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ISTANBUL JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS & POLITICS
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The objectives of this study were to examine the botanical composition and determine the nutritive value of pastures in 9 different locations in Kars district with respect to stages of maturity. Samples were collected bi-weekly from 21 May to 30 July 1999. The Gramineae, Leguminoseae and other plant families constituted 64.2, 22.8 and 13.0% of the plant population, respectively. There was a variation in the nutrient composition of samples collected from different locations (P < 0.05). Average dry matter (DM) content was 28.8% and concentrations of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), nitrogen-free extract (NFE), ether extract (EE) and ash on a DM basis were 90.8, 15.3, 30.0, 57.6, 43.4, 2.0 and 9.2%, respectively. Stage of maturity altered nutrient composition (P < 0.5). Concentrations of OM, NFE and ash did not change, CP linearly decreased, and CF and NDF quadratically increased with advancing maturity. In conclusion, the Gramineae were the predominant flora of pastures in northeastern Turkey. Moreover, mathematical models developed to characterize changes in the nutrient composition of pastures with advancing maturity may help to improve current feeding strategies.
This study was aimed to show the ability of determining biomass availability and the dynamic status of grassland available for animal production using LANDSAT satellite images by integration of Remote Sensing techniques and Geographic Information Systems. For this purpose, The Landsat 5 TM satellite images taken in 2005 were used to determine the land use including grasslands within the range of red (0.45-0.52 µm), near infra-red (0.52-0.60 µm) and infra-red (0.63-0.69 µm) bands of images. The results obtained in this study showed that within the visible and infrared region selecting one or two bands used to create images and processing, land use types and grassland areas can be determined. Furthermore, the models can be developed to open up new dimensions not only to predict green yield available for animals on pasture but also to predict the green yield consumption by animals; and to describe the dynamics of a grazing system. INTRODUCTION Total area of natural grassland in Turkey is 21.475 million hectars, accounting for 27.9% of total territory of Turkey. In general, the animal husbandry is carried out under extensive conditions and based on grasslands in the Eastern part of Turkey where Kars Province is located and 41.4% of the whole grassland area of the country is present (Tosun and Altın, 1981). Studies on pasture productivity of grazing and areas in Eastern Turkey and pasture animal loading balance are extremely important and urgent tasks.
This paper provides an overview of methodologies used for quantitative evaluations of security of supply. The studied material is mainly based on peer-reviewed articles and the methodologies are classified according to which stage in the supply chain their main focus is directed to, as well as their scientific background. Our overview shows that a broad variety of approaches is used, but that there are still some important gaps, especially if the aim is to study energy security in a future-oriented way.
First, there is a need to better understand how sources of insecurity can develop over time and how they are affected by the development of the energy system. Second, the current tendency to study the security of supply for each energy carrier separately needs to be complemented by comparisons of different energy carrier's supply chains. Finally, the mainly static perspective on system structure should be complemented with perspectives that to a greater extent take the systems' adaptive capacity and transformability into account, as factors with a potential to reduce the systems vulnerabilities. Furthermore, it may be beneficial to use methodological combinations, conduct more thorough sensitivity analysis and alter the mind-set from securing energy flows to securing energy services.
Cascadia is a concept cross-border region, an idealised transnational space on the Pacific coast of North America, bridging the 49th parallel and linking the Canadian province of British Columbia and the US states of Washington and Oregon, This clear-cut geographical description is best seen as cartographic still shot of a much more dynamic process of regional invention, a process which at its most grandiose extends to the whole of the Pacific Northwest Economic Region, including Alaska, Alberta, Montana and Idaho. Cascadia is thus, as its boosters claim, in ‘active evolution’. Rather than being territorially fixed, static and statelike, Cascadia appears to its promoters first and foremost as a moving ‘state of mind’. However, as a vision, an idea, a discourse, a dream image, a space-myth and a state of mind, to list only a few of the terms applied to Cascadia, this CBR project is actively sustained by Canadian and US think tanks, visionaries and policymakers. As well as being noted in many academic articles (for example, Swanson 1994; Courchène 1995; Edgington 1995; Alper 1996; Blatter 1996) and attracting the attention of mainstream policy-oriented think tanks like the Carnegie Endowment for international Peace (Papademetriou and Meyers, 2000), it continues to surface in popular media outlets ranging from BC Business (Buchanan 1992) to The Economist (1994) through Atlantic Monthly (Kaplan 1998) and the Seattle Times (Agnew 1998) to the Christian Science Monitor (Porterfieid 1999).
The article provides the insights into the "path dependence" theory. The possibility of application of this theory in the energy sector of Ukraine is determined. The paper also discusses the possibility of escaping a lock-in effect by the example of the energy sector of Germany.