System partyjny Królestwa Rumunii. Uwarunkowania i funkcjonowanie
The purpose of the article is to present the dilemmas of sociopolitical system based on the program concepts of people’s movement parliamentary parties from Central and Eastern Europe. The period of analysis covers first years of the systemic transformation, when people’s movement parties from Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania had their parliamentary representation. The research is based on methodological assumptions of content analysis and comparative method. The categorization key included issues concerning: postulated political system; economic order; main directions of foreign policy. People’s parties stressed the need to build democratic states, based on the tripartite separation of power, including citizens’ civil rights. They opted for a free market economy but permitted state interference, especially in the agricultural sector. In strongly collectivized states the privatization of land was a crucial issue. People’s parties also called for changes in international alliances of their countries.
W ramach Akcji Kontynentalnej ppłk Jan Kowalewski prowadził działania mogące wydostać (wyprowadzić) z sojuszu z III Rzeszą: Włochy, Rumunię i Węgry. Była to działalność znana i popierana przez polskie Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych oraz stronę brytyjską, która ją finansowała. Centrala operacji znajdowała się w neutralnej Lizbonie. W odniesieniu do Rumunii ppłk Kowalewski miał szczególne możliwości działania – jako były attaché wojskowy RP w Bukareszcie. Docierał do różnych ugrupowań rumuńskich polityków, emigracji, opozycji krajowej i sfer rządowych. Propozycje polskie zawierały ofertę powojennej federacji państw Europy Środkowej. Ustalano warunki kapitulacji na froncie. Działalność ppłk. Kowalewskiego została przerwana na początku 1944 r. decyzją władz brytyjskich, które obawiały się reakcji władz sowieckich na próbę utworzenia bloku państw europejskich na bazie antykomunistycznej.
As a result of collapse of the Central Powers in 1918 in Central Europe have emerged new national states e.g. Poland, Czechoslowakia, Hungaria, SHS Kingdom some of states that have existed before the Great War have changed their boundaries e.g. Romania, Bulgaria. But what is most important newly created states have a need to create their constituencies, so they needed a electoral law. There is a question in what manner they have used the solutions that have been used before the war in the elections held to the respective Parliaments (mostly to the Austrian or Hungarian parliament) and in case of Poland to the Tzarist Duma or Prussian and German Parliament. In the paper author will try to compare Electoral Laws that were used in Poland Czechoslowakia, and Romania [Bukowina]. The first object will be connected with the question in what matter the Austrian electoral law have inspired the solutions used in respective countries after the Great War. The second object will be connected with showing similarities between electoral law used in so called opening elections held mainly in 1919 in Austria-Hungary successor states. The third and final question will be connected with development of the electoral rules in respective countries and with explaining the reasons for such changes and its influence on the party system in respective country: multiparty in Czechoslovakia, hybrid in Romania.
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