ChapterPDF Available

Gender-responsive alternatives on climate change from a feminist standpoint

Authors:
Maria Tanyag at Australian National University
Maria Tanyag
Jacqui True at Monash University (Australia)
Jacqui True
Download full-text PDFDownload full-text PDF
Read full-text
Download citation
Tanyag and True 2019 - GRA
CC.pdf
Content uploaded by Maria Tanyag
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Maria Tanyag on Jan 25, 2021
Content may be subject to copyright.
Climate Hazards, Disasters, and Gendered Ramifications-0
02.pdf
Content uploaded by Jacqui True
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Jacqui True on Sep 17, 2020
Content may be subject to copyright.
... Climate security is a contested concept, both in the sense of the security issues or threats that may be 'multiplied' due to climate change, and the measures that need to be put in place to ensure security in the face of climate change impacts (Rasheed 2022). Taking a gendered lens to the links between climate change and security can enable greater understanding of how multiple crises and points of inequality are interconnected (Tanyag and True 2019;de Jonge Oudraat and Brown 2022), what is needed to address gender inequality concurrently with climate risks (UNEP et al. 2020) and to improve the effectiveness of climate adaptation actions designed to promote peace and stability (IPCC 2022). ...
... Finally, a body of work situates gendered experiences within intersecting crises, and the social, political and economic structures that exacerbate gender inequality. These approaches demonstrate that intersectional experiences of vulnerability are attributable to global political economy, inequalities in wealth accumulation and resource exploitation, capitalism and militarisation (Peterson 2005;Tickner 2006; True 2012; Enloe 2014; Runyan and Peterson 2015; Teaiwa 2021) and call on climate responses to address root causes rather than rely on technological solutions (Tanyag and True 2019). Feminist political ecology approaches question notions of 'sustainable development' particularly in capitalist contexts where 'productive' work is valued over 'non-productive' work such as health or care work, cultural or spiritual practices. ...
Linking gender, climate change and security in the Pacific Islands Region: A systematic review
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2022
This systematic review aims to address gaps in understanding how concepts of gender, climate change and security are given meaning and linked in empirical scholarship within the Pacific Islands Region. The review assesses the 53 articles returned through Web of Science, SCOPUS and ProQuest databases that are derived from empirical research and refer to gender, climate change and security. The findings indicate that this is an emerging topic in a region that is one of the most vulnerable to climate change across the globe. Most frequently gender analysis is given superficial treatment; there is limited literature that connects gendered vulnerabilities to historical legacies and structural inequalities; and women’s critical roles that create security are often overlooked and devalued. The review indicates that greater work is needed to question perceived threats to security and to reveal how climate change, gendered institutions, systems and spaces, historical legacies and politics interact to construct security in the Pacific Islands Region.
View
... Climate change can raise the likelihood of violent conflict, put human security at risk, and complicate conflict resolution and peace building efforts in many situations (Barnett & Adger, 2007;Mobjörk & van Baalen, 2016;Krampe, 2019). Due to the inherent disparities they face connected to gender roles in their communities, women and girls are disproportionately affected by the respective and compounding consequences of conflict and climate change in many regions of the world (Coomaraswamy, 2015;Tanyag & True, 2019; United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 2018). On all levels, gender inclusion and equality are associated with lasting peace and more resilient societies; successful conflict prevention calls for consideration of women's experiences and engagement in the social, economic, and political realms. ...
EXPLORING GENDER SUSCEPTIBILITIES IN CLIMATE JUSTICE
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2023
Climate change, through the lens of climate catastrophes, is a threat multiplier amplifying social, political, and economic pressures in unstable and conflict-affected environments. Gender is not a neutral variable when discussing policies for mitigation, recovery, and resilience. Climate change disproportionately impacts women and girls, intensifying existing gender disparities and increasing risks to health and safety. During climate crises, women and girls are at an increased risk of gender-based violence, human trafficking, child marriage, and sexual assault. Gender empowerment is a critical element in formulating a wholesome climate change response framework. It is essential to incorporate the gender perspective in climate change policy analysis to ensure the most vulnerable populations are catered. This research examines the top five and bottom five countries on women, peace, and security index and how each mitigates and responds to climate change. The research aims to establish and analyze the link between gender empowerment and climate policy. _________________________
View
... Pre-existing inequalities shape whose knowledges are harder to 'recover' and recognise because they are even more invisible or neglected within forgotten crises. Yet, women from crisis-affected communities hold tremendous local knowledge that can address the nexus of conflicts, disasters, and climate change (Barclay, Higelin, and Bungcaras, 2016;Tanyag and True, 2019;UNEP et al., 2020;Yoshida, Bond, and Kezie-Nwoha, 2021). For perennially neglected communities, speaking up and participating in any deliberative mechanism requires rehabilitating social capital too. ...
