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Hareketlilikte Kimlik İnşasına Yönelik Analitik Bir Çerçeve

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Abstract

Ulus devletler birçok bakımdan bireyin aidiyetlerini kimlik politikaları çerçevesinde sınırlandırır. Günümüzde bireyler, ürünler ve fikirler ulus devletlerin geçirgen sınırlarını aşmakla birlikte hiç olmadığı ölçüde bir hareketlilik içerisindedir. Bu bakımdan gerek göç gerekse kimlik kavramları tartışılır ve yeniden tanımlanır hale gelmiştir. Göç çalışmaları içerisinde birçok çalışma hareketli bireylerin çoklu aidiyetlerini ulus devletlerin kimlik politikaları çerçevesinde ele almaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı bireylerin kimlik ve aidiyetlerini tanımlayabilmek araştırma alanı ve veri analizi sürecine perspektif sunabilecek için literatürde yer alan teori ve alan araştırmalara dayanan analitik bir çerçeve sunmaktadır. Bu çerçeveye göre hareketli bireylerin hareketlilik noktaları ile olan bağları göz önünde bulundurularak gündelik hayatları içerisinde yer alan gündelik rutinleri ve törensel edimlerinden (kutlamaları) hareketle, çeşitli seviyelerde aidiyetleri ve buna bağlı olarak sosyal kimlikleri analiz edilebilir. Bu bağlar, kültürel, ekonomik, dinsel, dilsel, siyasal, vatandaşlık ve duygusal niteliklidir. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISHAn Analytical Framework For Constructing Identity in MobilityNation states in many respects set boundaries to their citizens’ sense of belonging through their identity policies. Despite this fact, in today’s world – a world in which the boundaries of nation states are nothing but only transparent – individuals, goods and ideas have never been so mobile. In that sense, both immigration and identity issues have become to be discussed and redefined. Many studies among the ones on migration deal with the multiple belongings of individuals within the frame of identity policies of nation states. This study, on the other hand, offers an analytical frame through the findings of various theories and field researches so as to define individuals’ identity and sense of belonging. Accordingly, it presents mobile individuals’ sense of belongings at different levels and their social identities by keeping their daily routines and rituals in daily life in mind and by considering these individuals’ connections with their points of mobility. These ties can be cultural, economic, religious, linguistic, political, national and emotional in nature.

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... Göç bağlamında yer kavramı alan ve mekân kavramsallaştırmaları; Schiller vd. (1992); Guarniza ve Smith (1998); Vertovec (2001); Faist (2003); Levitt ve Schiller (2004) çalışmaları ile literatürde tartışılmaktadır(Yazgan, 2016). 5 Everett Lee Göç Kuramı olan itme-çekme kuramına göre; yaşanan yerde ve gidilecek yerde itici ve çekici faktörler vardır(Yalçın, 2004).6 ...
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Göç, toplumların hayatını her dönemde etkilemiştir ve etkisini sürdürmeye de devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmada; İstanbul'da yaşayan Suriyeli göçmenlerin, sosyal ve fiziksel mekân ilişkilerinde yer aidiyetleri ve kültürel kodları ile habituslarının etkileri irdelenmektedir. Göçmenlerin taşıdıkları kültürel kodları ortaya çıkarabilmek için ilişkili görülen kavramlar irdelenmiş, Suriye’deki yaşam alanları, alışkanlıkları ve sosyal yaşantılarına ilişkin bilgiler toplanmıştır. Belirli bir habitusa sahip göçmenlerin devam ettirdikleri ya da yeni edindikleri kültürel sermayelerinin mekânsal karşılığı araştırılmıştır. Bunu anlayabilmek için araştırmada, İstanbul’un sosyo-ekonomik gelişmişlik düzeyi farklı mahallelerinde yaşayan Suriyeli göçmen aileler ile derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Göçmenlerin, yeni yaşam alanları (konut, komşuluk ve kent merkezi) ile önceki yaşam alanları karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre; göç sürecinde göçmenlerin mekânsal aidiyet duygularının gelişmesinde en önemli faktörün sosyal sermayeye dayalı olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Bu sosyal sermayenin devam ettirilmesinde ve geliştirilmesinde hemşerilik ilişkilerinin ve dil bilmenin önemli rol oynadığı tespit edilmiştir.
