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The growth and development of the cruise sector: a perspective article
Abstract
Purpose
The cruise sector has undergone a significant transformation over the past decades, rendering it amongst the fastest growing tourism segments. Nevertheless, cruise holidays represent a relatively small fraction of the entire tourism sector; and so do their economic impacts and externalities. The cruise business has emerged as a result of technological developments in passenger air-transportation and the resulting decline of passenger-shipping. While the increased visibility and over-exposure of its market and product developments may have enabled the re-invention and growth of the cruise sector, they are also amplifiers for its economic and sustainability risks. The purpose of this paper is to relativise both the potential risks and benefits to contribute to more pragmatism in future destination development investments and policies.
Design/methodology/approach
Based on a brief historical analysis of cruising and current trends, a realistic future is painted where the passenger and capacity growth rates of cruise tourism gradually level out.
Findings
Moreover, the cruise business becomes increasingly technologically driven to maintain profitability and establish its position in the wider experience portfolio of holiday consumers.
Originality/value
Traditionally, the relevance argument for cruise tourism research is based on the reported sector's growth rates and corresponding impacts, positive and negative, on destinations. Yet, the mere reproduction of growth rates and passenger numbers in isolation may well foster a misconception and even an overstatement of the cruise sector's significance and role within the wider tourism context. Arguably, the historical analysis and the comparative statistics contained in this paper paint a much-needed realistic picture and contribute to a deeper understanding of the sector's current dynamics.
... EPT's long-term planning outlook corresponds with the emerging trend of transformational hospitality (Papathanassis, 2020). It supports guests' experiences of wanting significant, long-term changes due to their AI-driven experiences (Gupta et al., 2022). ...
... It supports guests' experiences of wanting significant, long-term changes due to their AI-driven experiences (Gupta et al., 2022). EPT fills the gaps left by prior theories by adding a comprehensive, dynamic, and decision-centric perspective to understanding guest experiences (Baker et al., 2020;Papathanassis, 2020). Incorporating EPT into AI-driven hospitality research may give academics and practitioners a better understanding of guest behaviors, allowing them to create outstanding and personalized experiences. ...
... EPT takes a different tack by equating guest experiences with financial investor work. Investors seek to balance portfolio risk with potential reward by investing in various securities and real estate (Baker et al., 2020;Papathanassis, 2020); however, conventional explanations center on experience degrees. ...
This paper seeks to identify gaps in the existing literature and provide a unique perspective on experience portfolio theory (EPT) framework development within artificial intelligence (AI)-driven hospitality context. An interpretive conceptual research technique was employed to examine the current literature and propose EPT in the AI-driven hospitality context. Inspired by comparative research focused on guest experiences, this methodological approach recognizes knowledge as socially produced. Findings proved that AI-driven hospitality values benefit significantly from the EPT's focus on ensuring that guest experiences are consistent with their expectations, which improves accommodation practices that guests find more satisfying and pleasurable. This paper highlights the EPT framework's potential analytics and benefits in understanding guest motives and enhancing their experiences in AI-driven hospitality settings. By acknowledging heterogeneous characters of guest encounters and welcoming hedonic/utilitarian aspects, EPT provides more all-encompassing and balanced perspectives for hospitality professionals to craft enjoyable and memorable accommodations for their guests.
... The total economic output of the cruise sector (i.e., direct, indirect and induced benefits) is estimated to be in the range of $150 billion, employing 1.17 million full-time equivalent (FTE) employees (BREA, 2019). Yet, cruises still represent a relatively small proportion of global tourism, accounting for approximately 10% of arrivals, 3% of total economic contribution and 1% of its employment (Papathanassis, 2019). ...
... 348) aimed at stimulation and consumption, and ultimately maximizing revenue. Indeed, onboard revenue corresponds to approximately a quarter of the total passenger spending, and is set to increase (Papathanassis, 2019). Lower costs combined with onboard revenue generation facilitated the gradual reduction of ticket prices, rendering the price for a cruise holiday comparable to a highend holiday package on land. ...
