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Mobility-Aware Pheromone Termite (PT) Analytical Model to Support Robust Routing over Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) ENGINEERING STRUCTURE Mobility-Aware Pheromone Termite (PT) Analytical Model to Support Robust Routing over Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
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In this paper, we describe about the performance of different mobility models on MMS Routing. MMS routing is the technique used for large wireless sensor networks where MMS indicates multiple mobile sinks. The mobility of sink is considered in random manner in the basic MMS routing. Here we show the effect of different mobility models in the sink"s mobility. From the observations what we got from simulations we decide that wind mobility will be more energy efficient and it is good to be selected for wireless sensor network.
Efficient MAC protocol has been paramount importance for improving the performance of WSN. In this paper, Boarder Node Medium Access Control (BN-MAC) mobility aware hybrid protocol is introduced for WSN. BN-MAC controls overhearing, idle listening and congestion problem to save energy. BN-MAC mechanism is based on novel semi synchronous low duty cycle that takes less time for accessing channel and faster delivery of data. The objective of introducing BN-MAC protocol is to support four application areas: monitoring and behavioral areas, controlling natural disasters, tracking and handling home automation devices and human-centric application areas. These application areas need contention free mobility support features with high delivery of data. BN-MAC also provides mobility support for these applications. Evaluation of BN-MAC is conducted using network simulator-2 (ns2) then compared with known low power listening (LPL) and X-MAC low duty cycles MAC protocols. Additionally, we have also compared BN-MAC with MAC hybrid protocols: Zebra medium access control) (Z-MAC), advertisement-based MAC (A-MAC), Speck-MAC, Adaptive Duty Cycle SMAC (ADC-SMAC), low power real time medium access control (LPR-MAC) protocol. On basis of initial Simulation results, we demonstrates that BN-MAC protocol saves extra 18% to 45% energy resources as compared with other MAC protocols.
In this paper, we introduce a novel least distance
smart neighboring search (LDSNS) to determine the
mostefficient path at one-hop distance over WSNs. LDSNS
helps to reduce the energy consumption and speeds up
scheduling for delivery of data. It provides cross layering
support and linking MAC layer with network layer to reduce
the amount of control messages. LDSNS is a robust and
efficient approach that isbased on single-hop communication
mechanism. To validate the strength of LDSNS, we
incorporate LDSN in Boarder Node Medium AccessControl
(BN-MAC) protocol [ 15] to determine the list of neighboring
sensor nodes and choosing best 1-hop efficient search to avoid
collision and reducing energy consumption.
Evaluation of LDSNS is conducted using network simulator-2
(ns2).The performance of LDSNS is compared with minimum
energy accumulative routing problem (MEAR) [12],
asynchronous quorum-based wakeup scheduling scheme
(AQWSS) [14] and Minimum Energy Relay Routing (MERR)
[13]. Simulation results show that LDSNS is highly energy
efficient and faster as compared with MEAR, AQWSS and
MERR. It saves 24% to 62% energy resources and
improves12% to 21% search at 1-hop neighboring nodes.
Energy conservation has been the prime motivation behind the design of conventional protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, recent trends toward high data rate multimedia communication over WSNs demand traffic- and deadline-aware content delivery with minimum energy expenditure. The basic quality of service requirement in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) is time-bound data delivery. The conventional-layered protocol design solutions are inefficient, as real-time content delivery requires interactions between multiple layers like application for traffic categorization, network for real-time delivery, and media access control (MAC) for prioritized medium access with minimum energy expenditure. In this paper a cross-layer solution (XL-WMSN) is proposed for real-time data delivery. The XL-WMSN provides interaction between energy-based admission control, delay- and interference-aware routing, and dynamic duty cycle assignment at MAC layer. Simulation analysis shows that XL-WMSN increases the probability of delivering multimedia content within their allocated deadline and is more efficient than existing solutions.
We deploy BT node (sensor) that offers passive and active sensing capability
to save energy. BT node works in passive mode for outdoor communication and
active for indoor communication. The BT node is supported with novel automatic
energy saving (AES) mathematical model to decide either modes. It provides
robust and faster communication with less energy consumption. To validate this
approach, network simulator-2 (ns2) simulation is used to simulate the behavior
of network with the supporting mathematical model. The main objective of this
research is to remotely access different types of servers, laptops, desktops
and other static and moving objects. This prototype is initially deployed to
control MSCS [13] & [14] from remote place through mobile devices. The
prototype can further be enhanced to handle several objects simultaneously
consuming less energy and resources.
