Electronic_Supplementary_Material_Global dataset shows geography and life form predict modern plant extinction and rediscovery

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https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0906-2
Global dataset shows geography and life form
predict modern plant extinction and rediscovery
Aelys M. Humphreys 1,2*, Rafaël Govaerts 3*, Sarah Z. Ficinski1, Eimear Nic Lughadha4 and
Maria S. Vorontsova 1
1Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK. 2Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm
University, Stockholm, Sweden. 3Biodiversity Informatics and Spatial Analysis, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK. 4Conservation Science,
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK. *e-mail: aelys.humphreys@su.se; r.govaerts@kew.org
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
In the format provided by the authors and unedited.
NATURE ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION | www.nature.com/natecolevol

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Global&dataset&shows&geography&and&life&form&predict&modern&plant&
extinction&and&rediscovery&
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Aelys!M.!Humphreys,!Rafaël!Govaerts,!Sarah!Z.!Ficinski,!Eimear!Nic!Lughadha!&!
Maria!S.!Vorontsova!
&
&
Supplementary&Information&
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!
Contents:&
!
Supplementary&Text&
Comparison!with!the!IUCN!Red!List!data!on!modern!extinction!in!seed!plants!
Distribution!of!extinct!species!among!families!
Phylogenetic!signal!of!modern!extinction!in!seed!plants!
Rediscovery!of!species!misreported!as!extinct!
!
Supplementary&References&
!
Supplementary&Figures&
Supplementary!Fig.!1:!Distribution!of!extinct!and!rediscovered!species!among!families!
!
Supplementary&Tables&
Supplementary!Table!1:!Extinction!risk!of!rediscovered!species!
&
Supplementary&Data!
Supplementary!Dataset!1:!The!database!of!modern!extinction!in!seed!plants!
Supplementary!Dataset!2:!The!IUCN!Red!List!of!extinct!seed!plant!species&!

Humphreys!et!al.!(2019)!Supplementary!Information!!
!
II!
Supplementary&Text&
&
Comparison&with&the&IUCN&Red&List&data&on&modern&extinction&in&seed&plants&
!
The!nature!of!Red!List!data!compared!to!our!continuously!updated!database!
Our!first!step!was!to!compare!our!species!list!with!the!130!seed!plant!species!listed!by!the!
International!Union!for!the!Conservation!of!Nature!(IUCN)!Red!List!!of!Threatened!Species!as!
globally!extinct!(EX)!or!extinct!in!the!wild!(EW)1!(Supplementary!Data!2).!We!focused!our!
analysis!on!the!species!level!because!species!are!the!most!widely!understood!and!used!unit!
for!measuring!biodiversity2!and!also!adopted!internationally!for!conservation!policy!and!
environmental!legislation3.!The!Red!List!is!the!global!authority!on!the!extinction!risk!of!
species!but!its!data!do!not!reflect!the!high!rates!of!current!extinction!known!for!some!
organismal!groups4-6!(see!also!Table!1!in!Vellend!et!al.7).!It!paints!an!accurate!picture!for!
birds!and!mammals!as,!indeed,!it!was!developed!to!do8!but!coverage!remains!highly!
incomplete!for!other!groups!of!organisms,!despite!the!provision!of!increasingly!detailed!
guidelines!on!the!application!of!the!criteria!to!relatively!poorly!known!groups9.!For!example,!
a!previous,!detailed!analysis!of!snails!led!to!a!doubling!of!the!number!of!presumed!extinct!
species!of!molluscs!and!suggested!that!an!estimated!7%!of!species!may!be!extinct,!
compared!to!the!0.04%!suggested!by!the!Red!List!data!alone6,10.!
!!!!!Discrepancies!of!this!sort,!and!those!detailed!below,!are!almost!inevitable!since!botanical!
and!taxonomic!research!is!ongoing!while!a!formal!Red!List!extinction!risk!assessment!
presents!a!snapshot!of!the!state!of!knowledge!at!a!particular!time.!Publication!of!new!
records!or!updates!to!existing!ones!take!time!due,!in!part,!to!the!necessary!process!of!data!
compilation!and!peer!review.!For!our!study!as!a!whole,!taxonomic!change!accounts!for!
removal!of!18%!of!the!species!on!our!original!extinction!list,!while!rediscoveries!outnumber!
them!by!2:1.!These!proportions!are!comparable!to!the!corrections!to!extinction!lists!of!the!