... While such technologies are becoming a standard for new-builds, retrofitting older vessels is subject to technical challenges and higher costs, decelerating the diffusion of sustainability technologies. Here, it is worth considering that the average operational lifetime of a cruise vessel is 31 years (Papathanassis, 2019), with a significant proportion of today's global cruise fleet reflecting the technological state of the 1990s. Organizational measures include fuel-efficient Alexis Papathanassis -9781800377486 Downloaded from PubFactory at 08/22/2022 01:47:11PM via Author copy (not to be posted in an online repository) itinerary planning, energy-saving measures on board and donations/initiatives aimed at offsetting a cruise's carbon footprint. ...
... Over time, cruise ships evolved from hotels at sea to floating resorts. From the 1980s to 2018, the global cruise fleet grew from 79 to 369 vessels operating worldwide (Papathanassis, 2019a). A corresponding growth occurred with respect to average cruise ship size and capacity, from 19.000 to 60.000 gross registered tonnage (GRT) (Papathanassis, 2019a). ...
... From the 1980s to 2018, the global cruise fleet grew from 79 to 369 vessels operating worldwide (Papathanassis, 2019a). A corresponding growth occurred with respect to average cruise ship size and capacity, from 19.000 to 60.000 gross registered tonnage (GRT) (Papathanassis, 2019a). A modern mega-ship, like Royal Caribbean's Symphony of the Seas (~228.000 ...
... GRT) is approximately five times the size of the Titanic (~46.000 GRT) (Papathanassis, 2019a). ...
Cruise tourism research has developed exponentially during the last decades. Global tourism activity in general and cruises in particular, are concentrated in coastal areas and represent a dominant part of the so-called ‘blue economy’. Within this context, the public debate surrounding the impact of cruise tourism on port communities reflects a narrative of unsustainable growth, environmental pollution and negative globalization-related symbolism. Yet, the relatively small sizeof the cruise sector and the over-focus on emissions arguably misrepresents the overall impact and potential of this tourism domain for portside communities, economies and ecosystems. Cruise-related scientific research, as probably expected,offers a much more refined and holistic picture; transcending the somewhat populist public debate on this matter. Based on a systematic literature review examining cruise-related papers published between 1983 and 2009, Papathanassis and Beckmann (2011) identified 145 papers, which were subsequently subjected to a meta data- and a thematic-analysis. Approximately a quarter of them addressed the environmental-, social- and economic impacts of cruising on coastal regions. A decade later, and following an analogous methodological approach, a total of 305 cruise research papers,published between 2012 and 2022, yielded 161 relevant papers, subjected to the same coding scheme and thematically compared to previous findings. The subsequent thematic analysis, revealed a comprehensive set of issues, opportunities and challenges cruise tourism poses to coastal areas. Following a critical discussion of past developments and their trajectory, a future research and action agenda is proposed.
... However, even by 2003, according to a report commissioned by the Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA), 12.2 million people had taken a cruise (BREA, 2014). By 2018, the CLIA was projecting that the total cruise market would be 27.2 million, and by 2019, the industry was projecting figures of 136 million passengers (Papathanassis, 2019). So, if 1970 is taken as a starting point, then the growth in cruise tourism is indeed over 1,000% since 1970. ...
... So, if 1970 is taken as a starting point, then the growth in cruise tourism is indeed over 1,000% since 1970. However, Papathanassis (2019) suggested that the demand JHRM for worldwide cruise product had stagnated. This is in sharp contrast to the publicity from the wider cruise industry. ...
... Among them, they are estimated to own 80% (Butler, 2010) to 90% (Douglas et al., 2010) [4] of the total worldwide market. In 2010, the average ship size, in terms of passenger numbers was estimated by Butler (2010) to be 2,600 people, and this number was projected to increase (Butler, 2010;Papathanassis, 2019). The greatest factor in this growth was the nature of the cruise industry itself. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is an archival study of images taken from cruise brochures available in New Zealand from the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century. The investigation adds to previous work undertaken on cruise ship posters and to the discussion surrounding how cruise lines motivated customers to purchase a cruise.
Design/methodology/approach
An archival approach was taken. The aim of the research is to explain how images used in the brochures have their origin in the mid-twentieth century concept of motivational research. In doing so, the work of Veblen (1899), Lazarsfeld (1935) and Packard (1957, 1959) are used as a foundation to illustrate how more recent commentators, such as Gad (2016) and Jamieson (1983), can be evoked.