'Forgotten crises' as forgotten sites of knowledge production for building lasting peace
Article
  • Jun 2024
  • DISASTERS
Forgotten crises’ constitute a permanent background to any present and future global humanitarian and development efforts. They represent a significant impediment to promoting lasting peace given concurrent catastrophes exacerbated by climate change. Yet, they are routinely neglected and remain unresolved. Building on critical and feminist approaches, this paper theorises them as forgotten sites of local knowledge production. It asks: what is local knowledge of and from forgotten crises? How can it be recovered and resignified, and what lessons can such knowledge provide at the global level? Drawing on examples from the intersections of conflict, disasters, and pandemics in the Philippines, the paper makes a case for valuing local knowledge arising from forgotten crises because of its potential contribution to adapting global humanitarian and development systems to address crises on multiple fronts. Such epistemic margins are generative of vantage points that can present a fuller account of how different crises interact and how best to respond to them.
View
... 125 Furthermore, in certain contexts, women and girls' localized knowledge of natural resources can improve household and community adaptation to climate change. 126 This section provides examples of where climate change and other environmental crises have influenced the security contexts in Lake Chad, Mali and Somalia, and how gender shapes how different individuals are affected by and respond to these dynamics. ...
Security Risks of Environmental Crises: Environment of Peace (Part 2)
Book
Full-text available
  • Dec 2022
SIPRI’s Environment of Peace initiative focuses on managing the risks that are created by two interwoven crises: the darkening security horizon and the immense pressures being placed on the natural world and the systems that support life on earth. Security Risks of Environmental Crises (part 2)—shows how combinations of environmental and security phenomena are generating complex risks. Through a theoretical framework informed by the literature, Cedric de Coning, Research Professor at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), and his team explore different pathways from environmental stress to conflict and how the darkening security horizon and environmental crises are interacting to generate different types of risk: compound, cascading, emergent, systemic and existential. The analysis is supported by numerous case studies, spanning a variety of social-ecological systems and different types of risks. Part 2 also discusses options for responding to these complex risks.
View
... Research shows that meaningful gender inclusion in climate governance provides necessary insights that embody social equity, reflect and serve the needs of communities. For example, a 2019 research shows that greater women's representation in national parliaments is likely causally connected with stronger climate policies (Mavisakalyan and Tarverdi 2019;Tanyag and True 2019). ...
Agency and Action: Gender Inclusion in Planning for Climate Change-Induced Human Mobility in Fiji
Chapter
  • May 2022
Climate change-induced human mobilities are almost always projected as an issue of the future. However, the climate crisis is no longer a futurist threat and has already displaced millions across the globe.
View
... Research shows that meaningful gender inclusion in climate governance provides necessary insights that embody social equity, reflect and serve the needs of communities. For example, a 2019 research shows that greater women's representation in national parliaments is likely causally connected with stronger climate policies (Mavisakalyan and Tarverdi 2019;Tanyag and True 2019). ...
