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The Effect of Heavy Weight Training on Physiological Abilities of Soccer Players Under the Age 21 Years Old

May 2019
Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae 59(1):33-43

DOI:10.2478/afepuc-2019-0004

License
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

Authors:

Koutchouk Sidi Mohamed

Kerroum Mohamed Arab

Université de Mostaganem

Sebbane Mohammed

Université de Mostaganem

Mokrani Djamel

Institute of Physical Education and Sports, University of Mostaganem, Algeria

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The objective of the study is to design a specialized training program in modern weighting methods for under-21 soccer players to develop muscular strength and to identify the effect of the training program on weighting exercises on some physiological variables (some aerobic and anaerobic abilities such as VO 2 max heartbeat and backstage). Researchers in this study that weight training for soccer players will have a clear impact on both the development of muscle capacity and improve some functional abilities. The experimental method was used to design two samples, a experimental sample and a control sample of under-21 soccer players who were selected by a team of Mustaganem teams. Each sample consisted of 18 players. The experimental sample was applied to the weight and control program. For four months. The study showed that the experimental sample achieved a significant increase in muscle strength measurements as well as some physiological variables in all measured tests compared to the control sample. This is the result of the proposed training program applied to the experimental sample.

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DOI 10.2478/afepuc-2019-0004

THE EFFECT OF HEAVY WEIGHT TRAINING ON PHYSIOLOGICAL

ABILITIES OF SOCCER PLAYERS UNDER THE AGE 21 YEARS OLD

Koutchouk Sidi Mohamed1, Kerroum Mohamed2, Sebbane Mohammed2,

Djamel Mokrani1, Adel Belkadi1

1Laboratory of Programs Optimization in APS,

2Laboratory of Applied Sciences to Movement Human Institute of Physical Education and Sports, University

of Mostaganem, Algeria

Summary: The objective of the study is to design a specialized training program in modern weighting

methods for under-21 soccer players to develop muscular strength and to identify the effect of the training

program on weighting exercises on some physiological variables (some aerobic and anaerobic abilities

such as VO2max heartbeat and backstage). Researchers in this study that weight training for soccer

players will have a clear impact on both the development of muscle capacity and improve some functional

abilities. The experimental method was used to design two samples, a experimental sample and a control

sample of under-21 soccer players who were selected by a team of Mustaganem teams. Each sample

consisted of 18 players. The experimental sample was applied to the weight and control program. For

four months. The study showed that the experimental sample achieved a significant increase in muscle

strength measurements as well as some physiological variables in all measured tests compared to the

control sample. This is the result of the proposed training program applied to the experimental sample.

Keywords: heavy weight training, muscle strength, physiological abilities, Soccer players.

Introduction

Muscle strength is one of the most important skills of fitness. Those skills should be

available to soccer players; they have to be strong in most large muscle samples in the

body(Suchomel, Nimphius & Stone 2016), to overcome a number of factors imposed by the

nature of the game on which the movement and the physical performance depends on ,in soccer

practice (Halson 2014). The results of some researches and studies (Akubat, Patel, Barrett &

Abt 2012; Ali 2011; Garganta 2009; Janelle & Hillman 2003), showed that muscle strength is

a fundamental factor which (Carroll, 1993) develops the motor performance of soccer players,

because of their association and impact to other physical abilities related to performance such

as speed, endurance, agility and flexibility(Franks & Goodman 1986).

Heavy weight training has been for a long time a subject of controversy among

specialists in the preparation and training of the development of muscle strength in soccer

players(Zatsiorsky & Kraemer 2006). Some of them (Garganta 2009)opposed that training with

heavy weights reduces their motor speed , the range of motor joints as well and causes the

degree of stiffness in the muscles. As an objective means of developing the different types of

muscle strength that any player needs and which helps in developing physical abilities and

improving performance.

Most of the results indicated that heavy weight training has become an effective and

necessary tool for development of different types of muscle strength (McBride, Triplett-

McBride, Davie & Newton 2002). It has direct and essential impact on the degree of

development and improvement of all elements of overall fitness which is considered to be the

fundamental pillar of motor capacity and speed (Serrano, Shahidian, Sampaio & Leite 2013).

Heavy weight training does not only affect the musculoskeletal system, but extends to the

physiological positive effect on functional efficiency such as the heart and the circulatory and

ventricular organs (Nystoriak & Bhatnagar 2018; Vigorito & Giallauria 2014). Regarding the

process of heavy weight training, in the basis is a physiological process aimed at improvement

of the functional efficiency of the body(Mayer et al. 2011). so its physiological effect leads to

an increase of muscle inflation, which helps stimulate blood circulation and increasing blood

flow and muscle retention(Kang, Lin, Kuppermann, Melero-Martin & Bischoff 2017; Loos,

Opdenakker, Van Damme & Proost 2009),the wideness of capillaries, improvement of oxygen

uptake (O2) and aerobic and anaerobic energy production as well (Bassett & Howley 2000;

Bogdanis 2012).