Wireless Sensor Networks are characterized by having specific requirements such as limited energy availability, low memory
and reduced processing power. On the other hand, these networks have enormous potential applicability, e.g., habitat monitoring,
medical care, military surveillance or traffic control. Many protocols have been developed for Wireless Sensor Networks that
try to overcome the constraints that characterize this type of networks. Ant-based routing protocols can add a significant
contribution to assist in the maximisation of the network lifetime, but this is only possible by means of an adaptable and
balanced algorithm that takes into account the Wireless Sensor Networks main restrictions. This paper presents a new Wireless
Sensor Network routing protocol, which is based on the Ant Colony Optimization metaheuristic. The protocol was studied by
simulation for several Wireless Sensor Network scenarios and the results clearly show that it minimises communication load
and maximises energy savings.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become a leading solution in many important applications such as intrusion detection, target tracking, industrial automation, smart building and so on. Typically, a WSN consists of a large number of small, low-cost sensor nodes that are distributed in the target area for collecting data of interest. For a WSN to provide high throughput in an energy-efficient way, designing an efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is of paramount importance because the MAC layer coordinates nodes' access to the shared wireless medium. To show the evolution of WSN MAC protocols, this article surveys the latest progresses in WSN MAC protocol designs over the period 2002-2011. In the early development stages, designers were mostly concerned with energy efficiency because sensor nodes are usually limited in power supply. Recently, new protocols are being developed to provide multi-task support and efficient delivery of bursty traffic. Therefore, research attention has turned back to throughput and delay. This article details the evolution of WSN MAC protocols in four categories: asynchronous, synchronous, frame-slotted, and multichannel. These designs are evaluated in terms of energy efficiency, data delivery performance, and overhead needed to maintain a protocol's mechanisms. With extensive analysis of the protocols many future directions are stated at the end of this survey. The performance of different classes of protocols could be substantially improved in future designs by taking into consideration the recent advances in technologies and application demands.
Wireless sensor networks(WSN) have wide range of application such as traffic analysis, environmental monitoring, industrial process monitoring, and tactical systems. Large-scale wireless sensor networks are expected to play increasingly important role in future civilian and military application. Designing of MAC layer protocol for wireless sensor network is a challenging task due to limited battery power and limited bandwidth. Time Division Multiple Access Protocol solves both problems at the level of MAC layer. Various scheduling method for TDMA protocol with different objective have been proposed for wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we first outline the sensor network properties that are crucial for the design of TDMA protocols and then, we describe several TDMA protocols which are proposed for sensor networks. Finally, we point out open research issue with regard to TDMA protocols.
In this paper, we propose GROUP, a grid-clustering routing protocol that provides scalable and efficient packet routing for large-scale wireless sensor networks. The sink proactively, dynamically and randomly builds a cluster grid structure in GROUP. Only small part of all sensor nodes will participate in election of cluster heads. GROUP can distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network, and provide in-network processing support to reduce the amount of information that must be transmitted to the sink. We have evaluated the performance of GROUP through simulation experiments. The results of simulations show that GROUP is an energy-efficient and scalable routing protocol for large-scale wireless sensor networks
Comparison of schedule and contention based MAC protocols is made difficult by their fundamental differences in approach to medium access control. This paper provides a way in which to analyze and compare MAC protocols regardless of their underlying allocation strategy. To that end a framework is developed in which the persistence of any protocol, contention- or schedule-based, can be measured. The framework is used to measure and compare the persistence levels of two prototypical contention- and schedule-based MACs, IEEE 802.11 and Scheduled p-Persistence. An ideal persistence that provides lexicographically max-min fair access to the channel is characterized, and used as a bandwidth allocation scheme. In addition to reducing the unfairness, simulations employing the ideal persistence values show increased throughput and decreased delay and drop rate when compared to either Scheduled p-Persistence or IEEE 802.11.