Hazardous Waste Management and Challenges in Nigeria

Abstract

Nigeria is a heavily polluted country. The problems and challenges of hazardous waste management in Nigeria is enormous. There are enough laws and policies on hazardous waste in Nigeria. There are institutions charged with implementation, execution and enforcing legislation and regulations of hazardous waste in Nigeria. These institutions are not adequately empowered to implement and execute policies or enforce environmental laws. The simple execution of policies on ground and the enforcement of existing laws in the country can improve the environmental situation in Nigeria if environmental institutions are strengthened financially and politically.

Full text

Public Health
International
2016; 1(1): 1-5
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/phi
doi: 10.11648/j.phi.20160101.11
Review Article
Hazardous Waste Management and Challenges in Nigeria
Edward-Ekpu Douglas Uwagbale
Department of Chemistry, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
Email address:
douglassony@yahoo.com
To cite this article:
Edward-Ekpu Douglas Uwagbale. Hazardous Waste Management and Challenges in Nigeria. Public Health International.
Vol. 1, No. 1, 2016, pp. 1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.phi.20160101.11
Received: September 27, 2016; Accepted: October 8, 2016; Published: October 31, 2016
Abstract: Nigeria is a heavily polluted country. The problems and challenges of hazardous waste management in Nigeria is
enormous. There are enough laws and policies on hazardous waste in Nigeria. There are institutions charged with
implementation, execution and enforcing legislations and regulations of hazardous waste in Nigeria. These institutions are not
adequately empowered to implement and execute policies, or enforce environmental laws. The simple execution of policies on
ground and the enforcement of existing laws in the country can improve the environmental situation in Nigeria if
environmental institutions are strengthened financially and politically.
Keywords: Hazardous Waste, Waste Management, Oil Spillage, Gas flaring, Ogoniland, Nigeria
1. Introduction
According to Central Intelligence Agency [1], Nigeria
covers a total area of about 927,768 km2 with an estimated
population of 181,562,056 people in 2016 and an estimated
growth rate of 2.54% in 2013. Nigeria is most populous
country in Africa. The population is characterized by a strong
rural to urban migration. As at 2010, half of the country’s
population already live in urban areas with estimated annual
urbanisation rate of 3.5% from the year 2010–2015 [1]. The
majority of the urban population lives in large, sprawling
cities in the south like Lagos, Ibadan, Warri, Benin City and
Port Harcourt. Cities of over 5 million people like Kano,
Kaduna and Sokoto also exist in the north. Population
densities, even in rural areas, especially in the southeast part
of the country, are often above 200 persons/km² [2]. The
practical absence of effective regulatory policies, monitoring
system and agency on hazardous waste management and
other environmental issues after independence, made the
country susceptible recipient of exported trans boundary
hazardous waste dump by waste merchants from
industrialized nations. The first recorded incidence was in
1988 when about 4,000 tonnes of toxic waste from Italy was
dumped in Koko port in Nigeria. Prior to 1988, the
government of Nigeria had no meaningful environmental
policy [3]. The government then, in response made the
harmful waste (Special Criminal Provision etc.) Decree 42 of
1988. By this Decree, the Federal government enacted the
Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) Act which
brought about the creation of the FEPA [4]. However, prior to
an amended by FEPA (Amendment) Decree No. 59 of 1992,
59 industries were established without any Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) report. FEPA had to make it
compulsory for all existing industries to carry out
comprehensive environmental audit of plants to the Agency
[5-6]. The concern by the government to protect the
environment gave rise to the creation of the Federal Ministry
of Environment (FMEnv) in 1999 from FEPA, to ensure
effective coordination of all environmental matters [7]. The
ministry oversees agencies including National Oil Spill
Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA) created in 2006
[8] and National Environmental Standards Regulatory and
Enforcement Agency (NESREA) created in 2007 with
mandates that covers hazardous waste [9]. As a Federation,
environmental regulations in the country concerns the thirty-
six (36) states and the federal capital territory. States are
mainly responsible for their own environmental issues under
various environmental and planning laws. The apex
executive body in Nigeria is the FMEnv with the NESREA as
the main enforcement body [9].