... Bu bakımdan hareketlilik; fiziksel, ekonomik, beşeri ve sosyal sermaye yeterliliğini minimum ölçüde zorunlu kılan bir eylemdir. Bu yönü ile göçün maliyeti, kabul ve uyum sürecinde getirdiği külfetler sermayenin dört biçimi ile aşılabilmektedir (Yazgan vd., 2015;Yazgan, 2016;Sirkeci, 2018). ...
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Göç Çatışma Modeli göçün kökenini çatışmaya ve insani güven(siz)lik algısına dayandırır. Göçmenlerin güvensizlik algısı, göç edilen yerdeki çatışmalar, sınırlamalar riskler veya yetersizliklerden kaynaklanır ve hareketliliğe yol açma potansiyeline sahiptir. Aynı zamanda bulundukları bölgenin koşulları ve göçmenlerin çeşitli düzeylerdeki bireysel deneyimleri güvensizlik algısını etkiler. Bu gerilim /güvensizlik alanları bireysel ölçekten küresel ölçeğe kadar genişleyebilir. Göçmenler göreli güvensizlik alanlarından göreli güvenlik alanlarına geçiş yaparken psikolojik ve sosyal temelde güvensizliklerini taşıyıp hedef ülkede potansiyel güvensizlik alanlarıyla karşılaşabilir. Bu çerçevede hedef ülkede ki potansiyel güvensizlik alanlarında göçmenlere yönelik destekleyici sosyal çalışmalar önem kazanmaktadır. Pozitif psikoloji bireylerin pozitif yönlerine ve pozitif bakış açılarına odaklanır. Pozitif psikolojik sermayenin boyutları, bir bireyin güven, umut, iyimserlik ve esneklik kapasitesi olarak adlandırılır. Bu boyutlar, birinin işyerinde ve günlük yaşamındaki adaptasyonunu ve performansını arttırmaya yarar. Sosyal Sermaye, sosyal ağlara sahip olmak ve bunlara katılmak olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Sosyal bütün içinde bağlayıcı bir rolü vardır ve ana bileşenlerinden biri güvendir. Her iki sermaye türünde de farklı şekillerde ortaya çıkan güven, gerginlik alanlarında hissedilen güvensizlik algısını azaltabilir. Sosyal destek grupları, göç sürecinde ve sonrasında yaşanabilecek güvensizlik algısını azaltmayı amaçlamaktadır.ABSTRACT IN ENGLISHAn Analytical Framework for the Analysis of Migrant Insecurity in Destination Countries Based on the Migration Conflict Model: Migrant Support Groups, Positive Psychological and Social CapitalThe Conflict Model of Migration bases the origin of mobility on conflict and the perception of human insecurity. Migrants' perceptions of insecurity, conflicts in the origin country, limitations, risks or inadequacies arise and have the potential to cause mobility. These perceptions may be caused by conflicts, limitations, risks or insufficiencies in the country of origin and have the potential to cause mobility. These areas of tension and insecurity may extend from the individual scale to the global scale. While migrating from areas of relative insecurity to areas of relative security, migrants may carry their psychological and social insecurities, and, as a result, they may feel insecure in the destination country. In this context, related social studies for migrants gain importance in areas of potential insecurity in the destination country. Positive psychology focuses on the positive aspects of individuals. The dimensions of positive psychological capital are referred to as an individual’s capacity for confidence, hope, optimism, and resilience. These dimensions serve to enhance one's adaptation and performance in their workplace and daily life. Social Capital is defined as having, and participating in, social networks. It has a binding role in the societal whole, and one of its main components is trust. Confidence in both capital types, which develop in different ways, may reduce the perception of insecurity felt in areas of tension. Social support groups aim to reduce the perception of insecurity that may be experienced during and after the migration process.