North American Native Literature and Environment: Perspectives on the Native Challenges and Dispossession
Chapter
Full-text available
  • May 2022
Environment plays a pivotal place in North American literary landscape. As Paula Gunn Allen has written explicitly, “We are land-is the fundamental idea embedded in Native American life and culture” (Porter, 2012, p. 65). It constitutes their notion of the self. Consequently, there has been a conscious effort by writers to raise concerns on environmental degradation and sustainability. Large corpus of native writing is engaged in ecocriticism and issues on protection/preservation of natural resources. The reservation is one of the key areas deliberated by writers to engage the larger debate on how their space/region is violated by the dominant order. For instance, the American Southwest has been seen as a site of atomic power block in the shape of uranium mining, atomic power development, and atomic testing program. In fact, that area became so devastated for human habitat that it was declared as “National Sacrifice Area” under Nixon administration. Along with this, there have been other regions around reservations areas which have been used as space for industry and other power projects. North American Native literature is relevant to understand the nature and environment of contemporary society and culture in Canada and the United States. The present paper strives to study the perspectives on the Native challenges and dispossession from the praxis of the environment and its nature. Environmental challenges of North American Native culture are a critical literary expression in examining the larger problems of Native people and the natural world around them and subverting the distinctions between the categories of Native and Non-Native people, the protectors of nature, and exploiters of nature. North American Native literature reiterates Native 2 challenges and dispossession to sustain the potential witness to an integrated vision of environmental activism with their own homeland. This paper analyzes the works of Leslie Marmon Silko, Scott Momaday, Louise Erdrich, and Joseph Bruchac from the position of the capitalist development, which denies the needs of Native people and their land. Their works examine cultural and literary representations of the environment, which has been colonized by the mainstream culture. These authors make a skillful narration of the Native oral tradition to express the reality of Native experience by connecting the land to their Native cultural heritage. Perspectives on the Native challenges and dispossession in their works not only comment on dominant spaces but also evolve Native spaces into nature. Many of these writers who belong to their respective tribal positions are engaged in a narrative which not only criticizes colonialism but also incorporates myth, history, and contemporary issues in order to posit the narrative on survival. This also runs parallel to their idea of communal living where the concept of one is for all and all are for one is projected. Incidentally, contemporary writers are making a stronger presence by critiquing various projects of the government and other agencies, which have impacted the native sense of nature and land.
View
İklim Değişikliğini Kadın, Barış ve Güvenlik Bağlamında Ele Almak
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2024
İklim değişikliği, konuyla ilgili ilk ve tek belge olan 2242 sayılı Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi kararının 2015 yılında kabul edilmesine kadar Kadın, Barış ve Güvenlik (KBG) gündeminin bir önceliği olarak görülmemiştir. Oysa iklim değişikliği, hem silahlı çatışmalar ve savaşlar yoluyla devlet güvenliği üzerinde doğrudan etkiler doğuran hem de geçim kaynaklarının kaybına, siyasi istikrarsızlığa, zorla yerinden edilmeye ve yoksulluğa neden olan bir insan güvenliği sorunudur. Bu tehditler eşitsiz toplumsal cinsiyet rolleriyle birleştiğinde, pek çok toplumda kadınlar üzerinde halihazırda var olan sosyoekonomik yük ve toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı şiddet daha da artmaktadır. Bu makale, son yıllarda iklim değişikliği ve KBG gündemi arasında uluslararası literatürde kurulmaya başlayan ilişkiyi Türkçe literatüre kazandırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Makale, metodolojik olarak, mevcut araştırmalar ve uluslararası raporların bulgularından yola çıkarak iklim değişikliğini KBG gündeminin “koruma” ve “katılım” sütunları ile ilişkilendirmektedir. Bu amaçla makalede öncelikle uluslararası ilişkiler disiplininde bir güvenlik tehdidi olarak iklim değişikliğinin yeri sorgulanmaktadır. İkinci bölümde, ilk olarak kadınların iklim değişikliği nedeniyle algıladıkları güvensizlik ele alınmakta, daha sonra iklim barışı ile KBG gündeminin ortak noktası olan barış inşasına değinilmektir. Makale, ister geleneksel güvenliğe ister insan güvenliğine bir tehdit olarak ele alınsın, iklim değişikliğinin etkilerinin üstesinden gelmeyi sağlayacak çözümün KBG gündeminin içinde, kadınların dahil edildiği ve toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin etkilerinin hafifletildiği bir barış inşasında olduğunu vurgulamaktadır.