Muscle strength is one of the most important physical qualities, and is considered to be an

important physical characteristic, physiological ability and a dynamic element among the other

physical characteristics of the soccer player (Akenhead 2014). The development of muscle

strength in heavy weights in soccer is a technique based on exercises that require a rapid muscle

strength in the sense of reaching maximum strength in a short period of time during

implementation(Silva, Nassis & Rebelo 2015) ; but physiologically is the muscle efficiency to

produce the anaerobic energy used by the player to perform strong and fast movements for few

seconds(Zemková & Hamar 2018).

Many studies confirm that heavy weight training aims at improving the functional

efficiency of the body and increase the size of the rib cage and the efficiency of the breathing

muscles (Ali 2011; Mayer et al. 2011; Russo, Santarelli & O’Rourke 2017; Serrano et al. 2013;

Silva et al. 2015). Muscle training also helps the heart to increase its activity by stimulating the

blood circulation in increasing blood flow and improving oxygen utilization(Delp et al. 2001;

Joyner & Casey 2015) and to improve aerobic energy production (Yousuf Lazem Kemash -

Saleh Bashir Saad 2006). In fact, the Algerian soccer sport lacks of well-planned and carefully

prepared heavy weight training programs such as supplementary exercises or integration into

physical preparation stages. We can confirm that at least 90 % of the sports teams did not

undergo any weight training programs throughout the training seasons, focused on muscle

strength development , and researchers were able to determine the extent of knowledge of these

trainers(Belkadi et al. 2015) about the nature of weight training. The problem is not in heavy

weight training in general, but in the chosen and appropriate exercises, which are focused on

suitable muscle work of a soccer player. The lack of knowledge of these changes and adaptation

that occurs in the functional body systems as a result of these exercises because the scientific

researches and previous studies confirm the correlation between the functions of the heart, lungs

and blood circulation and the muscular system in the degree of consumption of oxygen and in

the production of energy.

Methods

Participants

Thirty six soccer players were recruited for this study; The data collected was separated

into two groups Experimental group EG (N = 18) and Controlled group CG(N = 18) based on

their level of practice (Table 1) participated in the study after receiving a comprehensive

explanation of the procedure. The study was planned according to the Helsinki Declaration

(World Medical Association 2013) and was approved by the scientific institute of sports ethics

committee. Based on the accuracy results of a self-reported questionnaire (Cherara, Belkadi,

Asli & Benbernou 2019), no subject had been treated with any medication or physiotherapy

from severe injury during the first three months. Both teams are active in the national

championship section one Algerian professional the homogeneity of the sample members was

taken into account in some variables of muscular and physiological capacity, so that the

procedure can be adjusted for a set of variables.

Procedures

Anthropometric data from each participant was completed by the coaching staff that

regularly performed these measurements as a part of their evaluation routine. Body mass and

height were respectively obtained from a Connected Scales 700 (Geonaute, France) and a

Stadiometer HM200P Portstad Portable (Charder, USA).

Maximum muscle strength test (1-RM)

Diagnosing the percentages of progression of strength of different muscle samples of

the experimental research sample.

• Laying down test: (Hammad 2000, p 68) to measure the strength of muscle samples of

the upper limbs (chest, back, shoulders, arms).

• (Abdominal) test: (Al-washahi 1994, p 142).

• Full bending test (1/2- squat) (Cometti 1993, p 103): Measurement of strength muscles

of the lower limbs (the two legs).

30 Metre Acceleration Test

The objective of this test is to monitor the development of the athlete's ability to

effectively and efficiently accelerate from a standing start or from starting blocks to maximum

speed.

Mini-Cooper VO2max Test

The objective of the Cooper test is to predict an athlete’s VO2max. The test comprises

of seeing how far an athlete can run/walk in 5 minutes. The assistant should record the total

distance covered.

VO2max maximum aerobic speed (VMA)

VO2max (ml.kg-1.min-1) = 2.27(km/H)v + 13.3.

VMA = 3,6 × distance (m)÷ time (s).

Where the 3.6: constant value: -distance through 5 min.