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Modernleşme ile geleneksel yapı ve dolayısıyla geleneksel topluma bağlı ortak değerler, inançlar, semboller bireyi destekleme ve belirleme gücünü kaybetmiştir. Geleneksel toplumlarda kolektiviteye bağlı tekil kimlikler de akışkan çağımızda konjonktüre bağlı çoğul nitelik kazanmıştır. Kimliğini, akışkan, kaygan ve güvensiz bir ortamında inşa etmeye çalışan günümüz insanının aidiyet duyduğu sabit değerler çözülmüş, sınırları genişlemiş, yaşam pratikleri değişmiş ve mekanı deneyimleme, içselleştirme ve mekanda yer edinme potansiyeli zayıflamıştır. Çalışmanın temel eksenini günümüz akışkan yaşamında daha çok irdelenmeye ihtiyaç duyulan genç bireyler açısından aidiyet duygusu ve köksüzlük ilişkisinin boyutları ve dinamikleri oluşturmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, araştırmanın temel amacı kendinden önceki kuşakların doğup yaşadıkları coğrafya ve mekanla (memleketle) fiziksel bağları kopmuş ya da zayıflamış genç bireylerin, kendileri için özdeşlik kurdukları mekânsal kimlik tercihlerini, memleket algılarını, köken duygularını, bir yerli olabilme hallerini ve aidiyet arayışlarını nicel ve nitel ampirik veriler aracılığıyla çok boyutlu olarak inceleyebilmektir. Araştırma bulguları çerçevesinde, geçmişte mekan ve insan arasında kuvvetli olduğu düşünülen bağların günümüz akışkan çağında giderek gevşemeye başladığı söylenebilir. Yaşam tarzının ve kimliğin önemli parametrelerinden biri olarak kabul edebileceğimiz mekanın (memleketin) bireylerin zihinsel tasavvurlarındaki yeri silikleşmiştir. Kalıcılık ve kolektivite kendine ait bir yaşamdan ve özgürlükten feragat anlamına geldiği için derin bağlılıklar çoğunlukla tercih edilmeyen bir durum olarak görülmektedir. Akışkan yaşam farklı deneyimlerin yaşanması ve henüz bilinmeyenin keşfi için beklerken bireyi de harekete zorlamaktadır. Bu nedenle memleketle, geçmişle ya da bellekle kurulan her kuvvetli bağ birey için engeldir. Dolayısıyla, bireylerin bir yerle kurduğu aidiyet bağları görece kaçınmalı veya bilinçli şekilde zayıf kurulan bağlardır. Neticede, günümüz akışkan çağda bireyler bulundukları hiçbir yerde çoğunlukla evinde hissetmezler ve kimsenin evinde hissetmediği bir dönemde bireyler bu duyguyu arama noktasında da büyük ölçüde kayıtsız veya çaresiz görünmektedir.
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Bu makale, ulus-devlet sınır anlayışının göçmene yönelik hedef ülkedeki toplumsal algı ve tutumları nasıl ve hangi yönlerden etkilediğine ve ulusal cemaatin zihniyetini nasıl şekillendirdiğine odaklanmaktadır. Westfalya Anlaşması’yla kabul edilen ve daha sonraki süreçte tüm dünyaya gittikçe yayılan modern teritoryal sınırlar, devletin imajına ve denetim gücüne işaret eden çok önemli semboller olmuştur. Bunun yanında sınırın, ulusal kimliği, “bizi” ve “öteki”ni, “dostu” ve “düşmanı” tanımlamada da işlevsel bir ideolojik aygıt olduğu belirtilmelidir. Buna bağlı olarak sınır sadece ulus-devlet için değil onun inşa ettiği cemaat için de farklılığa, aidiyete, düzene ve güvene işaret etmekte ve yabancıya, göçmene karşı bir perspektif sunmaktadır. Bu anlamda teritoryal sınır, fiziki anlamda bir yere sabitlenmişken teritoryal sınır fikri, ulusal mekânın ya da daha sosyopolitik bir ifadeyle vatanın hemen her yerinde kendini gösterdiği söylenebilir. Dolayısıyla yerlinin bu “sınır gözlüklü bakış”ına bağlı olarak göçmenler çeşitli kalıp yargılara, damgalama biçimlerine ve ayrımcılıklara maruz kalmaktadırlar. Bu da sınırın sadece sınır bölgesinde değil ulusal teritoryanın her yerinde olabileceğini bize göstermektedir.
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Belonging is a notion both vaguely defined and ill-theorized. Scholars in various social disciplines often take this notion for granted, as if its meaning is somewhat self-explanatory. Others tend to equate it with the notion of identity, citizenship, or both. By relying on a critical reading of an extensive literature across academic disciplines, this study aims to offer an analytical framework for the study of belonging. I argue that belonging should be analyzed both as a personal, intimate, feeling of being ‘at home’ in a place (place-belongingness) and as a discursive resource that constructs, claims, justifies, or resists forms of socio-spatial inclusion/exclusion (politics of belonging). The risk of focusing only on one of these two dimensions is to fall in the trap of either a socially de-contextualized individualism or an all-encompassing social(izing) discourse. The open question is whether the increasing cultural and ethnic diversification of contemporary societies can lead to the formation of communities of belonging beyond communities of identity.
