stem of maize seedling. The feeding behavior of E. meditabunda and P. guildinii on soybean, and of D. melacanthus on maize was recorded using the electropenetrography (EPG) technique. Excretion was estimated using water sensitive paper recording number and area of fecal drops. Results indicated that E. meditabunda on soybean stem repeated events of ingestion (both xylem and phloem sap) over four times per bug during the 8 h of recording for ca. 53 min per event. Dichelops melacanthus on maize seedling repeated each ingestion event over three times per bug for ca. 24 min per event. Piezodorus guildinii feeding on soybean stem repeated each ingestion 1.2 times per bug for ca. 40 min per event; on seed endosperm, it fed for a longer time, ca. 80 min per event, each event repeated only 0.5 times per bug. Number of excretory drops was higher (9.9 drops per bug) when D. melacanthus fed on maize seedling than on soybean seed (1.4 drops per bug). A larger amount of saliva/regurgitate liquid food was expelled when bugs fed on the former than on the later food.
1. Vegetation cover was manipulated within enclosures on a field boundary in southern England to test experimentally the effect on the overwintering of Tachyporus hypnorum and Demetrias atricapillus populations, species that use grassy boundaries of arable fields as refugia during winter. 2. Winter survival was lowest for beetles enclosed on bare earth and highest for those enclosed on tussocks of Dactylis glomerata. The contrast in structural complexity of the experimental treatments caused a 44%, 43% and 36% variation in the final densities of beetles during three successive winters. 3. The densities of T. hypnorum on adjacent field boundaries were estimated from the composition of their vegetation cover and the survival rates of the beetles on different treatments. There was no significant difference between the number of T. hypnorum allocated to seven field boundaries by the model and the number of beetles sampled from soil and vegetation of those boundaries at the end of winter. 4. The cover of boundaries by non-tussock grass species accounted for 91% of the predicted overwintering numbers of T. hypnorum because tussock grasses and bare soil were not common on existing boundaries. We therefore considered the influence of boundary structure on the overwintering of the beetles. 5. Higher winter densities of T. hypnorum were sampled from boundaries with deeper soil and greater vegetation height, that were wider and higher above the field level, with an east to west orientation, warmer mean daytime temperature and lower soil moisture. 6. A quadrat survey was carried out in Norway on the equivalent group to T. hypnorum that comprised T. hypnorum, T. chrysomelinus and T. obtusus. With multiple regression, more individuals of Tachyporus spp. and other beneficial arthropods occurred in sampling units from boundaries raised higher above the field level that comprised grass cover with a high proportion of tussock grass. 7. Other factors such as pre-winter crop husbandry, food supply and parasitism may affect the dispersal power, habitat selection and cold hardiness of beneficial arthropod species within available boundaries and account for the observed variation in beetle numbers.
"Measuring Biological Diversity assumes no specialist mathematical knowledge and includes worked examples and links to web-based software. It will be essential reading for all students, researchers, and managers who need to measure biological diversity."--BOOK JACKET.
1. It is well documented that cattle reduce their grazing activity in the vicinity of cattle dung, which gives rise to distinct patches, or islets as they have been termed, of longer sward. The influence of such islets on pasture utilisation and agronomic performance has been widely studied, but very little information is available concerning their influence on grassland biodiversity.
2. In this study the abundance and distribution of arthropods in relation to islets was assessed, using suction sampling, at 26 commercial farms and in a replicated pasture management experiment in the south and east of Ireland.
3. Islets were found to cover approximately 24% of pastures and to contain between 40% and 50% of arthropod individuals.
4. Islets consistently contained a higher density of arthropods, even when the difference in mean sward height between islets and more strongly grazed sward was accounted for. The relative concentration of arthropods in islets declined with increasing mean sward height, which may be related to the recovery of well‐grazed non‐islet sward. Islets appear to act as refugia from sward removal.
5. The potential importance of islets in maintaining arthropod biodiversity within intensively grazed pastures and the wider grass‐based farming landscape is discussed, particularly with reference to standard agronomic practices such as sward topping and chain harrowing, which aim to remove the sward heterogeneity created by grazing livestock.
Pentatomids may cause direct and indirect damage to important crop plants. Biological and ecological features of phytophagous stink bugs in natural environments, however, remain poorly documented. Here, we provide an ecological account of Edessa rufomarginata De Geer on Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) in the Brazilian savanna. The phenology of E. rufomarginata matched that of its host plant, with immatures developing in the wet season simultaneously with the production of vegetative and reproductive plant tissue. Females do not exhibit parental care and lay eggs more frequently on larger plants. Oviposition frequency, however, does not differ between plants with and without flowers/fruits. Nymphs and adults usually feed on stem parts and more rarely on flower buds and fruits. First- and second-instar nymphs remain aggregated, but disperse as third-instar nymphs. Adults and nymphs were more abundant on mature stems of C. brasiliense compared with other plant locations. Ants visiting the plant to search for extrafloral nectar occasionally tap the abdomen of E. rufomarginata nymphs with their antennae to obtain honeydew. This is the first record of trophobiotic interactions between Edessa stinkbugs and ants, and one of the few for heteropterans. The interaction of the stink bug with other natural enemies, such as predaceous Heniartes (Reduviidae), was also observed. Given the pest status of Edessa species for crop plants, additional field studies on host plants, interaction with ants, and natural enemies in native habitats are needed for an effective management of these stink bugs in tropical agricultural systems.
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