2 Edward-Ekpu Douglas Uwagbale: Hazardous Waste Management and Challenges in Nigeria
2. Hazardous Waste Generation and
Characterization
The 1991 FEPA Guidelines defines hazardous waste as by-
products of society that can pose a substantial hazard to
human health or the environment when improperly managed,
possesses at least one of the four (4) characteristics:
ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity, or appears on
FEPA lists [10]. According to FEPA Act hazardous waste can
be determined by: ignitability; corrosivity; reactivity;
halogenated hydrocarbons concentration; polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration; polychlorinated Dibenzo
p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans concentrations; and
polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB's) concentration [10]. Below
are the major sources of hazardous waste in Nigeria.
Crude Oil Spillage: Petroleum and its derivatives are
highly inflammable and toxic to the ecosystem. The
petroleum and petrochemical industry are the primary base of
Nigeria’s economy and are the major sources of
environmental hazard materials in the country. From 1976 to
1996, there was a total of 4,835 spills in Nigeria resulting in a
cumulative spill volume of 2,382,373.7 barrels of crude oil.
Of this amount only about 15.91% was recovered, on the
average, implying that about 84.09% of the cumulative spill
was lost to the environment [11-12]. In 1980, Texaco Finima-
5 oil blowout in the Niger Delta was curtailed after 30 days
of burning and emission of poisonous gases into the air.
About 200,000 barrels of oil was lost. Four villages including
marine life in the town of Finima and Sangama River were
polluted, leaving 350 hectares of mangroves dead [13].
Another major spillage at Abudu oil pipeline was witnessed
in 1982. The oil flowed into the nearby villages leaving
untold destruction behind. The crops withered, the soil dried
up and marine life died [13]. From 1976 – 1991, 2,796 spills
of about 2.1 million barrels of oil spill was reported in
Ogoniland also in the Niger Delta. This accounts for about 40%
of total oil spills of the Royal Dutch/Shell company [14].
Gas Flaring: It is on record that Nigeria is the highest gas
flarer in the world [15-16]. It has been estimated that the total
emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) from gas flaring in Nigeria
amounts to about 35 million tonnes per year. The average rate
of gas flaring in Nigeria over the period 1970 - 1979 stood at
97%, while for the period 1980 – 1989, this stood at about
72%, falling marginally to an average of 72% during the
period 1990 – 2000 [17-18]. The emission of CO2 into the
atmosphere contributes to global warming and the flaring of
natural gas in the Niger delta of the country has led to an
increase in the climatic temperature of gas producing
communities and a destruction of the biotic life in such areas.
Dwelling houses around such sites are bathed in acid rains,
which also leave farmlands wasted and unproductive [19].
Electronic Waste: Waste electrical and electronic
equipment (WEEE) generated in Nigeria sums up to 1.1
million tonnes for 2010, which is around 7 kg per capita [20].
This includes at least 100,000 tonnes of WEEE that entered
the country illegally in 2010. According to Osibanjo and
Nnorom [21], a very significant proportion of ICT users in
Nigeria rely on second-hand equipment from developed
countries, primarily from Europe and North America.
According to M. Amachree [22], these figures have reduced
drastically as a result of the steps taken to monitor the
importation of used EEE into Nigeria and there are presently,
no specific figures. WEEE contains hazardous materials such
as lead, mercury, beryllium, cadmium, and brominated
flame-retardants that pose both human and environmental
health threat [2].
Mining Activities: Crude mining activates expose farm
lands and rivers to toxic chemicals such as lead, sulphur,
arsenic, mercury and cyanide which are threat to humans and
the environment [23]. Mining process in the northern part of
Nigeria result in large amounts of toxic waste. Large amounts
of mine tailings are simply sent into rivers. Most of local
communities in Zamfara state use mercury amalgamation
method in extracting gold, a process particularly degrading
and creates a morass of hazardous waste [24]. The state
suffers environmental exposure to lead from the processing
of lead-rich ore mined by artisans for gold extraction [23].
Exposure to natural radiations emitted by some radioactive
minerals is a major source of health hazards. It has been
established that monazite, pyrochlore and xenotime, which
are obtained as by-products of tin mining in the Jos Plateau,
are radioactive. Mysterious deaths have been attributed to a
high level of radiations released by monazite-rich sand used
for building the houses the deceased lived in in these area
[25].
Household Hazardous Waste: Most household wastes
include among others: household cleaners, materials for
home maintenance, garden products, and automotive
products, the used contents or leftovers of these products, are
either poisonous, toxic, flammable, caustic, corrosive,
reactive, explosive or radioactive, or a combination of these
characteristics [26]. Study by Rosas and Gutiérrez [27]
shows that the quantity of hazardous wastes varies from 0.01-
1% of the total solid municipal wastes, depending on the
characteristics and customs of each locality. Sangodoyin and
Ipadeola, in their study in south western Nigeria reported that
wastes with hazardous components generated by high,
medium and low income earner groups are of 5.6%, 4.4%,
4.2% respectively [28].
Medical Waste: Health-care activities in Nigeria generate
significant amounts of hazardous wastes, such as
chemotherapeutic agents, radio nucleoside, mercury,
anaesthetics gas, corrosive and expired pharmaceuticals.
Used needles, blood stained cotton and expired drugs are
categorised as hazardous medical wastes because they can be
poisonous or toxic [29]. In a study of 5 big health faculties in
Abuja, the average waste generation rate per bed/day was
found to be 2.78 kg of solid waste, 26.5% of the total waste
was hazardous in nature [30]. In a study carried out in the
most populated state in Nigeria (Lagos), the medical wastes
generated range from 0.116 - 0.561 kg/bed/day, while the
total waste is about 215.56 kg/day. Thus, the average
generation rate is approximately 0.181 kg/bed/day [29].