Findings
Analysis of the images presented builds upon previous work done on cruise ship posters. Previous examinations used mid-twentieth century posters to show how the ship was slowly being eroded. The current work illustrates how the brochure evolved to entice consumers to purchase. Analysis of the images suggests that motivational theory is alive and well within the cruise industry.
Research limitations/implications
This study is constructed around the archival holding of the National Maritime Museum of New Zealand. As such, the study does not include information that does not form part of this holding.
Practical implications
New Zealand underwent large structural, economic and social change between 1984 and 2000. During that time, there was growth of income inequity. This provided some with greater disposable income for leisure and travel. While the following survey concerns cruise ship brochures, an examination of airline, resort and hotel advertising may be worthy of a companion study.
Originality/value
The cruise ship brochure available to New Zealand customers in the last quarter of the twentieth century demonstrated the ship is not centre stage. In this regard, the following work adds to previous work conducted using posters and an understanding of the evolution of cruise ship advertising in emergent modern markets.
... The cruise industry is striving to maintain its competitiveness and consolidate its position in tourists' travel portfolios (Papathanassis, 2019). China's market has become a rising star: its five-year compound annual growth rate reached 22.2% between 2014 and 2019 (CLIA, 2020a). ...
... At present, cruise tourism accounts for a fairly small segment of tourism research (Papathanassis, 2019). Justification for such research is mainly based on the sector's reported growth rates and corresponding impacts -both positive and negative -on destinations (Papathanassis, 2019). ...
... At present, cruise tourism accounts for a fairly small segment of tourism research (Papathanassis, 2019). Justification for such research is mainly based on the sector's reported growth rates and corresponding impacts -both positive and negative -on destinations (Papathanassis, 2019). The extent to which this sector's growth is tied to national culture has gone largely overlooked. ...
Studies have attributed cross-cultural variation in consumer phenomena to cultural effects without considering other factors, likely leading to false conclusions. This study seeks to clarify whether the effects of culture on cruising preferences are influenced by other elements. First, cruising attributes were identified using a mixed-methods approach. Conjoint analysis was then conducted to examine travelers’ preferences for cruising attributes using data collected in China and America. Finally, within-culture and cross-cultural comparison were performed. Results revealed the role of trade-offs and the joint effects of culture and past experience on cruising preferences. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
... The COVID-19 pandemic has grounded the decades-long 'golden goose' of cruising, which had enjoyed year on year growth and an unending narrative of cruising as the fastest growing tourism and travel sector segment (Papathanassis, 2019;Radic et al., 2020). The impact was particularly brutal in Australia, which had been enjoying a love affair with cruise ship travel. ...
... The cruising industry in Australia and globally For more than two decades, cruising had been the fastest growing sector in tourism (Papathanassis, 2019). Worth more than $USD150 billion annually, the pre-COVID-19 global cruise industry sustained almost 1.2 million full-time equivalent (FTE) employees and more than 32 million passengers were expected to ocean cruise in 2020 (CLIA, 2019a). ...
This paper investigates aspects of cruising of most concern to Australian consumers during the COVID-19 pandemic, following the shutdown of cruising globally. Using a mixed-method approach, the study asked cruisers and non-cruisers which of the risks associated with cruising were of most concern. The study found health was the most concerning risk for respondents, regardless of cruising history and, contrary to previous research, cruisers were more concerned about health risk than non-cruisers. Results indicated cruisers were also concerned about financial risk, while safety and psychological risk were the next most concerning aspects for non-cruisers. Implications for the cruise industry are discussed and areas for further research are identified. Findings suggest the industry cannot take for granted repeat cruisers’ return post-pandemic. As non-cruisers are much less positive and less willing to cruise than before COVID-19, the continued future growth of the cruise sector is also under threat.
... Over the last years, the cruise sector has promoted and capitalized on the narrative of being the 'fastest growing sector' within tourism (Papathanassis, 2019). Amongst the key motives of seeking employment in the cruise sector are money-saving possibilities (i.e. ...