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This article explores the social theory and consequent methodology that underpins studies of transnational migration. First, we propose a social field approach to the study of migration and distinguish between ways of being and ways of belonging in that field. Second, we argue that assimilation and enduring transnational ties are neither incompatible nor binary opposites. Third, we highlight social processes and institutions that are routinely obscured by traditional migration scholarship but that become clear when we use a transnational lens. Finally, we locate our approach to migration research within a larger intellectual project, taken up by scholars of transnational processes in many fields, to rethink and reformulate the concept of society such that it is no longer automatically equated with the boundaries of a single nation-state.
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In this paper, I discuss transnational mobility using a perspective that emphasises conflicts at macro, mezzo and micro levels while seeking ways in which such a conflict model of migration can be developed. I outline areas involving different degrees of conflict which are better seen on a continuous scale ranging from potential and latent tensions to violent conflicts and wars. Conflict aspects contribute to the dynamic nature of transnational human movements and, at the same time, appear to be antithetical to globalisation. The tensions/conflicts at individual, household, community, and state levels are not isolated from each other but inter-connect different levels. Within this conflict conceptualisation, transnational mobility appears as a move from human insecurity to human security.
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The acceleration and diversification of the movement across borders of millions of people has recently implied a heightened relevance of topics such as ethnicity, race and migration in the social sciences. Nevertheless, being migration a highly interdisciplinary and complex issue, the diverse national academic traditions and methodologies of investigation currently existing have up to now hindered the development of a clear framework for the understanding of the phenomenon. Through this special issue HERMES (European Researchers in Migration and Ethnic Studies) attempts to provide a dedicated arena offering European researchers the opportunity to disseminate the results of their investigations in the field of migration and, in particular, of reflecting on fieldwork and/or methodological issues. The eight articles presented here all contribute – in their own ways – to the provision of a reflexive ground for the understanding of methodological choices and options and, hopefully, to the creation of a shared understanding of such issues across disciplines and research traditions.
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Digitising personal information is changing our ways of identifying persons and managing relations, e.g. over the Internet. What used to be a "natural" identity, e.g. the personal appearance of an individual at a counter, is now as virtual as a user account at a web portal, an email address, or a mobile phone number. It is subject to diverse forms of identity management in business, administration, and among citizens. Core question and source of conflict is who owns how much identity information of whom and who needs to place trust into which identity information to allow access to resources. This book presents answers from the EU funded research project FIDIS (Future of Identity in the Information Society), a multidisciplinary endeavor of 24 leading institutions from research, government, and industry. Research from states with different cultures on e.g. the identification of citizens and ID cards is combined towards a well-founded analysis of HighTechIDs and Virtual Identities, considering aspects, such as privacy, mobility, interoperability, profiling, forensics, and identity related crime. "FIDIS has put Europe on the global map as a place for high quality identity management research." -Viviane Reding, Member of the European Commission, Responsible for Information Society and Media.
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Globalization is often portrayed as ushering in a world without borders, a mobile world where everything is shifting. This essay aims to nuance this portrayal by examining different kinds of mobility in the globalized world and the identities they create. It begins with examining two typical figures from a globalized world: the migrant and the tourist. Then two figures from religious traditions - the pilgrim and the monk - are examined as resources for a positive response to globalization.
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As part of my last report on cultural geographies of home I addressed recent research on transnational geographies of home and family life for domestic and other migrant workers. Building on this my current report concentrates on recent cultural geographical research on migration in relation to broader debates about mobility transnationality and diaspora. I begin by tracing some of the connections between cultural geographies of migration and what has been termed the new mobilities paradigm and the mobility turn. To do so I trace some of the creative interfaces between work on mobilities and migrations before turning to cultural geographies of migration in relation to transnational citizenship urbanism and networks and to cultural politics and practices in diaspora. (excerpt)
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Starting from the premise that mobility is a fundamental social issue, this article addresses the impact of mobility and place on identity. Three major schools of thought addressing this issue are examined: the socio-historical approach of Giddens (1991)19. Giddens , Anthony . 1991. Modernity of Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age, Cambridge, , UK: Polity Press. View all references and Bauman (19971. Bauman , Zygmunt . 1997. Life in Fragments: Essays in Postmodern Morality, Oxford, , UK: Blackwell. View all references, 20013. Bauman , Zygmunt . 2001. The Individualised Society, Cambridge, , UK: Polity Press. View all references) that describes a shift over the last century from place-based (prescribed) identities to mobile (achieved) identities; recent theories in sociology that see identity as mobile, dynamic, hybrid, and relational; and recent theories in geography that consider the relationship between place and identity. With reference to my own research into the migration experiences of a group of young adults in Australia, I argue that both mobility and place are essential components of identity construction and discuss the complex inter-relationships between mobility, place, and identity.
