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Sevik et al.: Changes in some micromorphological characters of Platanus orientalis leaf
- 5909 -
APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 17(3):5909-5921.
http://www.aloki.hu ● ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) ● ISSN 1785 0037 (Online)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1703_59095921
2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary
CHANGES IN MICROMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF
PLATANUS ORIENTALIS L. LEAVES IN TURKEY
SEVIK, H.1 – CETIN, M.2* – OZTURK, A.3 – YIGIT, N.3 – KARAKUS, O.4
1Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture,
Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
2Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu
University, Kastamonu, Turkey
3 Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Kastamonu University
Kastamonu, Turkey
4Programs of Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Plant Resources, Institute of Science,
Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
*Corresponding author
e-mail: mcetin@kastamonu.edu.tr
(Received 19th Jan 2019; accepted 29th Mar 2019)
Abstract. In this study, it is aimed to determine the variation of some leaf characters of Platanus
orientalis L. depending on the climate type. For this purpose, in a country dominated by three climate
types (Terrestrial, Black Sea and Mediterranean), leaves samples of Platanus orientalis trees were
collected. Scaled images were obtained with the help of electron microscope (SEM = Scanning Electron
Microscope) of collected leaf samples. Thus, with measurements made on these images, stoma length
(μm), stoma width (μm), por length (μm), por width and stoma density (1 mm2 area). The obtained data
were evaluated as statistic and the change of these characters according to climate type and city was
evaluated. In addition, by applying correlation analysis to the data, it was attempted to determine the
relations between the subject characters and climate data. As a result of the study, no significant effect of
the climate could be detected on the characteristics examined. This situation can be interpreted that
morphological characteristics are shaped by many environmental factors and genetic structure besides
climate. The authors suggest an increase and diversification in studies on the subject in order to determine
how and under which conditions micromorphological characteristics are shaped. For this reason, it can be
shown that the subjects of the study are collected from the individuals which were primarily raised for
landscaping, and the practices in landscape studies change the micro ecological conditions in a clear way.
Keywords: climate, correlation, flora, plant, landscape plant
Introduction
In parallel with the rapid increase in urbanization across the globe, green areas are
destroyed. However, the increase in the average global incomes and awareness levels of
people has led to more efforts and legislations to preserve and increase green areas
wherever possible. This is evident in major cities around the world where local
authorities are planning to turn their cities greener by announcing schemes and plans to
plant six and seven-figure trees in the short and long terms. The importance of plants
and trees cannot be overstressed. Their environmental and social benefits such as
reducing air and noise pollution, balancing the climate, and contributing to the
ecosystem are just a few of many (Cetin and Sevik 2016a,b; Cetin et al., 2017).
Furthermore, they perform many functions such as being an economic resource,
reducing the speed of the wind and supporting wildlife (Kantarcı et al., 2011; Özel,
Sevik et al.: Changes in some micromorphological characters of Platanus orientalis leaf
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APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 17(3):5909-5921.
http://www.aloki.hu ● ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) ● ISSN 1785 0037 (Online)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1703_59095921
2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary
2008; Ertuğrul et al., 2014). In fact, one of the factors that affect the value of properties
in cities nowadays is the amount of green areas and their proximity to them (Tilki et al.,
2008; Erna, 2009; Ökmen and Yurtsever, 2010; Yiğit et al., 2014; Öztürk et al., 2017).
When designing open green places in urban areas, plant species, composition, cultivar,
and even form are of great importance besides their sizes. In addition to their functional
purposes, plants are desired to be aesthetically valuable, and more often that not, people
tend to prefer non-native plants. As a result of this, plant species are used outside of their
natural distribution areas, which is a situation frequently encountered in landscape
architecture. They are confronted with stress factors arising from different habitats (Sevik
and Cetin, 2016; Sevik et al., 2017, 2018; Cetin and Sevik 2016a,b; Cetin et al., 2017;
Turkyilmaz et al., 2018a, b, c).