... Over the last years, the cruise sector has been extensively-and publicly-criticized for its poor sustainability performance and negative ecological and socio-cultural impacts on port communities (e.g. Papathanassis, 2019;Larsen & Wolff, 2019;MacNeill & Wozniak, 2018;Navarro-Ruiz et al., 2019;Weeden et al., 2011). At the same time, the 'Fridays for Future' global movement has drawn more attention to the hedonistic character and externalities of tourism, negatively affecting its image and presumably its attractiveness as a career option for the responsibility-conscious younger generation (Deloitte, 2019;Francis & Hoefel, 2018). ...
While tourism in general, and cruise tourism in particular, have been steadily growing over the last years, industry bodies and associations have reported and warned against the first signs of labour shortages. Indeed, a relatively high proportion of tourism and hospitality students opt out of the tourism sector within the first years after graduation. The research presented in this paper aims at exploring the factors affecting the career choices of cruise-tourism students (N = 167) and comparing the findings with those of the wider research in the tourism and hospitality domain. Our findings underline the role of the cruise sector's reputation, as well as its perceived growth as central for attracting 'young talents'. Entry-level employment conditions play a secondary role and personality profiles do not appear to influence the students' intention to pursue a career in the cruise sector. Research implications and practical recommendations (also considering the post-COVID19 implications) are drawn. ARTICLE HISTORY
... The growth of the total number of cruise passengers is driven by three factors (CBI, 2020): a strong economic recovery, an increasing in the repositioning of cruises and the growth in ship capacity. The increasing in ship capacity is an ongoing trend of the last 30 year (Papathanassis, 2019). Since the 1990's major cruise lines began building larger and more efficient ships; accordingly, an increase in ship size from 77,000 to 137,000 tons was observed. ...
... These bigger ships had an extra advantage of more on-board features, which the customer wanted (Sloan, 2019). However, it remains questionable if this trend will continue in the long term, since there are also technological and infrastructural restrictions (Papathanassis, 2019). ...
This document, the first research Deliverable (D2.1) of the SMARTDEST project, presents the conceptual, methodological and empirical framework of the research. Its structure is typical of a wide literature review, ordering and connecting the different approaches and results of many strands of research into cities and space, tourism and other forms of mobility, and social exclusion that are esteemed relevant for this project, under the overarching epistemological entry point of the mobilities paradigm. However, it also proposes how from these starting points the project moves forward to attain its research objectives, identifying research gaps in the existing literature and proposing new research questions (RQs) and empirical developments.
... Kendall (1986) identified the cruise as transportation of pleasure-seeking tourists on ocean voyages offering one or more glamorous ports of call, while Lau and Sun (2019) acknowledged a cruise as a vessel that offers services to cruisers who seek interest, pleasure, and relaxation. Cruising as a form of holiday can be traced back to the late 19th and early 20th Century as a transatlantic mode of crossing and it consisted of a handful of vessels (Papathanassis, 2020). Most of the studies on cruise tourism are on environmental and social impacts. ...
Cruise tourism is the fastest growing segment of the tourism industry but has not been exploited in Lake Victoria, yet it has great potential, which will significantly impact regional tourism. This paper aims to conceptualize cruise tourism in Lake Victoria using blueprinting analysis in Kisumu port, Kenya. A systematic literature review was adopted in this paper to explore the possibility of having cruise tourism in Lake Victoria in the port of Kisumu under the guidance of the Tourism Life Cycle theory (TALC). A total of three journal articles and two conference papers were considered sufficient to provide relevant findings for this study. The findings indicate there are scant studies on cruise tourism in Lake Victoria in Kisumu Port. Service blueprinting analysis was also adopted in this paper as the technique to seek to investigate the status of cruise tourism in Lake Victoria. This was achieved by examining the relationship between service design concepts and the management of visitors’ experience and satisfaction in cruise tourism. This showed that service blueprinting of cruise tourism in Lake Victoria should be done by mapping out events and processes for passengers to experience from arrival at the port of embarkation to the port of disembarkation. Policymakers in the tourism industry in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania should coordinate their strategies, plans, and actions toward the development of cruise tourism in Lake Victoria with the expectation of boosting tourism in the region through blueprinting analysis.