Australian!flora!over!a!20-year!period:!of!228!species!listed!as!extinct!40!were!removed!for!
taxonomic!reasons!while!89!were!removed!following!rediscovery11.!
!
Extinct!seed!plant!species!listed!by!the!Red!List!and!in!our!database!
Two-thirds!of!the!130!species!in!the!Red!List!(96!species)!are!also!found!in!our!database!
(Supplementary!Data!2).!Of!these,!two!are!listed!under!different!names,!and!updating!these!
names!does!not!affect!their!presumed!extinct!status.!Twelve!species!have!been!rediscovered!
and!four!have!been!synonymised!with!living!species.!These!species!should!therefore!no!
longer!be!listed!as!extinct.!A!further!ten!species!are!known!to!persist!in!cultivation!and!
should!have!their!status!changed!to!extinct!in!the!wild!(EW)!instead!of!extinct!(EX).!This!
highlights!26!species!in!the!Red!List!whose!extinction!status!is!out!of!date.!!
!
Extinct!seed!plant!species!listed!only!by!the!Red!List!
Almost!a!third!of!the!species!in!the!Red!List!(34!species)!are!not!in!our!database!at!all!
(Supplementary!Data!2).!Some!of!these!were!published!by!the!Red!List!as!endangered!(EN)!
in!1998!and!are!now!listed!as!extinct!(EX),!without!any!associated!explanation!for!their!
change!in!status.!Others!have!been!published!as!extinct!in!the!past!decade,!and!these!

Humphreys!et!al.!(2019)!Supplementary!Information!!
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III!
entries!are!generally!accompanied!by!full!references!and!extensive!explanatory!notes.!Some!
of!these!were!added!to!our!database!(e.g.!Nymphaea!thermarum;!see!below).!And!finally,!
some!species,!e.g.!several!Brugmansia!species,!are!thought!to!be!cultivars!that!have!become!
naturalised!and!remain!widespread!in!the!wild.!The!extinct!status!of!these!species!is!
therefore!doubtful.!
!!!!!Of!the!34!species!on!the!global!Red!List!but!missing!from!our!list,!careful!vetting!resulted!
in!10!being!added!to!our!database.!These!species!(representing!1.8%!of!our!data!on!plant!
extinction)!had!been!overlooked!during!our!data!compilation!because!they!were!published!
as!extinct!only!recently,!because!their!status!was!updated!without!an!accompanying!
literature!reference!or!because!recent!taxonomic!changes!have!resulted!in!persisting!plants!
being!recognised!as!distinct!species.!!
!!!!!The!remaining!24!species!on!the!Red!List!but!not!added!to!our!list!are!known!to!be!
critically!endangered!(CR,!1!species),!endangered!(EN,!1!species),!synonyms!of!species!that!
are!not!extinct!(4!species)!or!simply!not!extinct!but!with!no!known!extinction!risk!(either!
rediscovered!or!should!not!have!been!classified!as!extinct!at!all;!18!species).!In!summary,!we!
suggest!that!50!species!assessments!in!the!Red!List!need!revision.!The!Red!List!Unit!has!been!
notified.!
!
Final!tally!of!extinct!seed!plant!species!in!our!database!
Our!database!includes!a!list!of!491!presumed!extinct!species!not!on!the!Red!List!at!all!
(Supplementary!Data!1).!Our!database!is!therefore!the!most!complete!list!of!recently!extinct!
seed!plants!published!to!date!and!includes!571!species!that!are!presumed!to!be!globally!
extinct!(EX)!or!extinct!in!the!wild!(EW).!This!is!more!than!4!times!those!listed!by!the!Red!List!
and!suggests!that!0.2%!of!standing!seed!plant!diversity!has!become!extinct!in!modern!times,!
while!the!Red!List!figure!is!0.04%.!
!
Distribution&of&extinct&species&among&families&
!
The!571!extinct!species!belong!to!102!out!of!the!428!currently!recognised!seed!plant!
families.!Most!records!are!in!globally!large!and!widespread!families,!for!example,!55!species!
in!the!coffee!family!(Rubiaceae),!39!species!in!the!daisy!family!(Asteraceae)!and!30!species!in!
the!legume!family!(Fabaceae;!Supplementary!Fig.!1).!Having!a!lot!of!species!does!not!
necessary!confer!a!high!number!of!extinct!species!however.!There!are!more!orchids!than!
any!other!type!of!seed!plant,!and!orchids!are!considered!among!the!world’s!most!
threatened!plants12,!but!there!are!relatively!few!documented!extinctions!of!orchids!(22!out!
ca.!28,000!species).!