It is possible that the stress that may occur in plants as a result of their cultivation in
the climatic conditions they are not accustomed to, may affect their micromorphological
features that are not visible as well as their morphological features that are visible
(Sevik and Cetin, 2015; Sevik et al., 2017, 2018; Cetin et al., 2018a, b; Kaya et al.,
2018) because Turkey is under the influence of three main climates, which are quite
different from each other. These climate types include the Black Sea climate type,
continental climate type, and Mediterranean climate type. The effects of these climate
types are combined with topographical conditions, resulting in many different types of
local climates (Cetin et al., 2018a; Akkemik, 2014). According to the results of the
study, the micromorphological characteristics of the areas working on the climate of the
cities of the climate conditions or even the microclimate conditions of the areas of the
plant is more effective than the main climate type. In this study, it has been shown that
the environmental conditions affect the micromorphological characteristics of the
leaves. The results of the study show that the local and micro-conditions are more
effective on the micromorphological characteristics of the leaves than the main climate
type. In landscape studies, there are many plants grown in the area where all three
climate types are dominant. These plants are not morphologically different from each
other. However, there is not enough information about how they differ in morphometric
and micromorphological terms. However, these changes can provide insight into many
issues, from the stress level of the plant to the habitat and the adaptation level (Sevik et
al., 2017). However, in order to determine how these micromorphological changes
should be interpreted, it is necessary to determine under what conditions these changes
are shaped.
In this study, it was aimed to determine the change in some micromorphological
characteristics in Platanus orientalis individuals grown in different climate types
dominant in Turkey.
Materials and methods
Materials
The study was performed on the leaves of Platanus orientalis L. Plane tree (Platanus
orientalis L.) belonging to Platanaceae family and is known for its grandeur and
longevity. Platanus orientalis is one of the most common plane varieties in the world
and it is the most widespread plane tree growing in Turkey. The common name of this
variety is oriental plane. Among plane trees, it was the first variety to be discovered.
The oriental plane is widely used as an ornamental tree, especially in urban areas and is
also cultivated sometimes for timber (Guler et al., 2017).
Sevik et al.: Changes in some micromorphological characters of Platanus orientalis leaf
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APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 17(3):5909-5921.
http://www.aloki.hu ● ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) ● ISSN 1785 0037 (Online)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1703_59095921
2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary
Each of the city areas from each of the leaves collected from each leaf and each leaf
was made from one to three pieces. Leaf specimens are collected from mature trees but
it can be stated that the trees are at least 50-60 years of age.
Platanus orientalis (Oriental plane) leaves were collected from the areas dominated
by the three climate types prevailing in Turkey. The Black Sea climate, which is one of
the climate types prevailing in Turkey, is defined as wet and humid every season, while
the Mediterranean climate has dry and hot summers as well as warm and rainy winters.