Study Design

General planning of the program

The study took into consideration that the duration of the weight-training program

coincided with the preparation period for the training season (2016 – 2017) as a component of

the general training program for a team. Duration of the program consisted of approximately 4

months and 3 training courses with weights of 5 training units per week - during the general

and special preparation period, per week in the period of competition. The researchers took into

account the principles of training in the design of the programme especially the principle of

privacy and overload, adaptation, sequential measurements after each training period. To

determine the new weight to be trained in the following period through the maximum weight

(RM) tests with different frequency of performance appropriate for each training period where

the intensity of the training increases and the frequency of repetitions decreases as the program

progresses. With the development of all types of muscle strength beginning with the

development of tolerance of strength and strength characteristic of speed and then explosive

power, and allocated time for each training module (30 – 40 minutes).

Result

Table 1

Presentation and analyses the results of the physiological tests (pre- and post-tests) of the experimental sample

Tests

Pre-

A.V S.D

Post-

A.V S.D

Sample Liberty

degree

Significance

level

Tabular

Calculated

Statistic.

Significance

Maximum

anaerobic capacity

Running (30 m)

5.21

0.25

4.60

0.18

0.05

1.74

2.03

Significant

Brikci test

(running 5 min).

VO2max

51.70

1.41

55.91

153

2.03

Significant

Maximum aerobic

capacity.

Brikci test (5 min).

17.57

0.84

19.94

0.67

2.21

Significant

Pulse ( / )

during rest

71.86

2.23

64.05

2.13

3.96

Significant

Ruffier for

measuring capacity

11.06

3.59

9.34

1.94

3.46

Significant

Table 2

View and analyses of the results of physiological tests (pre- and post) of the control sample

Tests

Pre-

A.V S.D

Post-

A.V S.D

Sample Liberty

degree

Significance

level

Tabular

Calculated

Statistic.

Significance

Maximum

anaerobic capacity

Running (30 m)

5.27

0.23

4.67

0.24

0.05

1.74

4.00

Significant

Brikci test

(running 5 min).

VO2max

51.17

1.16

55.28

1.13

2.55

Significant

Maximum aerobic

capacity.

Brikci test (5min)

17.06

0.86

19.21

0.70

1.95

Significant

Pulse ( / )

during rest

72.56

3.82

68.11

2.92

2.65

Significant

Ruffier for

measuring capacity

11.93

2.42

10.50

2.53

2.35

Significant

Table 3

Presentation and discussion of the results of the physiological tests of the two research samples in the post-test

Physiolgical testso

Tests

Statictical

Study

Samp

Degree of

liberty

Significance

level

Tabular

value

Calculated

value

Statistical

significance

Maximum anaerobic

capacity (run 30 m)

36 34 0.05 1.69

2.50 significant

Brikci test (running 5 min)

VO2max 2.44 significant

Maximum aerobic capacity

Brikci test (5 min) 2.48 significant

2.12 significant

Pulse ( / ) during rest

1.93 significant

Ruffier for measuring

capacity.

Table 3 Shows the value of calculated (T) in the post physiological tests of the two samples of the research.

Discussion

From the foregoing, within the scope of the methodology used, the proposed program

and the sample applied to the study, the following conclusions were reached.

In the course of the survey, we concluded that although the trainers have long field

qualifications and experience, they still lack some scientific methods and information about

weight training, in addition to the opposition of many of them to these exercises on the pretext

that they lead to muscle inflation and to reduce the motor range and muscle stiffness. They do

not have sufficient knowledge or information about the impact of weight training on some

physiological functions such as improving heartbeat and breathing in increasing blood

circulation activity in general and physical fitness in particular in increasing aerobic and

anaerobic energy production (al-Mawla 1999, p. 134). The statistical results of the

physiological tests showed that the experimental sample achieved the best mean for the control

sample in all these measurements (maximum O2 - VO2max, maximum air velocity (VMA),

maximum anaerobic capacity , Pulse measurement at rest, and back-to-back).

The researchers attributed this to the fact that the process of weight training in the basis

of physiological process aimed at the development of muscles and improvement of the

efficiency of the functional body and stimulation of the blood circulation by increasing the

blood float and the wideness of capillaries and improvement of the degree of utilization of

oxygen O2 and improvement of the production of aerobic energy. And that weight training

increases the chest cavity and increases the efficiency of the respiratory muscles and thus

improve (maximum consumption of O2 (VO2max) and maximum air velocity (VMA) and also

leads to the development of functional changes in the heart is the expansion of the heart cavities

and increase the strength of the heart muscle and increase in size The heart and low heart rate

during rest, which is an indicator of high physical fitness of the athlete. The muscular ability to

make a job depends directly on the efficiency of the heart, blood vessels and lungs in supplying

muscles with energy. Which leads to an increase of blood pressure to meet the high blood

pressure during training and thus improve the ability to return and pulse. This is consistent with

the scientific sources and some previous studies that confirm the correlation between

cardiovascular function and the circulatory system and the muscular system of the benefit of

