Cystic and Urethral Calculi - A Case Study of Surgical Management in a Two Year Old Labrador Dog

Abstract

A two year old male Labrador retriever was brought to the hospital, with history of urinary incontinence, blood tinged urine and stranguria. Physical examination revealed pain in penile region. Radiography of abdomen could con rm cystic and urethral calculi. A ventral celiotomy was performed under general anesthesia and the calculi were removed by performing cystotomy and urethrotomy. Post-operative management with urinary bladder catheterization, fluid therapy, antibiotic, analgesic and wound dressing were continued for seven days. The sutures were removed on 7th post-operative day and the animal had an uneventful recovery.

Full text

The Indian Veterinary Journal (May, 2019)
64
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Indian Vet. J., May 2019, 96 (05) : 64 - 66
Cystic and Urethral Calculi - A Case Study of Surgical Management in a
Two Year Old Labrador Dog
M. Madeena Begum1, S. Tina Roshini and V. Bhuvaneshwari
Heart2heart Veterinary Hospital, No.3, Leith Castle Center Street, Santhome, Chennai-600028, Tamil Nadu.
(Received : October, 2018 373/18 Accepted : December, 2018)
Abstract
A two year old male Labrador retriever was
brought to the hospital, with history of urinary
incontinence, blood tinged urine and stranguria.
Physical examination revealed pain in penile
region. Radiography ofabdomencould con rm
cystic and urethral calculi. Aventral celiotomy
was performed under general anesthesia and the
calculi were removed by performing cystotomy
and urethrotomy. Post-operative management
with urinary bladder catheterization,  uid
therapy, antibiotic, analgesic and wound dress-
ing were continued for seven days. The sutures
were removed on 7th post-operative day and the
animal had an uneventful recovery.
Key words:Cystic, Urethral Calculi, Cystotomy,
Urethrotomy, Dog
Urolithiasis is the formation of sediment
anywhere within the urinary tract. It usually
consists of one or more poorly soluble crystal-
loids of urine. Urolith is an aggregation of
crystalline and matrix materials which may
get deposited in one or more locations within
the urinary tract (Tion et al., 2015).Diagnosis of
cystic and urethral calculi is to be done by clini-
cal history, physical examination, radiography
and ultrasonography (Synder et al., 2005). This
paper place on record cystic and urethral calculi
and its surgical management in a labrador dog.
Case History and Observations
A two year old male Labrador retriever was
brought to the hospital, with history of urinary
incontinence, blood tinged urine and strangu-
ria. Physical examination revealed distended
abdomen and pain in penile region.
On radiographic examination of
abdomen, radio opaque calculi of various sizes
were seen in the bladder and urethra behind os
penis (Fig. 1). The condition was diagnosed as
both cystic and urethral calculin and retrograde
urohydropropulsion was attempted which failed.
Hence surgical retrieval of calculi was decided.
Pre-operatively blood was collected for complete
1Corresponding author : Email : mohammed.deena@gmail.com
Traumatic Evisceration of Abomasum ...

The Indian Veterinary Journal (May, 2019) 65
blood count and serum analysis and the values
were found within normal range. Therefore,
animal was consider  t for anesthesia and
surgery was  xed.
Treatment and Discussion
Animal was premedicated with Inj. Diazepam @
0.25mg/kg i.v and inj. Buprenorphine @ 0.02mg/
kg i.v. The ventral abdomen was aseptically
prepared for surgery after scrubbing with 7.5
per cent povidone iodine solution. Anaesthetic
induction was done using inj. Propofol @ 4mg//
kg i.v and maintained by 2-3 per cent Iso urane
with oxygen. After positioning the animal on
dorsal recumbency and draping,celiotomy was
performed. The bladder was located and partially
exteriorized, for evacuation of urine by inserting
a sterile infusion set into the dorsal aspect of
the bladder (Fig. 2). Cystotomy was performed
by placing a longitudinal incision along the
insertion spot. Numerous calculi of various
sizes were removed from the neck of the bladder
(Fig. 4). Intra operatively retrograde urohy-
dropropulsion was tried to  ush the urethral
calculi into the bladder (Fig. 3). As this attempt
failed, urethrotomy was performed by placing
a mid-ventral incision on the ventral aspect of
the penis behind os penis. Urethral calculi were
removed and the patency of the urethra was
maintained by placing a urinary catheter of size
6 and  xing it. The calculi were sent to laboratory
investigation and found to be struvite crystals.
Urethral incision was closed using PGA 4-0,
cystotomy incision was closed using PGA 3-0.
Fig.1.Survey abdominal radiograph showing numerous radio
opaque calculi of various sizesin the bladder and urethra.
Fig.2.Intraoperative evacuation of urine by inserting a sterile
infusion set into the dorsal aspect of the bladder.
Fig.3.Intraoperativeretrograde urohydropropulsion to  ush
the urethral calculi in to the bladder.
Fig.4.Urolith of various size removed from bladder and ure-
thra.
M. Madeena Begum et al.