In continental climate, summers are hot and dry, while winters are cold and snowy
(Karakus, 2018). However, there are huge differences between the climate data of the
cities in the regions where these climate types are dominant. The general climate
characteristics of the cities included in the study were examined separately, and average
temperature (Ta), average maximum temperature (Tmax), average minimum
temperature (Tmin), average sunshine duration (ASD), average number of rainy days
(ANRD), monthly average total precipitation (MATP), maximum temperature (MaxT)
and minimum temperature (MinT) values obtained from the records of the General
Directorate of Meteorology are presented in tables (URL, 1). The average
meteorological data of the cities included in the study are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Annual average meteorological data of the cities included in the study
Black Sea climate type
Mediterranean climate type
Continental climate type
Cities
Bartın
Samsun
Rize
Çanakkale
Antalya
İzmir
Ankara
Kayseri
Van
Ta (°C)
12.8
14.5
14.3
15.0
18.6
17.8
11.9
10.7
9.2
Tmax (°C)
19.0
18.2
18
19.6
24.1
22.6
17.8
18.0
14.9
Tmin (°C)
7.6
11
11.1
10.7
13.7
13.4
6.2
2.9
3.6
ASD (hrs)
67.2
61
49.4
87.0
100.3
94.5
80.3
83.5
92.8
ANRD
140.0
135.6
172.5
83.6
75.1
77.7
102.3
107.2
93.0
MATP (mm)
1040.5
717.5
2304.1
616.2
1066.9
695.9
387.2
384.9
388.5
MaxT (°C)
42.8
39
38.2
39.0
45
43
41
40.7
37.5
MinT (°C)
-18.6
-9.8
-7
-11.5
-4.6
-8.2
-24.9
-32.5
-28.7
Ta (°C) = average temperature (°C); Tmax (°C) = average maximum temperature (°C); Tmin
(°C) = average lowest temperature (°C); ASD = average sunshine duration (h); ANRD = average
number of rainy days; MATP = monthly average total precipitation (mm); MaxT= maximum
temperature (°C); MinT = minimum temperature (°C)
Upon examining the results of the table, it is observed that there are big differences
between the meteorological data of the cities. The most significant difference is the
amount of precipitation which is very important for plant development. While the
annual average precipitation in Rize province is 2304.1 mm, this figure decreases to
384.9 mm in Kayseri, where the continental climate is dominant. There is
approximately a 6-time difference between the two figures. A similar situation is
observed between the temperature values. It is noteworthy that there are huge
differences between the cities, especially in minimum temperatures. For example, the
minimum temperature is -4.6 °C in Antalya, where the Mediterranean climate type is
observed, while this figure is -32.5 °C in Kayseri where the continental climate is
observed (Fig. 1).
Sevik et al.: Changes in some micromorphological characters of Platanus orientalis leaf
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APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 17(3):5909-5921.
http://www.aloki.hu ● ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) ● ISSN 1785 0037 (Online)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1703_59095921
2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary
Figure 1. Showing climate type in Turkey
Method
Within the scope of the study, plane leaves were collected from the parks in the
centers of the provinces at the end of September. A total of ten pieces of leaves were
collected from each city and each leaf was made up of three pieces. Leaf specimens
were collected from mature trees. The areas where the samples were collected are also
shown in the map (Fig. 2). The GPS coordinates of the sampling of cities are following:
Bartin 41° 38' 15.3744'' N 32° 20' 1.7268'' E; Samsun 40° 50' 12.5"N 34° 52' 28.9" E;
Rize 41° 1' 31.8468'' N 40° 31' 3.5976'' E; Canakkale 39° 27' 12.0"N 26° 03' 48.9"E;
Ankara 38° 40' 11.9"N 30° 50' 03.2"E; İzmir 37° 49' 06.9"N 26° 13' 48.7"E; Antalya
36° 05' 32.8"N 29° 15' 36.4"E; Kayseri 37° 39' 00.5"N 34° 53 '41.3"E; Van 37° 43'
48.4"N 42° 39' 42.8"E
Figure 2. The locations of cities where the leaves samples were taken
Sevik et al.: Changes in some micromorphological characters of Platanus orientalis leaf
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APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 17(3):5909-5921.
http://www.aloki.hu ● ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) ● ISSN 1785 0037 (Online)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1703_59095921
2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary
The samples of the mature leaves collected were pressed and brought to the
laboratory. Samples were taken from the leaves brought to the laboratory and examined
under an electron microscope. With the help of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM),
scaled images were obtained from the lower side of the leaf blades and areas close to
the middle sections. Files with the “.jpeg” extension were created from the obtained
images. The points, where the measurements that were made using the “ImageJ”
computer measurement program in order to perform micromorphological measurements
of the leaves after these processes were completed, are shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Measurement of micromorphological characteristics. STL: stoma length, STW: stoma
width, PL: pore length, PW: pore width, STD: stoma density (1 mm2 in area)
The data were analyzed with the help of SPSS packaged software, and the variance
analysis and Duncan’s test were applied to the data. As a result, correlation analysis was
applied to the data in order to reveal the correlation of the characteristics with each
other and with the climate parameters. The correlation coefficient varies between 0 and
-1 or +1 and determines the direction of the correlation. If the sample correlation
coefficient is equal to 0, it means that there is no linear connection between the two
variables. As this value increases, the correlation between the two variables begins to
increase and reaches the highest level when it is 1 (Cohen, 1988). According to Cohen,
the correlation between the two variables is weak if the correlation coefficient is
between 0.10-0.29 and moderate between 0.30-0.49 and strong between 0.50-1.0. The
correlation analysis results obtained in the study were interpreted, and whether the
correlation between the characteristics and climate parameters was statistically
significant, the correlation direction and strength were interpreted.