View
İklim Değişikliğini Kadın, Barış ve Güvenlik Bağlamında Ele AlmakIncorporating Climate Change into the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda
Article
  • Dec 2023
İklim değişikliği, konuyla ilgili ilk ve tek belge olan 2242 sayılı Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi kararının 2015 yılında kabul edilmesine kadar Kadın, Barış ve Güvenlik (KBG) gündeminin bir önceliği olarak görülmemiştir. Oysa iklim değişikliği, hem silahlı çatışmalar ve savaşlar yoluyla devlet güvenliği üzerinde doğrudan etkiler doğuran hem de geçim kaynaklarının kaybına, siyasi istikrarsızlığa, zorla yerinden edilmeye ve yoksulluğa neden olan bir insan güvenliği sorunudur. Bu tehditler eşitsiz toplumsal cinsiyet rolleriyle birleştiğinde, pek çok toplumda kadınlar üzerinde halihazırda var olan sosyoekonomik yük ve toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı şiddet daha da artmaktadır. Bu makale, son yıllarda iklim değişikliği ve KBG gündemi arasında uluslararası literatürde kurulmaya başlayan ilişkiyi Türkçe literatüre kazandırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Makale, metodolojik olarak, mevcut araştırmalar ve uluslararası raporların bulgularından yola çıkarak iklim değişikliğini KBG gündeminin “koruma” ve “katılım” sütunları ile ilişkilendirmektedir. Bu amaçla makalede öncelikle uluslararası ilişkiler disiplininde bir güvenlik tehdidi olarak iklim değişikliğinin yeri sorgulanmaktadır. İkinci bölümde, ilk olarak kadınların iklim değişikliği nedeniyle algıladıkları güvensizlik ele alınmakta, daha sonra iklim barışı ile KBG gündeminin ortak noktası olan barış inşasına değinilmektir. Makale, ister geleneksel güvenliğe ister insan güvenliğine bir tehdit olarak ele alınsın, iklim değişikliğinin etkilerinin üstesinden gelmeyi sağlayacak çözümün KBG gündeminin içinde, kadınların dahil edildiği ve toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin etkilerinin hafifletildiği bir barış inşasında olduğunu vurgulamaktadır.
View
Australian IR scholarship on the environment: the recent past and the possible future
Article
  • Nov 2021
Australian IR scholars and scholarship have been prominent in framing, informing and contributing to global debates in the field of global environmental politics. This article reviews and analyses those contributions with a focus on the period since 2009. It takes as a starting point research that addresses international or global environmental issues, including those that demand a scalar approach to how the global is voiced and experienced at local and regional sites, and that, in doing so, illuminates key disciplinary concerns and contributes to disciplinary debates. The core of the article is woven around three overlapping sub-fields: global environmental governance, international political economy, and normative IR. It reveals how Australian-based IR scholars working on the environment have engaged with critiques of neo-liberalism, pursued more critical approaches to securitization, expanded the empirical and conceptual basis of how we understand institutional ecosystems, contributed to bringing social justice concerns to the forefront of global environmental politics and theory, and been part of a conversation about environmental challenges in the Asia Pacific region. The article concludes with some thoughts about the future direction of this research and scholarship.
View
Gender in the Climate-Conflict Nexus: "Forgotten" Variables, Alternative Securities, and Hidden Power Dimensions
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2021
The literature on the security implications of climate change, and in particular on potential climate-conflict linkages, is burgeoning. Up until now, gender considerations have only played a marginal role in this research area. This is despite growing awareness of intersections between protecting women's rights, building peace and security, and addressing environmental changes. This article advances the claim that adopting a gender perspective is integral for understanding the conflict implications of climate change. We substantiate this claim via three main points. First, gender is an essential, yet insufficiently considered intervening variable between climate change and conflict. Gender roles and identities as well as gendered power structures are important in facilitating or preventing climate-related conflicts. Second, climate change does affect armed conflicts and social unrest, but a gender perspective alters and expands the notion of what conflict can look like, and whose security is at stake. Such a perspective supports research inquiries that are grounded in everyday risks and that document alternative experiences of insecurity. Third, gender-differentiated vulnerabilities to both climate change and conflict stem from inequities within local power structures and socio-cultural norms and practices, including those related to social reproductive labor. Recognition of these power dynamics is key to understanding and promoting resilience to conflict and climate change. The overall lessons drawn for these three arguments is that gender concerns need to move center stage in future research and policy on climate change and conflicts.