O2. DELLAL (2008) confirms that the training of muscle strength with the weights enhances

the strengthening of the tendons and ligaments and connective tissue in the muscle by increasing

the number of capillaries and the stock of energy substances in the muscle such as calcium and

ATP-PC, The muscle system is the determining factor in aerobic efficiency and not the transfer

of O2 to the muscles. If the respiratory system supplies the circulatory system with greater

amounts of O2, it is transferred to the muscles, Muscle cannot consume all O2 contained by the

circulatory system, so that the muscular system is the largest responsible for aerobic capacity,

and also called VO2max during muscle work using 50 % of the muscles of the body (Salah

2004, p 174).

This result also helps researchers answer several questions by opposing some trainers

to heavy weight training for young people on the grounds that they affect some of the maximum

anaerobic abilities and other physical attributes such as speed. Weight training is a training

program to develop anaerobic ability with a wide range of soccer Based on exercises that call

for rapid muscle strength in the sense of reaching maximum strength in a short period of time

during implementation. One of the studies pointed out by (Serrano, Shahidian, Sampaio & Leite

2013) that certain weight training programs can lead to the development of periodic and

respiratory stress by improving the efficiency of the work of the heart and circulatory system

and VO2max.

The ability to exercise directly depends on the efficiency of the heart, blood vessels and

lungs in the supply of muscle energy, and increases the maximum consumption of O2 under the

influence of muscle strength exercises, especially when the use of circular training system, but

this increase is not equivalent to what can be achieved through endurance training programs

(AL-DDINE 2004, p 64). Therefore, we can say that the hypothesis of the research that the

proposed heavy weight training program positively affects the improvement of some functions

and physiological variables of soccer players have been achieved.

Conclusions

The statistical results of the physiological tests showed that both experimental and

control tests achieved significant differences between the results of the pre and post test in

favour of the post-test - in all measured tests (VO2max), maximum pneumatic speed (VMA),

maximum anaerobic capacity. The measurement of the pulse during rest and to return to training

programs of the two samples of general preparation and training on the endurance, and through

the improvement and the difference in the averages between the two samples we note that the

experimental sample achieved the best average arithmetic compared to the control sample in

all these The results of the study are consistent with the results of the previous studies in that

the weight training process is basically a physiological process aimed at developing muscles

and improving the efficiency of the functional body and activating blood circulation in

increasing the blood flow and muscle density and the wideness of capillaries and improve the

degree of utilization of oxygen O2 and improve aerobic energy production, weight training

increases the chest cavity and increases the efficiency of breathing muscles, thus improving the

maximum VO2max and VMA. This training also leads to functional changes in the heart, Heart,

increased heart muscle, increased heart volume, decreased heart rate during rest, which is an

indicator of increased physical fitness of an athlete. Muscle capacity to perform a job directly

depends on the efficiency of the heart, blood vessels and lungs in supplying muscles with

energy. Which leads to increased blood pressure to cope with high blood pressure during

training and thus improve the ability to return and pulse. This is consistent with the scientific

sources and some previous studies that confirm the correlation between the functions of the

heart and lungs and blood circulation and the muscular system of the degree of utilization of

O2.

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Apr 2023

This study investigated the effects of a 12-week circuit exercise training intervention on health-related physical fitness and biomarkers in elderly adults with cardiovascular diseases. A total of 69 participants underwent the circuit exercise training program, which included stretching, aerobic activity, and weight training. The results showed that the participants had improved performance in cardiovascular and strength tests, with grip and back muscle strength showing improvement. However, sit-ups were lower than the average, and power, reaction time, and agility needed more effort. The high sensitivity C-reactive protein value reached a medium infection risk level for cardiovascular illnesses. The study concluded that there was a strong association between health-related physical fitness and biomarker index in senior persons with a medium risk cluster of cardiovascular illnesses. The study also found that BMI correlated positively with biomarker index, while cardiovascular fitness, agility, and flexibility correlated negatively with biomarker index.