The Indian Veterinary Journal (May, 2019)
66
Abdominal incision was closed with PGA 1 by
ford interlocking suture pattern, the subcutane-
ous tissue was apposed with PGA 2-0 and skin
with Polyamide 2-0.Post-operatively animal was
changed to low magnesium diet andantibiotic
(inj. Ceftriaxone and tazobactum @ 25mg /kg
bd.wt i.v.) was administered once daily for seven
days and analgesic (Butorophanol @ 0.2mg/kg
bd.wt. i.v q4h)for  rst 48 hours. Wound dress-
ing with centis ointment was continued up to 7
days. Catheter was removed on 5th postoperative
day followed by radiographic examination. Skin
sutureswere removed on 7th postoperative day.
The animal had uneventful recovery.
In dog urolith is most commonly found in
lower urinary tract which includes bladder and
urethra and it is more common in adult intact
male dogs (Dolinsek, 2004). In asymptomatic
cases medical dissolution of urolith can be tried
but in case of urethral obstruction surgical
removal of calculi is the option. Post-operatively
animal should be kept under dietary restriction
based on the type of calculi (Langston et al.,
2010).
Summary
A case of multiple cystic and urethral calculi
in a 2 year old Labrador dog was success-
fully managed by surgical removal and dietary
change.
References
Dolinsek, D. (2004) Calcium oxalate urolithiasis in the canine:
Surgical management and preventative strategiesCan. Vet.
J., 45 : 607–609.
Langston, C., Gisselman, K., Palma, D. and McCue, J. (2010)
Methods of urolith removal. Compend. Contin. Educ. Vet., 32 :1-8.
Snyder, D.M., Steffey, M.A., Mehler, S.J., Drobatz, K.J. and
Aronson, L.R., (2005) Diagnosis and surgical management of
ureteral calculi in dogs: 16 cases (1990–2003). N. Z. Vet, J.,
53 :19-25.
Tion, M. T., Dvorska, J. and Saganuwan, S. A. (2015) A review
on urolithiasis in dogs and cats. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 18 : 1-18.
Indian Vet. J., May 2019, 96 (05) : 66 - 68
Therapeutic Management of Gastroenteritis in Fawn of
Four-Horned Antelope (Tetracerus Quadricornis)
Ranjeet Harne1, Shivam Jar and Amol Rokde
School of Wildlife Forensic and Health, NDVSU, Jabalpur - 482001, Madhya Pradesh.
(Received : June, 2018 229/18 Accepted : November, 2018)
Abstract
Gastroenteritis is one of the major cause of fawn
mortality. The present clinical report describes
unusual  ndings, diagnosis and successful
management in a fawn of four-horned antelope
(Tetracerus Quadricornis). The fawn suffered
from severe gastroenteritis, blotted belly,
anorexia and recumbent since 2-3 days. The
clinical sign includes dullness with frequent
vocalization due to colic. The animal recovered
uneventfully by therapeutic management.
Key words: Gastroenteritis, four-horned antelope
The four-horned antelope (Tetrac-
erus quadricornis) is a small, shy, non-herding
ungulate occurs solitarily or in groups (Karanth
and Sunquist 1992). It is one of the tropical
Indian antelopes and lives in undulating or
hilly terrain (Prater, 1971). Within the country,
the species is protected under Schedule-I of the
Wildlife Protection Act (1972) of India, where
about 95% of its global population adapted to
live in wooded forests and they are distributed
in all of the Indian States except Kerala (Rice,
1990).
Bacterial enteritis is the most important
cause of diarrhoea in lambs and goat kids.
1Corresponding author : Email : drranjeetharne@gmail.com
Cystic and Urethral Calculi ...