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Transnationalism and identity are concepts that inherently call for juxtaposition. This is so because many peoples' transnational networks of exchange and participation are grounded upon some perception of common identity; conversely, the identities of numerous individuals and groups of people are negotiated within social worlds that span more than one place. In this introductory article, the transnational perspective on migration studies is first discussed, followed by some critiques and outstanding questions. The final section summarises points raised by the contributing authors of the main articles in this themed issue of JEMS, especially with regard to various ways transnational settings and dynamics affect the construction, negotiation and reproduction of identities.
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This short piece introduces the Special Issue, giving both a general sense of the terms `belonging' and `performativity', and discussing key related concepts that unite the articles of the issue: difference and their differences; the politics of visuality; embodiment; and the idea of routes. The predominant themes as they appear in the different articles are discussed under these headings.
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Anthropological Quarterly 78.1 (2005) 213-246 The nation-state is frequently cast as an entity in crisis, as a relic that cannot withstand the shock of globalization. Its viability and legitimacy are threatened by instant global communications, push-button investment strategies, outsourced manufacturing, increased international migration, and vociferous national minorities. Europeans, in particular, have challenged the nation-state through the deepening and widening of the European Union (EU). While far from denying the veracity of these observations, this article attempts to develop a more nuanced characterization of the relationship between the nation-state and the threats it encounters from globalization. Focusing on the case of Soviet-era migrants and national minorities in Estonia, the article suggests that the key task is not determining the extent to which the state is (or is not) retreating from the pressure of globalization. This question ultimately reifies the state. Instead, favoring a performative approach, this article asks how the nation-state is constituted in the banal legal and diplomatic practices that reproduce, and are produced by, such binary oppositions as citizen/alien, majority/minority, security/crisis, safety/threat, and domestic/foreign. Performativity posits a radical negation of the autonomous actor. It focuses on how subject positions are constituted as effects of reiterative and citational practices that construct fundamental differences between subjects and conceal those subjects' lack of ontological foundations. As such, that which the nation-state (or, more accurately, the individuals authorized to act in its name) identifies as an objective, external intrusion into its territorial/cultural space, performativity sees as a discursively-produced encounter that generates the effects of pre-given and mutually exclusive "sovereign nations" and "immigrants." Each subject position—nation-state and migrant—is only viable and intelligible in relation to the other. Thus, the "crisis" resulting from the latter's entry into the former's sovereign space is, counter-intuitively, essential to the nation-state because its identity can only be articulated in relation to the differences (i.e. threats) that it inscribes in its own bureaucratic practices. Far from inducing the nation-state's demise, "crisis" (and globalization by extension) is the condition of its possibility. This article focuses on international migrants and national minorities for two inter-related reasons. First, despite the decomposition of the Weberian state in Europe brought on by neoliberalism, global capitalism, and an increased European integration, citizenship remains firmly in the competence of EU member-states. Relinquishing this prerogative would deprive the state of the legitimacy to speak in the name of the nation for which it exists. This legitimacy depends upon the state's ability to control the distinction between "national" and "non-national." International migrants—justly or unjustly—intrude upon the intimate relationship between the citizen and the nation-state. Even if they are welcome, immigrants always leave the state vulnerable to the charge that it is failing to prioritize its own nationals. Second, and closely related, within this logical frame immigrants constitute an inherent national security risk insofar as they wedge themselves between the nation and the state. This problematic continues into the next phase of an immigrant's life: the acquisition of citizenship and the subsequent attainment of national minority status. According to European minority rights agreements, only upon gaining citizenship -after they have naturalized the identity of the nation-state—are immigrants eligible for national minority rights, which themselves are subordinated to the nation-state's sovereignty, territorial integrity, and requirements for public order (cf. Council of Europe 1995a, preamble, 1995b, para 44). As such, the immigrant-minority's presence in the territorial state is also perceived through the...