The Effectiveness of the Weight Training Method and Rest Interval on VO 2 max, Flexibility, Muscle Strength, Muscular Endurance, and Fat Percentage in Students

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Feb 2023

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of weight training methods and rest interval, maximum oxygen volume, flexibility, muscle strength, muscular endurance, and fat percentage in students. It employed a quasi-experimental design with 40 male undergraduate students as a sample divided into 4 groups. The instruments used the Multistage Fitness Test (MFT), sit and reach test, sit-ups, push-ups, leg and back dynamometer, and Omron karada scan body composition. The data analysis technique used the normality test, homogeneity test, and box test followed by hypothesis testing using multivariate analysis (MANOVA) with 2 2 factorial analysis. The results of the Multivariate Test calculations showed all groups had significant improvements of p<0.05, except for fat percentage (p=0,806). So that it can be said that weight training carried out according to the right exercise dose with the selection of appropriate exercise methods and by paying attention to rest between sets will be able to have a positive impact on cardiorespiratory endurance (VO 2 max), flexibility, muscle strength (legs, back), muscular endurance (upper body, abdomen), and no significant improvement in "fat percentage". But all weight training methods had a positive impact on fat percentage. The most effective exercise method for improving VO 2 max, flexibility, and lowering body fat is the superset method with a rest between sets of 30 seconds. The most effective method to increase muscle strength (legs and back) is the compound set method with a rest between sets of 120 seconds. While the most effective method to increase muscle endurance (upper body and abdomen) is a compound set method with a rest between sets of 30 seconds.

Using Factor Analysis as a Tool for Measuring the Quality of Life of University Students

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Nov 2022

Introduction: The aim of this research is to design a tool (a scale) for measuring the quality of life of university students and to copy down its validity, use and reliability on six-dimension academic achievement: it touches family life quality, social life quality, personal happiness, life satisfaction and mental health. Methods: 963 male and female students from the Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, for the academic year 2018/2019 were exposed to the application of the model (factor analysis) and the reliability coefficient was reached by using Roland and Kettmann equation (.773) and Spearman-Brown (.776) and Cronbach’s Alpha (.629). Results: The feedbacks show that this tool for measuring ‘Quality of University Student Life’ is characterized and described as a good degree of stability. Discussion: When using “factor analysis” tool, we conclude that the exit dimensions focus on two basic axes: the first axis related to public health, quality of education, Family life, life satisfaction, and mental health. The second one consists of the quality of social life and personal happiness. Since these results have given a good degree to some extent, we were commended for working in favour of this tool (a scale) to judge the life quality of university students majoring in psychology faculty at the university. Limitations: The research and the questionnaire of the tool were applied to a group of psychology students at the national level which includes 963 male and female students with a percentage of 23.98%. The questions of this tool were tested on a sample of 963 students at the national level who were randomly chosen from various disciplines of master’s degree in psychology. Research was conducted during the academic year 2018/2019. Conclusions: The targeted instrument designed in this research which is “the factor analysis” has achieves a good validity and stability and has driven to two basic scales.

Effects of Different Concurrent Training Methods on Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacity in U 21 soccer players

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Mar 2022

Purpose: The main aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the concurrent training method of muscular strength training or muscular endurance training combined with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the aerobic threshold (AerT) and anaerobic threshold (AT). Material and methods: Twenty soccer player from the University team were recruited. Participants were divided into muscular strength training group (MS, N = 10) and the muscular endurance training group (ME, N = 10). All subjects sustained the regular specific training programs during the experimental period and had additional different concurrent training twice per week for twelve weeks. power output during the graded exercise test, peak power (PP), average power (AP), fatigue index (FI) during anaerobic power test were tested by graded exercise test on Wingate anaerobic power test. as well as one-repetition maximum (1-RM) of lower limbs and Romanian Deadlift (RDL)-Hamstring Leg Exercise were tested simultaneously before and after the experiment. Data were analysed by two-way mixed design ANOVA. Results: After 12 weeks of training, the AT power output, 1-RM of half squat and the 1-RM of RDL were significantly higher than before training (MS: 407.12 ± 52.92 vs 431.78± 48.84 watt, 157.45 ± 35.66 vs 169.87 ± 47.31 kg, 120.16± 15.28 vs 122.56± 19.39 kg; ME: 411.11 ± 48.48 vs 429.16 ± 52.13 watt, 135.34 ± 26.27 vs 144.41 ± 35.78 kg, 96.93 ± 24.57 vs 103.46 ± 24.15 kg, p <.05) in MS group and ME group. Time to exhaustion of graded exercise test in ME group was significantly higher than before training (22.13 ± 7.73 vs 25.78 ± 8.74 min, 23.44 ± 7.73 vs 24.78 ± 8.74 p <.05). The AerT power output, PP, AP, and FI were no significant changes in both groups. Nevertheless, all dependent variables were no significant difference between groups before and after training. Conclusion: Conducting the concurrent training method of muscular strength training or muscular endurance training combined with HIIT twice per week for twelve weeks increased soccer players’ aerobic endurance as well as 1-RM of lower limbs. The concurrent training method of muscular endurance training combined with HIIT also promoted the performance of time to exhaustion. However, there were no significant difference between two training methods and minor significant benefits on anaerobic power. © 2022, Pan - European University Apeiron. All rights reserved.