Sevik et al.: Changes in some micromorphological characters of Platanus orientalis leaf
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APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 17(3):5909-5921.
http://www.aloki.hu ● ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) ● ISSN 1785 0037 (Online)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1703_59095921
2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary
Results
Change in micromorphological characteristics depending on climate types
Together with the results of the variance analysis and Duncan’s test performed in
order to determine the change in micromorphological characteristics of the species
grown in different climate types depending on the climate type, the average values of
the micromorphological characteristics based on the climate type are presented in
Table 2.
Table 2. Change in micromorphological characteristics depending on climate type
Climate Type
Characters
STL (µm)
STW (µm)
PL (µm)
PW (µm)
STD (µm)
Continental
30.776
25.364 b
14.764
7.037
391.56
Mediterranean
28.687
21.956 a
13.382
6.441
313.78
Black Sea
29.105
24.448 ab
13.279
6.842
340.00
F Value
1.303 ns
3.736*
2.064 ns
0.414 ns
1.480 ns
*Significant level is at 0.05. The letters a, b, c, etc. means according to Duncan test results; show that
the group is located. The means of following abbreviations are STL: stoma length; STW: stoma width;
PL: pore length; PW: pore width; STD: stoma density
Upon examining the table values, it is observed that there is no statistically
significant difference between climate types with at least 95% confidence level in terms
of characteristics other than STW. On the other hand, there are significant differences at
a 99% confidence level between the climate types in terms of STW. As a result of
Duncan’s test, two homogeneous groups were formed. The lowest value (21.956 µm)
was obtained in the Mediterranean climate type, while the value obtained in the Black
Sea climate type (24.448 µm) took place in both homogeneous groups. The value
obtained in the continental climate type (25.364 µm) took place in the last homogeneous
group.
Change in micromorphological characteristics depending on cities
Variance analysis was performed to determine the micromorphological
characteristics of the species collected from the aforementioned cities. The F value and
significance level obtained as a result of the variance analysis and the groupings
consisting of the average values and Duncan’s test are presented in Table 3.
Upon examining the table values, it is observed that there are statistically significant
differences between the cities with at least 95% confidence level in terms of all
characteristics except for STD. In terms of STD, there are no statistically significant
differences between the cities at least 95% confidence level.
According to Duncan’s test results, STL values were collected in three homogeneous
groups. As a result of Duncan’s test, Antalya with the lowest value (23.481 µm) took
place in the first homogeneous group, while Bartın, Kayseri, and Samsun took place in
the second homogeneous group, and Ankara and Çanakkale with the highest value
(33.163 µm) took place in the third homogeneous group. Izmir, Rize, and Van took
place in both the second and third homogeneous groups. In terms of STW, Antalya with
the lowest value (17.669 µm) formed the first homogeneous group, while Ankara with
Sevik et al.: Changes in some micromorphological characters of Platanus orientalis leaf
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APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 17(3):5909-5921.
http://www.aloki.hu ● ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) ● ISSN 1785 0037 (Online)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1703_59095921
2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary
the highest value (27.274 µm) formed the last homogeneous group together with Van,
Samsun, Çanakkale, and Rize. Bartın, Kayseri, and Rize formed the second
homogeneous group.