Public Health International 2016; 1(1): 1-5 3
3. Hazardous Waste Management Laws,
Regulations and Conventions
National Legislation, Regulations and Guidelines: The
incidence of Koko waste dump, led to the promulgation of
the harmful waste Special Criminal Provision etc. Decree 42
of 1988, which, made it a criminal act punishable by life
imprisonment, to carry, deposit, transport, import, sell, buy or
negotiate in trade of harmful waste in Nigeria territory. This
was the initial step towards effective management of
hazardous waste in the country [3]. There are existing
legislations, regulations and guidelines for the reduction
and/or elimination of hazards waste generation in Nigeria.
They include: Harmful Waste Act (Decree 42 of 1988)
retained as Cap HI LFN 2004; Environmental Impact
Assessment Act retained as Cap EI2 LFN 2004;
Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum
Industry in Nigeria 2002; Petroleum Drilling and production
Regulation 1967; National Environmental Protection
(pollution abatement in industries and factories generating
waste) Regulations S. I. 9 of 1991; National Environmental
Protection; Management of Hazardous Wastes S. I. 15;
Guidelines on Hazardous Chemicals Management;
Guidelines on Pesticides Management; National
Implementation Strategy for Chemicals Hazard
Communication; National Environmental (Mining and
Processing of Coal, Ores and Industrial Minerals)
Regulations, S. I. No. 31 of 2009: National Environmental
(Electrical/Electronic Sector) Regulations, S. I. No. 23 of
2011. Guide for Importers of UEEE.
Economic Policy and Instruments: The country’s policy
includes some good economic instruments as recorded in the
document, A Review of the National Policy On the
Environment [31]. The economic instruments includes: The
Polluter Pays Principle (PPP), which prescribes that the
polluter should bear the cost of preventing, and remediating
pollution; The User Pays Principle (UPP), in which the cost
of a resource to a user must include all the environmental
costs associated with its extraction, transformation and use
(including the costs of alternative or future uses forgone);
The Pollution Prevention Pays Principle (PPPP), which
encourages industries to invest positively to prevent pollution;
promoting tax reliefs and subsidies that encourage
investment in pollution abatement; employing appropriate
insurance and other risk management schemes to fund
remediation and restoration of polluted or degraded areas;
imposing penalty taxes, fines, and charges for noncompliance
with environmental standards and regulations; promoting the
use of market-based extraction charges; and appropriate taxes
on the extraction of resources to discourage their destructive
exploitation and inefficient use [31].
International Conventions: International Conventions
includes Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into
Africa and the Control of Trans boundary Movement and
Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa; Basel
Convention on the Control of Trans boundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, including its Ban
Amendment. Basel Convention signatories are required to
obtain written consent of the competent authority before the
movement occurs [32]. Decree No. 42 of 1988 on harmful
waste was harmonized with the Basel Convention [32];
Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent
Procedure (PIC) for Certain Chemicals and Pesticides in
International Trade; Stockholm Convention on Persistent
Organic Pollutants (POPs Convention) and Vienna
Convention on the protection of the Ozone Layer and the
Montreal Protocol on substances that Deplete the Ozone layer.
4. Problems and Challenges
WEEE collection in Nigeria is not organised; there are no
collection centres and most times, they are dumped along
with other wastes. A lot of e-waste are also stockpiled in
offices and homes though states such as Lagos have started
stockpiling of e-waste pending the establishment of a
recycling facility. Treatment/Recycling is currently carried
out by the informal sector with no knowledge of the
environmental and health effects of improper e-waste
management [22]. A lot of hazardous, toxic, liquid, solid and
gaseous wastes are produced by Nigerian Agip oil company,
a rich multinational company in oil producing communities
in Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni local government areas of Rivers
State. It is stated in research findings that the company
employ inadequate and below standard disposal strategies
[33], a common situation in Nigeria. In the 8th National
Council on Environment (NEC), non-compliance of
industries and organisations in the oil sector to set standards
and guidelines was noted with dismay. The council noted
with concern that some of the environmental problems in the
country are attributed to non-compliance with the provisions
of EIA Act No. 86 of 1992 [34]. There is also too little effort
from the federal government to enforce compliance
especially when it involves big multinationals as complained
in Memo No. 10 of the 9th NEC Report by the Government of
Bayelsa State. The government drew the attention of the
NEC to the fact that Chevron (Nig) Ltd contravened the EIA
Act by embarking on a drilling project without EIA, and the
consequent environmental damage caused by gas explosion
on its drilling rig, K. S. Endeavour on 16th January, 2012 [35].
Ogoniland was polluted by the Royal Dutch/Shell company
with hazardous waste for 50 years. It took the intervention of
the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) in
2011 before Nigerian government saw the need for action
[36]. But no action was taken till June 2nd, 2016 when
President Buhari officially launched a clean-up programme
[37]. Bassey et al. studied the waste disposal techniques
employed in the management of solid medical wastes in five
(5) selected health facility in Abuja [30]. They found that
medical waste was often mixed with municipal solid waste
and disposed of in residential waste landfills or improper
treatment facilities (e.g. inadequately controlled incinerators).
None of the hospitals surveyed practiced waste segregation.
It was found that 18.3% of the hospitals incinerated waste in
locally built brick incinerator, 9.1% bury their waste, 36.3%