Effects of Circuit Exercise Training Intervention on Health- Related Physical Fitness and Biomarkers for the Elderly People with Cardiovascular Diseases

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Jun 2023

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week circuit exercise intervention on the health-related physical fitness and biomarkers of elderly with cardiovascular diseases. Sixty-seven subjects participated in the study, included stretching, aerobic, and resistance training. Pre- and post-examination blood testing and fitness testing. Paired samples t-tests, and correlation analysis were used to analyse the data. Results showed that subjects were overweight and had medium risk levels of infection for cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular and strength performance improved, but sit-up performance was lower than the norm. Total cholesterol and systolic blood pressure improved, but systolic blood pressure remained at a pre-hypertension level. The intervention had a significant positive effect on health-related physical fitness and biomarkers with medium risk cluster of cardiovascular diseases, and there was a high correlation between the two. BMI had a positive correlation with biomarker index and cardiovascular fitness, while agility andflexibility had a negative correlation.

Analysis of the Professional Competency Indicators of University Physical Trainer Students

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May 2022

Objective: The main purpose of this study was to analyse the indicators of the professional Competency of University physical Trainer students, and to explore the importance of these professional indicators. By referring to the two international physical fitness education institutions and literature reviews, three important perspectives of professional Competences are: Professional knowledge, Professional skills, Professional attitude, Furthermore, the result of this research was concluded after three integration of opinions. Method : Delphi technique was used to integrate the opinions of fifty-two experts and scholars, and the research results were obtained after three integrations. Among the 52 indicators at the three levels. Result : experts agree that professional attitude is the most important. followed by professional skills, and then professional knowledge. the professional attitude level, “maintaining a positive and enthusiastic professional attitude” was the most important indicator. In the professional skills level, it was noted that “physical fitness training cycle plan design ability”, “physical fitness action correction ability”, “emergency intervention” Ability to adapt” and “ability to use and demonstrate sports equipment” are the most important indicators. In terms of professional knowledge, “customer sports curriculum design” is the most important. Conclusion : this research can provide references for the university in future development of physical trainer’s training program and establish regulations; fitness club hiring process; self-growth in the industry; future researches and studies.

Effects of caloric restriction on anthropometrical and specific performance in highly-trained university judo athletes

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Dec 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the ultimate body mass, performance, and nutritional characteristics of the Algerian judo junior athletes, and also analysing the impact of nutritional intakes on stabilising Weight loss according to special performance of judo athletes. Material: Twenty-one male university athletes (aged: 21.45 ± 1.32; height: 1.81 ± 0.45 m; and body mass: 73.9 ± 4.1 kg) participated in this study during a period of stabilising Weight loss before and after 15 days of caloric restriction. Athletes were submitted to anthropometrical measurements and performed the Special Judo Fitness Test. Values for nutrient intakes were obtained from a 15 day food record kept during a training camp period of Weight maintenance and after a 15-day caloric restriction. Results : caloric restriction resulted in significant decreases in body mass (73.73 ± 2.1) and performance. However, Special Judo Fitness Test index increased significantly (14.00 ± 1.75) during caloric restriction in comparison to stabilising Weight loss. Conclusion: Exercise and caloric restriction lead to determine the ultimate Weight and physical performance. The present study provides baseline nutritional data that can be used in the prescription of individual training programs for university judo Athletes.

Cardiovascular Effects and Benefits of Exercise

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Sep 2018

It is widely accepted that regular physical activity is beneficial for cardiovascular health. Frequent exercise is robustly associated with a decrease in cardiovascular mortality as well as the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Physically active individuals have lower blood pressure, higher insulin sensitivity, and a more favorable plasma lipoprotein profile. Animal models of exercise show that repeated physical activity suppresses atherogenesis and increases the availability of vasodilatory mediators such as nitric oxide. Exercise has also been found to have beneficial effects on the heart. Acutely, exercise increases cardiac output and blood pressure, but individuals adapted to exercise show lower resting heart rate and cardiac hypertrophy. Both cardiac and vascular changes have been linked to a variety of changes in tissue metabolism and signaling, although our understanding of the contribution of the underlying mechanisms remains incomplete. Even though moderate levels of exercise have been found to be consistently associated with a reduction in cardiovascular disease risk, there is evidence to suggest that continuously high levels of exercise (e.g., marathon running) could have detrimental effects on cardiovascular health. Nevertheless, a specific dose response relationship between the extent and duration of exercise and the reduction in cardiovascular disease risk and mortality remains unclear. Further studies are needed to identify the mechanisms that impart cardiovascular benefits of exercise in order to develop more effective exercise regimens, test the interaction of exercise with diet, and develop pharmacological interventions for those unwilling or unable to exercise.