Table 3. Change in micromorphological characteristics depending on cities
Climate
Provinces
STL (µm)
STW (µm)
PL (µm)
PW (µm)
STD (µm)
Mediterranean
Antalya
23.481 a
17.669 a
10.522 a
4.506 a
301.33
İzmir
29.536 bc
21.765 b
14.473 bc
6.675 bcd
349.33
Çanakkale
33.045 c
26.435 c
15.152 c
8.142 de
290.67
Black Sea
Samsun
28.756 b
27.049 c
14.309 bc
8.764 e
378.67
Bartın
28.402 b
20.773 b
13.359 bc
5.597 ab
321.33
Rize
30.158 bc
25.521 c
12.168 ab
6.167 abc
320.00
Continental
Van
31.433 bc
27.164 c
14.872 c
7.120 bcde
457.33
Kayseri
27.732 b
21.655 b
13.551 bc
5.952 ab
290.67
Ankara
33.163 c
27.274 c
15.867 c
8.039 cde
338.67
F Value
5.924***
18.324***
3.979**
5.051***
0.727ns
*Significant level is at 0.05; **significant level is at 0.01; ***significant level is at 0.001 level. The
letters a, b, c, etc. means according to Duncan test results; show that the group is located. The means of
following abbreviations are STL: stoma length; STW: stoma width; PL: pore length; PW: pore width;
STD: stoma density
PL values were collected in three homogenous groups based on cities. Antalya which
had the lowest value (10.522 µm) took place only in the first homogeneous group, while
Ankara (15.867 µm), Çanakkale (15.152 µm) and Van (14.872 µm) which had the
highest values were only in the last homogeneous group. Rize which had the second
lowest value (12.168 µm) took place in the second homogeneous group, while other
cities, Bartın, Kayseri, Samsun, and Izmir took place in both the second and third
homogeneous groups. The cities were gathered in five homogeneous groups in terms of
the PW value. Antalya which had the lowest value (4.506 µm) took place only in the
first homogeneous group, while Samsun which had the highest value (8.764 µm) took
place only in the last homogeneous group. Regarding the other cities, Bartın and
Kayseri were included in the first and second homogeneous groups, Rize was included
in the first, second and third homogeneous groups, Izmir was included in the second,
third and fourth homogeneous groups, Van was included in the second, third, fourth and
fifth homogeneous groups, Ankara was included in the third, fourth and fifth
homogeneous groups, and Çanakkale was included in the fourth and fifth homogeneous
groups.
As a result of the variance analysis of the STD characteristic based on cities, it was
determined that the change in the STD values based on cities was not statistically
significant at least 95% confidence level. Therefore, Duncan’s test was not applied to
Sevik et al.: Changes in some micromorphological characters of Platanus orientalis leaf
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APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 17(3):5909-5921.
http://www.aloki.hu ● ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) ● ISSN 1785 0037 (Online)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1703_59095921
2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary
the change in STD characteristic based on cities. When the change in STD based on
cities is examined, it is observed that the values vary between 290.67 units/mm2 and
457.33 units/mm2. The lowest STD value was obtained in Çanakkale, while the highest
STD value was obtained in Van.
Results of the correlation analysis
Correlation analysis was performed to determine the correlation between
micromorphological characteristics and climate values, and the results are presented in
Table 4.