View
Towards inclusive peace: Analysing gender-sensitive peace agreements 2000–2016
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2018
The presence of gender provisions in peace agreements affects women’s participation in post-conflict societies as well as the chances that a post-conflict society will move towards gender equality. While there is an overall upward trend in the number of references to women’s rights and gender equality in peace agreements, gender-sensitive agreements are not a given. Why and how are peace agreements with gender provisions adopted? We use statistical analysis to explain why some peace agreements adopt gender provisions while others have no such provisions. Based on an analysis of 98 peace agreements across 55 countries between 2000 and 2016, we find that peace agreements are significantly more likely to have gender provisions when women participate in elite peace processes. Our study also shows that the likelihood of achieving a peace agreement with gender provisions increases when women’s representation in national parliaments increases and when women’s civil society participation is significant.
View
Broad threat to humanity from cumulative climate hazards intensified by greenhouse gas emissions
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2018
The ongoing emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is triggering changes in many climate hazards that can impact humanity. We found traceable evidence for 467 pathways by which human health, water, food, economy, infrastructure and security have been recently impacted by climate hazards such as warming, heatwaves, precipitation, drought, floods, fires, storms, sea-level rise and changes in natural land cover and ocean chemistry. By 2100, the world’s population will be exposed concurrently to the equivalent of the largest magnitude in one of these hazards if emmisions are aggressively reduced, or three if they are not, with some tropical coastal areas facing up to six simultaneous hazards. These findings highlight the fact that GHG emissions pose a broad threat to humanity by intensifying multiple hazards to which humanity is vulnerable.
View
Constructing Rights of Nature Norms in the US, Ecuador, and New Zealand
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2018
Governments around the world are adopting laws granting Nature rights. Despite expressing common meta-norms transmitted through transnational networks, rights of Nature (RoN) laws differ in how they answer key normative questions, including how to define rights-bearing Nature, what rights to recognize, and who, if anyone, should be responsible for protecting Nature. To explain this puzzle, we compare RoN laws in three of the first countries to adopt such laws: Ecuador, the US, and New Zealand. We present a framework for analyzing RoN laws along two conceptual axes (scope and strength), highlighting how they answer normative questions differently. The article then shows how these differences resulted from the unique conditions and processes of contestation out of which each law emerged. The article contributes to the literature on norm construction by showing how RoN meta-norms circulating globally are infused with differing content as they are put into practice in different contexts, setting the stage for international norm contestation.
View
Deconstructing resilience: why gender and power matter in responding to climate stress in Bangladesh
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2018
Resilience is increasingly becoming the new buzz word. This paper examines the utility of the concept of resilience for understanding the gendered experiences of women to climate stress, through case study research in Southwest Bangladesh. It provides evidence that resilience, as commonly understood, is inadequate for understanding the intersecting vulnerabilities that women face because of embedded socio-cultural norms and practices. These vulnerabilities culminate in a gendered experience of climate stress, where some groups of women are more likely go without education, food and access to good quality water. Such circuits of control highlight the importance of a more radical, transformational, gendered and power sensitive frame for moving beyond coping mechanisms to strategies that deal with the fundamental root causes of vulnerability to climate stress. A failure to do so risks further reinforcing gender inequalities due to the reality of social difference and inequities within local power structures.
View
View
Doing Feminist Research in Political and Social Science
Book
  • Jan 2010
Guiding students step-by-step through the research process while simultaneously introducing a range of debates, challenges and tools that feminist scholars use, the second edition of this popular textbook provides a vital resource to those students and researchers approaching their studies from a feminist perspective. Interdisciplinary in its approach, the book covers everything from research design, analysis and presentation, to formulating research questions, data collection and publishing research. Offering the most comprehensive and practical guide to the subject available, the text is now also fully updated to take account of recent developments in the field, including participatory action research, new technologies and methods for working with big data and social media. Doing Feminist Research is required reading for undergraduate and postgraduate courses taking a feminist approach to social science methodology, research design and methods. It is the ideal guide for all students and scholars carrying out feminist research, whether in the fields of international relations, political science, interdisciplinary international and global studies, development studies or gender and women's studies. New to this Edition: - New discussions of contemporary research methods, including participatory action research, survey research and technology, and methods for big data and social media. - Updated to reflect recent developments in feminist and gender theory, with references to the latest research examples and new boxes considering recent shifts in the social and political sciences. - Brand new boxed examples throughout covering topics including collaborations, femicide, negotiating changing research environments and the pros and cons of feminist participatory action research. - The text is now written in the first (authors) and second (readers) person making the text clearer, more consistent and inclusive from the reader point of view.