Sport-Specific Assessment of the Effectiveness of Neuromuscular Training in Young Athletes

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Apr 2018

Neuromuscular training in young athletes improves performance and decreases the risk of injuries during sports activities. These effects are primarily ascribed to the enhancement of muscle strength and power but also balance, speed and agility. However, most studies have failed to demonstrate significant improvement in these abilities. This is probably due to the fact that traditional tests do not reflect training methods (e.g., plyometric training vs. isometric or isokinetic strength testing, dynamic balance training vs. static balance testing). The protocols utilized in laboratories only partially fulfill the current needs for testing under sport-specific conditions. Moreover, laboratory testing usually requires skilled staff and a well equipped and costly infrastructure. Nevertheless, experience demonstrates that high-technology and expensive testing is not the only way to proceed. A number of physical fitness field tests are available today. However, the low reliability and limited number of parameters retrieved from simple equipment used also limit their application in competitive sports. Thus, there is a need to develop and validate a functional assessment platform based on portable computerized systems. Variables obtained should be directly linked to specific features of particular sports and capture their complexity. This is essential for revealing weak and strong components of athlete performance and design of individually-tailored exercise programs. Therefore, identifying the drawbacks associated with the assessment of athlete performance under sport-specific conditions would provide a basis for the formation of an innovative approach to their long-term systematic testing. This study aims (i) to review the testing methods used for the evaluation of the effect of neuromuscular training on sport-specific performance in young athletes, (ii) to introduce stages within the Sport Longlife Diagnostic Model, and (iii) to propose future research in this topic. Analysis of the literature identified gaps in the current standard testing methods in terms of their low sensitivity in discriminating between athletes of varied ages and performance levels, insufficent tailoring to athlete performance level and individual needs, a lack of specificity to the requirements of particular sports and also in revealing the effect of training. In order to partly fill in these gaps, the Sport Longlife Diagnostic Model was proposed.

The physiological effects of slow breathing in the healthy human

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Dec 2017

Key points: Slow breathing practices have gained popularity in the western world due to their claimed health benefits, yet remain relatively untouched by the medical community.Investigations into the physiological effects of slow breathing have uncovered significant effects on the respiratory, cardiovascular, cardiorespiratory and autonomic nervous systems.Key findings include effects on respiratory muscle activity, ventilation efficiency, chemoreflex and baroreflex sensitivity, heart rate variability, blood flow dynamics, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, cardiorespiratory coupling, and sympathovagal balance.There appears to be potential for use of controlled slow breathing techniques as a means of optimising physiological parameters that appear to be associated with health and longevity, and that may extend to disease states; however, there is a dire need for further research into the area. Educational aims: To provide a comprehensive overview of normal human respiratory physiology and the documented effects of slow breathing in healthy humans.To review and discuss the evidence and hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying slow breathing physiological effects in humans.To provide a definition of slow breathing and what may constitute "autonomically optimised respiration".To open discussion on the potential clinical implications of slow breathing techniques and the need for further research.

Endothelial colony forming cells and mesenchymal progenitor cells form blood vessels and increase blood flow in ischemic muscle

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Dec 2017

Here we investigated whether endothelial colony forming cells (ECFC) and mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPC) form vascular networks and restore blood flow in ischemic skeletal muscle, and whether host myeloid cells play a role. ECFC + MPC, ECFC alone, MPC alone, or vehicle alone were injected into the hind limb ischemic muscle one day after ligation of femoral artery and vein. At day 5, hind limbs injected with ECFC + MPC showed greater blood flow recovery compared with ECFC, MPC, or vehicle. Tail vein injection of human endothelial specific Ulex europaeus agglutinin-I demonstrated an increased number of perfused human vessels in ECFC + MPC compared with ECFC. In vivo bioluminescence imaging showed ECFC persisted for 14 days in ECFC + MPC-injected hind limbs. Flow cytometric analysis of ischemic muscles at day 2 revealed increased myeloid lineage cells in ECFC + MPC-injected muscles compared to vehicle-injected muscles. Neutrophils declined by day 7, while the number of myeloid cells, macrophages, and monocytes did not. Systemic myeloid cell depletion with anti-Gr-1 antibody blocked the improved blood flow observed with ECFC + MPC and reduced ECFC and MPC retention. Our data suggest that ECFC + MPC delivery could be used to reestablish blood flow in ischemic tissues, and this may be enhanced by coordinated recruitment of host myeloid cells.