!!!!!The!top!families!based!on!proportions!are!small!and!less!well!known,!with!at!least!an!
order!of!magnitude!fewer!species,!for!example,!4!species!of!cycads!(Zamiaceae;!
Supplementary!Fig.!1).!There!is!a!clear!mismatch!between!the!families!that!score!high!based!
on!species!numbers!and!those!that!score!high!based!on!proportions.!Only!the!bluebells!
(Campanulaceae)!score!high!on!both!measures.!!
&

Humphreys!et!al.!(2019)!Supplementary!Information!!
!
IV!
Phylogenetic&signal&of&modern&extinction&in&seed&plants!
!
Using!a!phylogenetic!tree!with!family-level!resolution13!(Fig.!2,!main!article)!including!371!
seed!plant!families,!we!employed!three!commonly!used!measures!for!analysing!the!
phylogenetic!distribution!of!traits,!to!test!whether!there!is!phylogenetic!signal!to!modern!
extinction!in!plants!at!the!family!level:!Pagel’s!λ!and!Blomberg’s!K!for!proportion!extinct!
species!per!family!and!the!D-statistic!for!treating!extinction!as!a!binary!variable!
(presence/absence!of!extinct!species!within!a!family)14-17.!We!used!both!λ!and!K!because,!
although!they!both!test!for!phylogenetic!signal,!they!treat!data!(e.g.!tip!branches)!slightly!
differently,!and!their!performance!is!known!to!differ!under!some!circumstances18.!The!D!
statistic!is!a!similar!test!but!for!discrete!data,!rather!than!continuous.!The!subjective!nature!
of!taxonomic!categories!makes!summarising!extinction!and!rediscovery!by!family!somewhat!
artificial;!therefore,!the!data!were!analysed!both!as!proportions!and!numbers.!Pagel’s!λ!was!
calculated!using!the!‘transformPhylo.ML’!function!in!the!R19!package!motmot20,!Blomberg’s!
K!using!‘phylosig’!in!phytools21!and!the!D-statistic!using!‘phylo.d’!in!caper22.!
!!!!!All!tests!provided!strong!support!for!the!phylogenetic!independence!of!extinction:!λ!=!0!
(ΔAICc!=!31.1!compared!to!Brownian!motion,!which!is!equivalent!to!λ!=!1,!where!differences!
among!the!families!are!proportional!to!the!phylogenetic!distances!among!them);!K!=!0.43!(P!
=!0.07!compared!to!a!phylogenetically!random!distribution);!and!D!=!0.96!(P!=!0!compared!to!
the!distribution!generated!by!a!process!that!approximates!Brownian!motion,!equivalent!to!D!
=!0,!and!P!=!0.40!compared!to!a!random!distribution,!equivalent!to!D!=!1).!Thus,!phylogeny!is!
not!predictive!of!which!families!contain!species!documented!to!have!become!extinct!in!
recent!centuries.!
!
Rediscovery&of&species&misreported&as&extinct!
!
Distribution!of!rediscovered!species!among!families!
The!rediscovered!species!belong!to!82!families!(Supplementary!Figure!1).!For!some!plant!
groups,!e.g.!orchids,!over!half!of!the!species!declared!extinct!have!been!rediscovered!(30!of!
52!species),!compared!to!none!for!the!coffee!relative!Psychotria!(0!of!23!species,!most!of!
which!inhabited!islands;!Supplementary!Data!1).!All!but!one!of!the!families!with!the!most!
extinct!species!also!had!the!most!rediscovered!species.!As!for!extinction,!there!is!no!overlap!
between!families!that!have!a!high!number!of!rediscovered!species!and!those!that!have!high!
proportions!of!rediscovered!species.!
!!!!!Only!three!families!have!high!proportions!of!both!extinct!and!rediscovered!species!
(Bruniaceae,!Frankeniaceae!and!Portulacaceae).!There!is!thus!much!less!overlap!among!
these!smaller!families!but,!importantly,!there!is!overlap,!suggesting!that!a!high!proportion!of!
declared!extinct!species!in!certain!families!is!unlikely!to!be!due!to!a!lack!of!knowledge!about!
these!families.!Furthermore,!it!is!inevitable!that!some!of!the!species!presumed!extinct!today!
will!soon!be!rediscovered!again.!
!
!

Humphreys!et!al.!(2019)!Supplementary!Information!!