Table 4. Results of the correlation analysis related to micromorphological characteristics
STL (µm)
STW (µm)
PL (µm)
PW (µm)
STD (µm)
STL
0.740**
PL
0.730**
0.594**
PW
0.397**
0.618**
0.562**
STD
0.110
0.128
0.115
0.150
Ta (°C)
-0.347*
-0.450**
-0.329*
-0.188
-0.326
Tmax (°C)
-0.450**
-0.665**
-0.359*
-0.342*
-0.323
Tmin (°C)
-0.240
-0.267
-0.285
-0.079
-0.308
ASD (hrs)
-0.128
-0.326*
0.037
-0.156
0.056
ANRD
0.046
0.223
-0.124
0.021
-0.020
MATP (mm)
-0.159
-0.120
-0.429**
-0.276
-0.214
MaxT (°C)
-0.497**
-0.777**
-0.318*
-0.457**
-0.236
MinT (°C)
-0.233
-0.211
-0.325*
-0.081
-0.303
*Significant level is at 0.05; **significant level is at 0.01; ***significant level is at 0.001 level. The
means of following abbreviations are STL: stoma length; STW: stoma width; PL: pore length; PW: pore
width; STD: stoma density
Upon examining the table values, it is observed that the correlations between all
characteristics other than STD are statistically significant. Only the correlation of STD
with STL was statistically significant. It was determined that all of the correlations
between micromorphological characteristics were positive, only the correlation between
STL and PW was moderate and the correlations between the other characteristics were
strong.
When the correlation between climate data and micromorphological characteristics is
examined, it is observed that no correlation of STD with the climate parameters is
statistically significant. In addition to this, it is observed that the correlation of MaxT
(°C) and Tmax (°C) with all micromorphological characteristics and the correlation of Ta
(°C) with micromorphological characteristics other than PW are statistically significant.
In addition to these, it was determined that the correlation of MinT (°C) with PL, the
correlation of ASD (hrs) with STW, and the correlation of MATP (mm) with PL were
statistically significant.
It is noteworthy that the statistically significant correlations found between climate
data and micromorphological characteristics are all negative. The strongest correlations
among these are between STW and ANRD, and Tmax (°C). While these correlations are
negative and strong, other correlations are moderate and strong.
Sevik et al.: Changes in some micromorphological characters of Platanus orientalis leaf
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APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 17(3):5909-5921.
http://www.aloki.hu ● ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) ● ISSN 1785 0037 (Online)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1703_59095921
2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary
Discussion
The plants used in the study were collected from plants that were planted for
landscaping in city centers. In landscape studies, practitioners may change micro-
environmental conditions to a certain extent. This situation causes species to be
cultivated outside of their natural distribution areas (Cetin et al., 2018a). In this case, the
effects of the dominant climate type in the area where the plant is grown are limited. For
example, in this study, there was no correlation found between the amount of
precipitation and the characteristics examined at the expected level. However, there is a
very strong correlation between precipitation, namely water status, and plant
development (Sevik and Cetin, 2015; Biber and Kara, 2012; Li et al., 2015; Marathe
and Babu, 2017; Dixon et al., 2015).
Studies on the micromorphological characteristics of plants indicate that the water
status and stomatal characteristics are closely related (Yang and Wang, 2001; Zhang et
al., 2006; Liu et al., 2006). The fact that there was no significant difference between the
characteristics examined and the climatic parameters in this study is probably due to the
alteration of micro conditions by maintenance work on plants in landscape applications
because irrigation applications, climatic, fertilizing applications, edaphic, spraying and
pruning applications may also change biological conditions significantly.
In the studies, it is stated that the morphological and micromorphological
characteristics of plant leaves are related to stress conditions. Factors such as high and
low temperatures, salinity, oxygen shortage, and light stress as well as water status can
significantly affect plant growth performance and characteristics (Kulaç, 2010; Xu and
Zhou, 2008; Sevik et al., 2016; Topacoglu et al., 2016; Sevik and Karaca, 2016; Zhao et
al., 2001; Romero-Aranda et al., 2001). Therefore, stomatal characteristics may change
depending on many environmental conditions such as light, humidity, drought, and CO2
(Banon et al., 2004; Beerling et al., 1997). In fact, it is stated that stomatal
characteristics may change depending on factors such as traffic density because many
unpredictable environmental factors may affect the growth, development and
morphological characteristics of plants by creating stress effects (Sevik et al., 2017,
2018; Cetin et al., 2018a, b; Turkyilmaz, 2018a, b, c).