The Importance of Muscular Strength in Athletic Performance

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Oct 2016
SPORTS MED

This review article discusses previous literature that has examined the influence of muscular strength on various factors associated with athletic performance and the benefits of achieving greater muscular strength. Greater muscular strength is strongly associated with improved force-time characteristics that contribute to an athlete’s overall performance. Much research supports the notion that greater muscular strength can enhance the ability to perform general sport skills such as jumping, sprinting, and change of direction tasks. Further research indicates that stronger athletes produce superior performances during sport specific tasks. Greater muscular strength allows an individual to potentiate earlier and to a greater extent, but also decreases the risk of injury. Sport scientists and practitioners may monitor an individual’s strength characteristics using isometric, dynamic, and reactive strength tests and variables. Relative strength may be classified into strength deficit, strength association, or strength reserve phases. The phase an individual falls into may directly affect their level of performance or training emphasis. Based on the extant literature, it appears that there may be no substitute for greater muscular strength when it comes to improving an individual’s performance across a wide range of both general and sport specific skills while simultaneously reducing their risk of injury when performing these skills. Therefore, sport scientists and practitioners should implement long-term training strategies that promote the greatest muscular strength within the required context of each sport/event. Future research should examine how force-time characteristics, general and specific sport skills, potentiation ability, and injury rates change as individuals transition from certain standards or the suggested phases of strength to another.

Contribution to the Identification of the Professional Skills Profile for Coaches in the Algerian Sport Judo System

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Jun 2015

This study was designed to determine The professional skills of Coaches which are identified and judged on a large number of factors (Belkadi, Benbernou, & Gleyses, 2014). The purpose of this article is to describe the views of the four different professionals actors on coach skills; athletes, coaches, leaders and experts from the Algerian judo sport system, all the actors of that system have

Strength training in soccer with a specific focus on highly trained players

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Full-text available

Apr 2015

Data concerning the physical demands of soccer (e.g., activity pattern) suggest that a high level of performance requires well-developed neuromuscular function (NF). Proficient NF may be relevant to maintain and/or increase players’ short- (intense periods of soccer-specific activity; accelerations, decelerations, and sprinting) and long-term performance during a match and throughout the season. This review examines the extent to which distinct modes of strength training improve soccer players’ performance, as well as the effects of concurrent strength and endurance training on the physical capacity of players. Data sources A selection of studies was performed in two screening phases. The first phase consisted of identifying articles through a systematic search using relevant databases, including the US National Library of Medicine (PubMed), MEDLINE, and SportDiscus. Several permutations of keywords were utilized (e.g., soccer; strength; power; muscle function), along with the additional scanning of the reference lists of relevant manuscripts. Given the wide range of this review, additional researchers were included. The second phase involved applying six selection criteria to the articles. Results and conclusions After the two selection phases, 24 manuscripts involving a total sample of 523 soccer players were considered. Our analysis suggests that professional players need to significantly increase their strength to obtain slight improvements in certain running-based actions (sprint and change of direction speed). Strength training induces greater performance improvements in jump actions than in running-based activities, and these achievements varied according to the motor task [e.g., greater improvements in acceleration (10 m) than in maximal speed (40 m) running movements and in non-squat jump (SJ) than in SSC-based actions (countermovement jump)]. With regard to the strength/power training methods used by soccer players, high-intensity resistance training seems to be more efficient than moderate-intensity resistance training (hypertrophic). From a training frequency perspective, two weekly sessions of strength training are sufficient to increase a player’s force production and muscle power-based actions during pre-season, with one weekly session being adequate to avoid in-season detraining. Nevertheless, to further improve performance during the competitive period, training should incorporate a higher volume of soccer-specific power-based actions that target the neuromuscular system. Combined strength/power training programs involving different movement patterns and an increased focus on soccer-specific power-based actions are preferred over traditional resistance exercises, not only due to their superior efficiency but also due to their ecological value. Strength/power training programs should incorporate a significant number of exercises targeting the efficiency of stretch-shortening-cycle activities and soccer-specific strength-based actions. Manipulation of training surfaces could constitute an important training strategy (e.g., when players are returning from an injury). In addition, given the conditional concurrent nature of the sport, concurrent high-intensity strength and high-intensity endurance training modes (HIT) may enhance a player’s overall performance capacity. Our analysis suggests that neuromuscular training improves both physiological and physical measures associated with the high-level performance of soccer players.

Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies

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