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The concept of “grobalization” is proposed to complement the popular idea of “glocalization.” In addition, a sociologically relevant concept of “nothing” is defined and juxtaposed with “something.” Two continua are created—grobalization-glocalization and nothing-something—and their intersection creates four quadrants: the grobalization of nothing, glocalization of nothing, grobalization of something, and glocalization of something. Of greatest importance are the grobalization of nothing and the glocalization of something, as well as the conflict between them. The grobalization of nothing threatens to overwhelm the latter and everything else. Other issues discussed include the loss of something in a world increasingly dominated by nothing, the disappearance of the local, and the relationship of the triumph of nothing to political economy, especially social class. I conclude that no social class is immune to this process and that the poor and lower classess may be “doomed” to something.
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Abstract Although concepts of space and time are socially constructed, they operate with the full force of objective fact and play a key role in processes of social reproduction. Conceptions of space and time are inevitably, therefore, contested as part and parcel of processes of social change, no matter whether that change is superimposed from without (as in imperialist domination) or generated from within (as in the conflict between environmentalist and economic standards of decision making). A study of the historical geography of concepts of space and time suggests that the roots of the social construction of these concepts lie in the mode of production and its characteristic social relations. In particular, the revolutionary qualities of a capitalistic mode of production, marked by strong currents of technological change and rapid economic growth and development, have been associated with powerful revolutions in the social conceptions of space and time. The implications of these revolutions, implying as they do the “annihilation of space by time'’and the general speed-up and acceleration of turnover time of capital, are traced in the fields of culture and politics, aesthetic theory and, finally, brought home within the discipline of geography as both a problem and a stimulus for rethinking the role of the geographical imagination in contemporary social life.
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Migrant networks and organisations have emerged as development agents. They interact with state institutions in flows of financial remittances, knowledge, and political ideas. In the discursive dimension, the new enthusiasm on the part of OECD states and international organisations, such as the World Bank, for migrant remittances, migrant associations and their role in development, is a sign of two trends which have coincided. Firstly, community as a principle of development has come to supplement principles of social order such as the market and the state. Secondly, in the current round of the migration–development nexus, migrants in general and transnational collective actors in particular have been constituted by states and international organisations as a significant agent. In the institutional dimension, agents such as hometown associations, networks of businesspersons, epistemic networks and political diasporas have emerged as collective actors. These formations are not unitary actors, and they are frequently in conflict with states and communities of origin. The analysis concludes with reflections of how national states structure the transnational spaces in which non-state actors are engaged in cross-border flows, leading towards a tight linkage between migration control, immigrant incorporation and development cooperation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Culture in a liquid modern world
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Bauman, Z. (2013). Culture in a liquid modern world. John Wiley & Sons.
Gerçekliğin Sosyal İnşâsı
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Kimlik inşası. İzmir: Aşina Kitaplar
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The habitus and the space of life-styles. The People, Place, and Space Reader
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Göçler çağı: Modern dünyada uluslararası göç hareketleri
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Uluslararası göç ve ulusaşırı toplumsal alanlar
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Reframing learning: Performance, identity and practice
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The production of space
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Sosyoloji sözlüğü. Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları
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Marshall, G., Akınhay, O., & Kömürcü, D. (2003). Sosyoloji sözlüğü. Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
Sosyoloji: günlük yaşamın mimarisini keşfetmek
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Kimlik kavramı ve teorik yaklaşımlar
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Özdemir, E. (2012). Kimlik kavramı ve teorik yaklaşımlar. Eğitim Bilim Toplum, 8(32), 9-29.
Divergent destinies: immigration, the second generation, and the rise of transnational communities. Paths to inclusion: The integration of migrants in the United States and Germany
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Portes, A. (1998). Divergent destinies: immigration, the second generation, and the rise of transnational communities. Paths to inclusion: The integration of migrants in the United States and Germany, 33-57.
Milli Kimlik, Çev. Bahadır Sina Şener. İletişim Yayınları
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Danimarka'daki Türkiye Kökenlilerin Aidiyet ve Kimlik Yapıları
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Yazgan, P. (2010). "Danimarka'daki Türkiye Kökenlilerin Aidiyet ve Kimlik Yapıları", Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sakarya.