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V!
Phylogenetic!signal!of!rediscovery!
All!tests!showed!the!same!results!as!for!extinction:!rediscovery!has!been!phylogenetically!
random:!λ!=!0!(ΔAIC!=!27.3!compared!to!Brownian!motion);!K!=!0.36!(P!=!0.39!compared!to!a!
random!distribution);!and!D!=!0.92!(P!=!0.32!compared!to!a!phylogenetically!random!
distribution,!P!=!0.001!compared!to!Brownian!motion).!
!
Geographic!patterns!of!rediscovery!
Rediscovered!species!are!from!128!country-level!regions23,!compared!to!123!for!extinct!
species.!Western!Australia!stands!out!as!having!the!highest!number!of!rediscovered!species!
(75!species),!followed!by!Hawaii!(36!species),!California!(32!species),!India!(27!species)!and!
the!Cape!Provinces!of!South!Africa!(25!species).!About!half!of!the!regions!with!most!
presumed!extinct!species!also!have!the!most!rediscovered!species,!including!tropical!islands!
(Hawaii,!Mauritius!and!Madagascar)!and!regions!with!a!Mediterranean-like!climate!(the!
Cape!region!in!South!Africa,!India,!Western!Australia!and!California).!Overall,!however,!
rediscovery!is!much!lower!on!islands!than!on!continents!(130!and!404!species,!respectively)!
but!more!likely!for!species!that!are!geographically!more!widespread!(87%!of!rediscovered!
species!occur!in!a!single!TDWG!level!3!region,!compared!to!98%!of!extinct!species).!At!a!
continental!scale,!rediscovery!is!high!in!Australasia!and!North!America!but!low!in!South!
America!and!Africa.!Australia,!India,!California,!Hawaii!and!South!Africa!are!examples!of!
areas!that!are!home!to!long-term!professional!botanical!surveys.!Some!of!the!geographical!
differences!in!the!balance!between!extinction!and!rediscovery!might!therefore!indicate!a!
bias!in!our!knowledge!of!modern!extinction!in!plants,!driven!by!global!inequality!in!botanical!
survey!work.!!
!
Supplementary&References&
&
1.! IUCN.!The!IUCN!Red!List!of!Threatened!Species,!Version!3.1![Accessed!June,!2016].!
(2016).!
2.! Mace,!G.M.!The!role!of!taxonomy!in!species!conservation.!Philosophical!Transactions!
of!the!Royal!Society!of!London!Series!B-Biological!Sciences!359,!711-719!(2004).!
3.! Garnett,!S.T.!&!Christidis,!L.!Taxonomy!anarchy!hampers!conservation.!Nature!546,!
25-27!(2017).!
4.! Mace,!G.!Classification!of!the!threatened!species!and!its!role!in!conservation!
planning.!In!Extinction!rates!(eds.!Lawton,!J.H.!&!May,!R.M.)!pp.!197-213!(Oxford!
University!Press,!New!York,!1995).!
5.! Lamoreux,!J.!et!al.!Value!of!the!IUCN!Red!List.!Trends!in!Ecology!&!Evolution!18,!214-
215!(2003).!
6.! Regnier,!C.,!Fontaine,!B.!&!Bouchet,!P.!Not!knowing,!not!recording,!not!listing:!
Numerous!unnoticed!mollusk!extinctions.!Conservation!Biology!23,!1214-1221!
(2009).!
7.! Vellend,!M.!et!al.!Plant!biodiversity!change!across!scales!during!the!Anthropocene.!
Annual!Review!of!Plant!Biology!68,!563-586!(2017).!
8.! Mace,!G.M.!&!Lande,!R.!Assessing!extinction!threats!-!Toward!a!reevaluation!of!IUCN!
threatened!species!categories.!Conservation!Biology!5,!148-157!(1991).!

Humphreys!et!al.!(2019)!Supplementary!Information!!
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VI!
9.! IUCN!Standards!and!Petitions!Subcommittee.!Guidelines!for!using!the!IUCN!Red!List!
categories!and!criteria.!Version!13!(2017).!
10.! Regnier,!C.!et!al.!Mass!extinction!in!poorly!known!taxa.!Proceedings!of!the!National!
Academy!of!Sciences!of!the!United!States!of!America!112,!7761-7766!(2015).!
11.! Keith,!D.A.!&!Burgman,!M.A.!The!Lazarus!effect:!can!the!dynamics!of!extinct!species!
lists!tell!us!anything!about!the!status!of!biodiversity?!Biological!Conservation!117,!41-
48!(2004).!