... Despite these advancements, paints remain a source of environmental concern throughout their lifecycle. Basically, the paint is being considered a suspension of organic and inorganic particulate materials (such as cellulose, Titanium dioxide (TiO2), Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), Zinc oxide (ZnO), Silver (Ag), and Cerium dioxide (CeO2) in a liquid made up of a binder (resin), a volatile solvent or water, and additives to give a substrate properties such as protection, durability, decoration, dirt repellency, color, gloss coating, or other (Papathanassis, 2020;Piccinno et al., 2012). ...
Performed an LCA using OpenLCA software to compare the environmental impacts of petrochemical-based and bio-based paints across their full life cycles, including production, use, and disposal.
... Ce consensus des acteurs autour d'un développement durable dépolitisé (Swyngedouw, 2009) (Papathanassis, 2020). Ainsi, le rapport de la mission Jacques Maillot (2015) affiche l'ambition de l'État français de devenir la première plateforme de départ pour les croisières (Cerema, 2018). ...
Depuis quelques années, les villes portuaires européennes sont animées par de nouvelles contestations dirigées contre les activités de croisières. Cantonnées à Venise jusqu’en 2019, elles se sont depuis étendues à de nombreuses villes, tout d’abord en Méditerranée (Barcelone, Palma de Majorque, mais aussi Marseille, Ajaccio, Nice), puis ailleurs en Europe. Ces contestations s’inscrivent au sein d’une transformation plus large du rapport de force entre les idéologies et une montée en puissance de l’écologie politique. Le modèle économique et touristique des villes portuaires basé sur la croissance néolibérale est ainsi de plus en plus contesté sous l’effet de différentes formes de politisation. L’exemple des croisières permet ainsi de montrer un renouveau des formes conflictuelles au sein des villes portuaires, qui intervient par la rupture de certains élus avec le corporatisme libéral, et par un renouvellement des acteurs de défense de l’environnement. L’objectif de l’article, qui s’inscrit au sein de la littérature sur les conflits d’aménagement portuaire, est de recenser et caractériser ces formes de politisation à travers une analyse basée sur l’exploitation d’un corpus d’articles de presse, et d’analyser les premières conséquences de ces politisations sur l’action publique et les pratiques des armateurs de croisières.
... Cruise tourism was not included in our study. Nevertheless, it is a fact that cruise ships are a booming sector (Papathanassis, 2019) and Seychelles is obviously an attractive destination for cruise ships. However, the economic benefits of this tourism sector for the Seychelles have not yet been proven, and the potential negative impacts on the local society and environment have not yet been investigated. ...
... Although cruise research consistently strives for practical relevance, offering empirical insights and recommendations on cruise tourism's (mostly economic) performance, it tends to be reactive, falling behind industry developments and upcoming trends (Meng et al., 2023;Hung et al., 2019;Papathanassis, 2017;Klein, 2011). The difficulty of accessing empirical data (Papathanassis and Klein, 2015;Weeden et al., 2011), and the corresponding reliance on macro-level secondary data and methodologically-questionable industry self-reporting, render it very difficult to accurately and reliably assess the impacts of cruise tourism (Papathanassis, 2019;MacNeill and Wozniak, 2018:399). Moreover, the proliferation of ex post empirical case-studies, inherently pose a generalisability limitation and theoretical fragmentation (Vega-Muñ oz et al., 2020; Papathanassis and Klein, 2015;Papathanassis and Beckmann, 2011). ...
Purpose
This study aims to empower cruise academia to assert their role as enablers, and potentially drivers, of sustainable, responsible and resilient cruise futures.
Design/methodology/approach
This contribution represents a synthesis and a critical reflection of cruise-related research-review literature over the last four decades, assessing its impact and potential in terms of influencing the evolution and future developments of cruise tourism.
Findings
Cruise research between the 1980s and the first decade of this century could be characterised as “ship-centric” and managerially focused. Over the last decade and up to the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, cruise research has become increasingly “cruise-destination centric”, with sustainability emerging as a dominant theme. Diverging somewhat from the public and media emphasis on environmental concerns and risks, academic research tends to focus on the economic aspects of sustainability. Nonetheless, and despite aiming for practical relevance, cruise research tends to remain reactive and lags behind industry trends.
Research limitations/implications
This paper proposes a shift from a “applied” to an “applicable” research paradigm, inspiring researchers to proactively shape the industry‘s future by embracing “what-ifs” in their thematic scope. Such a paradigm calls for a normativity-enriched methodological diversity, as well as the inclusion of transformational relevance as an indicator of research impact.