4 Edward-Ekpu Douglas Uwagbale: Hazardous Waste Management and Challenges in Nigeria
burn their waste in open pits, while 36.3% dispose their
waste into municipal dumpsites. It was observed waste
management officers do not have formal training in waste
management techniques and hospital administrators pay very
little attention to appropriate management of medical waste.
Another challenge is the low operating temperatures (~
200 °C) of current medical waste incinerators, resulting in
excess generation of dioxins and furans. Since the location of
these facilities (at hospitals) are usually located in very close
proximity of communities, the emissions from the
incinerators presents a serious health risk to the same
community which the hospital is meant to be serving [38]. In
another study carried out in Port Harcourt, it was found that
hospital wastes were not segregated into marked or colour
coded containers/bins for the different waste streams neither
do they keep records of waste generation and disposal [39].
In an assessment of pharmaceutical waste management in
some Nigerian pharmaceutical industries it was found that
more than 50% of the personnel, supposedly in charge of
waste, were not trained to effectively manage waste. Those
that were trained were either taught just the basics or had
their training many years back and so were not aware of
current trends in hazardous waste management [40]. It was
found that the level of householders’ awareness on the
dangers of Household Hazardous Waste in Enugu metropolis
is low [41].
5. Conclusion
Nigeria has good environmental policy on hazardous waste
and the country is a major player in world environmental
conventions yet the problems and challenges of hazardous
waste management in Nigeria are enormous. This is as a
result of ineffective institutions and lack of political will by
the leaders of the country to enforce laws and execute
policies as seen in the case of Ogoniland. The institutions
charged with implementation, execution and enforcing
legislations and the regulations of hazardous waste in Nigeria
are not adequately empowered to do so. The simple
execution of policies on ground and the enforcement of
already made laws in the country can largely improve the
environmental situation in Nigeria if environmental
institutions are strengthened financially and politically.
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