View
Margins, silences and bottom rungs: how to overcome the underestimation of power in the study of international relations
Chapter
  • Jun 1996
This book provides a major review of the state of international theory. It is focused around the issue of whether the positivist phase of international theory is now over, or whether the subject remains mainly positivistic. Leading scholars analyse the traditional theoretical approaches in the discipline, then examine the issues and groups which are marginalised by mainstream theory, before turning to four important new developments in international theory (historical sociology, post-structuralism, feminism, and critical theory). The book concludes with five chapters which look at the future of the subject and the practice of international relations. This survey brings together key figures who have made leading contributions to the development of mainstream and alternative theory, and will be a valuable text for both students and scholars of international relations.
View
Climate change and interconnected risks to sustainable development in the Mediterranean
Article
  • Oct 2018
Recent accelerated climate change has exacerbated existing environmental problems in the Mediterranean Basin that are caused by the combination of changes in land use, increasing pollution and declining biodiversity. For five broad and interconnected impact domains (water, ecosystems, food, health and security), current change and future scenarios consistently point to significant and increasing risks during the coming decades. Policies for the sustainable development of Mediterranean countries need to mitigate these risks and consider adaptation options, but currently lack adequate information — particularly for the most vulnerable southern Mediterranean societies, where fewer systematic observations schemes and impact models are based. A dedicated effort to synthesize existing scientific knowledge across disciplines is underway and aims to provide a better understanding of the combined risks posed.
View
Resilience, Female Altruism, and Bodily Autonomy: Disaster-Induced Displacement in Post-Haiyan Philippines
Article
  • Apr 2018
Natural disasters are increasingly causing displacements globally, and such negative impacts of climate change are expected to increase exponentially. Women and girls in particular distinctly endure long-term or gradual harms while in displacement, such as heightened risks of sexual and gender-based violence, including exposure to sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS, maternal mortality, and forced or unwanted pregnancies. This article examines the Philippines as a case study to unveil the growing gendered security threats embodied by disaster-induced displacements. In the aftermath of the disaster caused by supertyphoon Haiyan, which struck in November 2013, the mantra of developing a “disaster-resilient nation” has gained currency among national and international actors in the country. Building on critical feminist political economy analysis, this article argues that the Haiyan postdisaster relief and reconstruction efforts constitute gendered processes that intimately rely on and mobilize women’s unremunerated social reproductive labor, particularly through their role as primary caregivers. Data for this research is drawn from twenty-six interviews with key informants and from secondary sources such as official reports of governmental, nongovernmental, and international humanitarian organizations. The findings underscore the importance of deploying a feminist lens to critique the material and discursive power of “resilience” through which norms of female altruism are harnessed at household and community levels while postdisaster responsibilities are increasingly diverted away from the state. In so doing, resilience discourses may serve to reinforce the structural roots of gendered vulnerability, including political, cultural, and economic barriers to accessing sexual and reproductive health services and supplies-thereby undermining bodily autonomy.
View
Gendered vulnerabilities of smallholder farmers to climate change in conflict-prone areas: A case study from Mindanao, Philippines
Article
  • Feb 2017
  • J RURAL STUD
Smallholder farmers in the Philippines are typically considered to be particularly vulnerable to climate change, yet, relatively little is known about how that vulnerability differs between men and women farmers, particularly in conflict-prone areas. Using the region of Mindanao in Philippines as a case study, this paper presents an analysis of focus groups (n = 14) and interviews (n = 77) to showcase gendered vulnerabilities of smallholder farmers to climate change. This analysis reveals that both climate change and conflict significantly increase smallholder vulnerability, resulting in loss of livelihoods, financial assets, agricultural yield and the worsening of debt problems. Women and men are affected differently, resulting in changing farming patterns and coping strategies. Women are more disadvantaged and as such tend to farm in smaller plots, work shorter hours or limit farming to cash crops. Extreme climate events in conflict-prone agrarian communities appear to subject women to forced migration, increased discrimination, loss of customary rights to land, resource poverty and food insecurity. The paper concludes by recommending implementing climate-smart agriculture solutions that are both gender and conflict sensitive.
View