12.! Nic!Lughadha,!E.M.!et!al.!Extinction!risk!and!threats!to!plants.!In!Willis,!K.J.!(Ed.)!State!
of!the!World’s!Plants!2017.!Pp.!72-77!(Royal!Botanic!Gardens,!Kew,!Richmond,!2017).!
13.! Magallón,!S.,!Gomez-Acevedo,!S.,!Sanchez-Reyes,!L.L.!&!Hernandez-Hernandez,!T.!A!
metacalibrated!time-tree!documents!the!early!rise!of!flowering!plant!phylogenetic!
diversity.!New!Phytologist!207,!437-453!(2015).!
14.! Pagel,!M.!Inferring!the!historical!patterns!of!biological!evolution.!Nature!401,!877-
884!(1999).!
15.! Pagel,!M.!Inferring!evolutionary!processes!from!phylogenies.!Zoologica!Scripta!26,!
331-348!(1997).!
16.! Blomberg,!S.P.,!Garland,!T.!&!Ives,!A.R.!Testing!for!phylogenetic!signal!in!comparative!
data:!behavioural!traits!are!more!labile.!Evolution!57,!717-745!(2003).!
17.! Fritz,!S.A.!&!Purvis,!A.!Selectivity!in!mammalian!extinction!risk!and!threat!types:!A!
new!measure!of!phylogenetic!signal!strength!in!binary!traits.!Conservation!Biology!
24,!1042-1051!(2010).!
18.! Münkemüller,!T.!et!al.!How!to!measure!and!test!phylogenetic!signal.!Methods!in!
Ecology!and!Evolution!3,!743-756!(2012).!
19.! R!Development!Core!Team.!R:!A!language!and!environment!for!statistical!computing.!
(R!Foundation!for!Statistical!Computing,!Vienna,!Austria,!2014).!
20.! Thomas,!G.H.!&!Freckleton,!R.P.!MOTMOT:!models!of!trait!macroevolution!on!trees.!
Methods!in!Ecology!and!Evolution!3,!145-151!(2012).!
21.! Revell,!L.J.!Phytools:!An!R!package!for!phylogenetic!comparative!biology!(and!other!
things).!Methods!in!Ecology!and!Evolution!3,!217-223!(2012).!
22.!Orme,!C.D.L.!et!al.!Caper:!Comparable!analyses!of!phylogenetics!and!evolution!in!R.!R!
package!version!0.4!(2014).!
23.! Brummitt,!R.K.!World!Geographical!Scheme!for!Recording!Plant!Distributions.!For!
International!Working!Group!on!Taxonomic!Databases!For!Plant!Sciences!(TDWG),!
153!(Hunt!Institute!for!Botanical!Documentation!Carnegie!Mellon!University,!
Pittsburgh,!2001).& &

Humphreys!et!al.!(2019)!Supplementary!Information!!
!
VII!
Supplementary&Figures&and&Figure&Legends&
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&
Supplementary&Fig.&1!|!Distribution&of&extinct&and&rediscovered&species&among&seed&plant&
families.!a,!Recently!extinct!(Red!List!categories!EX!and!EW)!and!b,!rediscovered!species.!
Numbers!are!shown!in!black!and!proportions!in!pink!(extinct!species)!and!green!
(rediscovered!species).!It!is!clear!that!those!families!that!have!a!high!number!of!extinct/!
rediscovered!species!are!not!same!as!those!that!have!high!proportions!of!extinct/!
rediscovered!species.!Families!are!sorted!by!decreasing!number!of!extinct/rediscovered!
species.! !