Plants do not easily encounter stress factors due to the climate in their natural
habitats. However, since the plants used in landscape studies are cultivated outside of
their natural habitat, they are more likely to encounter climate-induced stress conditions.
The damages and effects on plant morphology caused by stress factors vary depending
on the type, tolerance, and adaptability of the plant (Madhova Rao, 2005; Kadıoğlu,
2004).
Besides the mentioned conditions, the effect of external factors on plants can also
affect plant development and its morphological characteristics. Factors such as pruning,
hormone applications, spraying, shading and fertilization were demonstrated to be
effective on the morphological and micromorphological characteristics of the plant
(Knecht and Orton, 1970; Ferris et al., 1996; Pearson et al., 1995; Guney et al., 2016;
Sevik and Cetin, 2016; Aydemir Özcan, 2017).
In addition, one of the factors that determine the reaction of the plant to the
environmental conditions is the genetic structure. Morphological and physiological
characteristics in plants are shaped by the interaction of genetic structure and
environmental factors. Therefore, there are many factors affecting morphological
characteristics. Many factors such as precipitation, temperature, stress factors, light, air
pollution and soil structure affect the morphological characteristics of plants (Gratani,
Sevik et al.: Changes in some micromorphological characters of Platanus orientalis leaf
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APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 17(3):5909-5921.
http://www.aloki.hu ● ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) ● ISSN 1785 0037 (Online)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1703_59095921
2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary
2014; Peguero-Pina et al., 2014; Jochner et al., 2015; Majeed et al., 2015; Jud et al.,
2016; Ren et al., 2018). The response of the plant to these factors is closely related to
the genetic structure of the plant (Sevik et al., 2016, 2017). Plants of the same species
can react differently to different stress conditions (Topacoglu et al., 2016). This is
related to the genetic structure of the plant. As a matter of fact, it is stated that there may
be significant differences between morphological and micromorphological
characteristics of the plants grown in the same environment besides their growth
performance (Sevik et al., 2016, 2017; Hrivnák et al., 2017).
Conclusion
As a result of the study, it was determined that there were huge differences between
the data obtained from the cities located in the regions where the same climate type is
dominant. For example, while the lowest value for STL was obtained in Antalya
province, the second highest value was obtained in Çanakkale. On the other hand, the
lowest value for PL was obtained in Antalya, while the second highest value was
obtained in Izmir. However, three of the cities of Antalya, Çanakkale, and Izmir are
located in areas where the Mediterranean climate type is dominant.
The results of the correlation analysis also support these results. According to the
results of the correlation analysis, there was no correlation between the climate
parameters and micromorphological characteristics at the expected level. Similar results
were obtained for morphometric characteristics. It may be interpreted that factors other
than climate are more effective on micromorphological and morphometric
characteristics.
As a result of the study, no significant effect of the climate could be detected on the
characteristics examined in the study. The possible causes are explained above. This
situation can be interpreted as morphological characteristics are shaped by many
environmental factors and genetic structure besides climate. In this case, it can be
suggested to increase and diversify studies on the subject in order to determine how and
under which conditions micromorphological characteristics are shaped in particular. In
these studies, the diversification of the effects of environmental and genetic factors and
examination of the changes caused by only one factor may provide more accurate data.
If a plant with high water demand is grown in a dry area, its water needs can be met
by regular irrigation. Therefore, the micro conditions in which the plant is grown may
be quite different from the main climate type. A similar situation applies to edaphic
factors. Thus, micro-environmental conditions in plants used for landscaping can be
quite different from the edaphic and climatic conditions of the region, and the micro-
environmental conditions can strongly affect the growth performance of the plant.
Therefore, it is difficult to determine the effect of climate on micromorphological
characteristics of the plant in the studies conducted on the plants collected from these
areas. Therefore, future studies to be carried out on natural plant species if they cannot
be conducted in control environments may lead to more accurate data for determining
the effect of climate on the micromorphological characteristics of the plant.
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