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Asteraceae
Orchidaceae
Fabaceae
Lamiaceae
Poaceae
Rubiaceae
Campanulaceae
Rutaceae
Brassicaceae
Apocynaceae
Arecaceae
Cyperaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Malvaceae
Proteaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Amaranthaceae
Boraginaceae
Ericaceae
Myrtaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Cactaceae
Haloragaceae
Apiaceae
Primulaceae
Asparagaceae
Bromeliaceae
Iridaceae
Orobanchaceae
Polygalaceae
Acanthaceae
Balsaminaceae
Crassulaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Goodeniaceae
Loranthaceae
Rhamnaceae
Rosaceae
Sapotaceae
Solanaceae
Stylidiaceae
Celastraceae
Elaeocarpaceae
Frankeniaceae
Geraniaceae
Gesneriaceae
Lauraceae
Menispermaceae
Moraceae
Pandanaceae
Pittosporaceae
Plantaginaceae
Polygonaceae
Portulacaceae
Ranunculaceae
Restionaceae
Urticaceae
Xanthorrhoeaceae
Aizoaceae
Anacardiaceae
Begoniaceae
Bignoniaceae
Bruniaceae
Burmanniaceae
Cistaceae
Convolvulaceae
Cupressaceae
Gyrostemonaceae
Hydatellaceae
Juncaceae
Loganiaceae
Onagraceae
Papaveraceae
Salicaceae
Saxifragaceae
Symplocaceae
Tecophilaeaceae
Theaceae
Violaceae
Zamiaceae
Zingiberaceae
Distribution of rediscovered species among families
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●
●
●
●
●●
●●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●0
2
4
6
8
10
Percent of species
●
●
●
● ●
●
●
●
●
● ●
● ● ●
●
● ● ● ● ●
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● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Rubiaceae
Asteraceae
Fabaceae
Campanulaceae
Lamiaceae
Orchidaceae
Malvaceae
Arecaceae
Rutaceae
Brassicaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Apiaceae
Apocynaceae
Poaceae
Myrtaceae
Acanthaceae
Boraginaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Ericaceae
Piperaceae
Begoniaceae
Cactaceae
Eriocaulaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Aizoaceae
Bromeliaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Proteaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Iridaceae
Solanaceae
Amaranthaceae
Burmanniaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Cyperaceae
Gesneriaceae
Melastomataceae
Pandanaceae
Plumbaginaceae
Rosaceae
Salicaceae
Santalaceae
Zamiaceae
Annonaceae
Bruniaceae
Celastraceae
Onagraceae
Primulaceae
Sapindaceae
Sapotaceae
Urticaceae
Violaceae
Xanthorrhoeaceae
Anacardiaceae
Araceae
Asparagaceae
Betulaceae
Convolvulaceae
Crassulaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Lauraceae
Liliaceae
Loganiaceae
Loranthaceae
Moraceae
Passifloraceae
Phrymaceae
Polemoniaceae
Restionaceae
Rhamnaceae
Aquifoliaceae
Araliaceae
Balsaminaceae
Capparaceae
Chrysobalanaceae
Combretaceae
Commelinaceae
Cunoniaceae
Elaeocarpaceae
Frankeniaceae
Grossulariaceae
Haloragaceae
Hernandiaceae
Juncaceae
Lythraceae
Marantaceae
Musaceae
Nyctaginaceae
Nymphaeaceae
Olacaceae
Oleaceae
Orobanchaceae
Pittosporaceae
Plantaginaceae
Podostemaceae
Polygalaceae
Portulacaceae
Saxifragaceae
Theaceae
Thymelaeaceae
Verbenaceae
Zingiberaceae
Distribution of extinct species among families
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Number of species
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●
●
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●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●0
1
2
3
4
5
Percent of species
a
b
Distribution of extinct species among families
Distribution of rediscovered species among families

Humphreys!et!al.!(2019)!Supplementary!Information!!
!
VIII!
Supplementary&Tables&
&
Supplementary&Table&1&|&Extinction&risk&of&rediscovered&species&
!
Extinction&risk,&according&to&
Red&List&criteria1!
Number&of&species2!
Critically&endangered,&CR&
234&
Endangered,&EN&
69&
Vulnerable,&VU&
79&
Near!threatened,!NT!
1!
Least!concern,!LC!
11!
Data!deficient,!DD!
37!
!
1Species!in!the!top!three!extinction!risk!categories,!marked!in!bold,!are!considered!to!be!threatened!with!
extinction.!
2Overall,!88.6%!of!species!are!threatened!with!extinction!(CR,!EN!and!VU),!2.8%!are!not!considered!to!be!
threatened!(NT,!LC)!and!8.6%!are!data!deficient!(DD).!
!
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
Supplementary&Data&
&
Supplementary&Dataset&1&|&The&database&of&modern&extinction&in&seed&plants&
Available!as!a!supplementary!file!(Excel!table)!linked!to!the!online!version!of!the!paper!at!
www.nature.com/nature.!
&
Supplementary&Dataset&2&|&The&IUCN&Red&List&of&extinct&seed&plant&species&
Available!as!a!supplementary!file!(Excel!table)!linked!to!the!online!version!of!the!paper!at!
www.nature.com/nature.!