Originality/value
Public perceptions of cruise tourism have changed over the years, evolving from that of a promising holiday niche to a symbol of unsustainable mass tourism. In this context, cruise scholars are offered guidance for transcending the polarising debate of growth versus de-growth/limits while increasing the relevance and transformational impact of cruise scholarship.
... La industria del crucero moderna experimenta un gran crecimiento a partir de los años 70 del siglo XX, desarrollándose de forma paralela a la sociedad del bienestar, alcanzando gran popularidad como opción vacacional y de ocio y convirtiéndose en un nicho de mercado activo y dinámico dentro del ámbito del turismo tradicional (Cruz-Ruiz y Ruiz-Romero-de-la-Cruz, 2015; Papathanassis, 2019;Yoon y Cha, 2020). Gracias a este crecimiento fundamentado en diversos aspectos como la globalización, la reestructuración del sector o la oferta de paquetes de servicios adaptados para atender a diferentes perfiles de pasajeros, el turismo de cruceros, produce un significativo efecto económico tanto sobre las propias compañías del sector como sobre los lugares de destino (Peláez-Verdet y Loscertales-Sanchez, 2018; Syriopoulos, Tsatsaronis y Gorila, 2020; Gutiérrez-Aragón, Alcaraz-Espriu y Solano-Tatché, 2022). ...
ABSTRACT.
Tourism sector labour market is normally a subject of discussion due to the characteristics of the sector, which involves long hours of work and low wages, resulting in unsatisfied workers and a high level of turnover. The main objective of this work is to know the level of approval of the employee experience in the cruise sector and how it has changed after the pandemic of COVID-19. It also looks at the motivations of cruise ship employees. In addition, it is aimed to know the existence in this sense of differences between employees based on their origin, job position, salary and other relevant variables. The methodology used in the research combines quantitative analysis statistics based on a survey to employees who work on cruise ships for long periods, and qualitative analysis through semi-structured face to face interviews to workers at the time of disembarking at the port. Results show that, in general, employees are satisfied, including satisfaction towards the pandemics management. However, there are some elements that need to be improved, as they highlight the low wages and the difficult working conditions on cruise ships, since 70.36% of workers remain on board for more than 7 months, 93.21% work 7 days per week and 87.14% work more than 9 hours a day. It is concluded that the cruise industry needs to implement reforms in the working conditions in order to improve and optimize the employee experience. It’s relevant that, especially because of the COVID-19 pandemic, procedures and protocols have been implemented and have been useful to improve this situation.
RESUMEN.
El empleo en el sector turístico es habitualmente objeto de debate, ya que se caracteriza por una elevada intensidad horaria y bajas remuneraciones, lo que, a menudo, origina empleados insatisfechos y una alta rotación. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es conocer el nivel de satisfacción de la experiencia de empleado en el sector cruceros y cómo se ha modificado tras la pandemia de COVID-19. También analiza las motivaciones que tienen los empleados de cruceros. Además, se pretende conocer la existencia en este sentido de diferencias entre empleados en función de su origen, puesto de trabajo, nivel salarial y otras variables relevantes. La metodología empleada combina análisis cuantitativo, a partir de una encuesta a empleados a bordo de cruceros durante largas temporadas, y análisis cualitativo, realizado sobre los resultados de entrevistas semiestructuradas a trabajadores de forma presencial en el momento de desembarcar en puerto. Los resultados indican que, en general, los empleados del sector se muestran satisfechos, incluida la gestión de la pandemia. No obstante, existen elementos a mejorar, pues advierten de los bajos salarios y de la dureza de las condiciones laborales en los cruceros, ya que el 70,36% de los trabajadores permanecen embarcados más de 7 meses, el 93,21% trabajan los 7 días de la semana y el 87,14% realizan jornadas de más de 9 horas. Se concluye que el sector debería realizar reformas en las condiciones laborales para mejorar la experiencia de empleado. Resulta relevante que, precisamente a causa de la pandemia de COVID-19, se han implementado procedimientos y protocolos que han servido para mejorarla.
... Overcrowding seems to be particularly frequent and difficult to tackle in cruise ship destinations, especially when several vessels arrive simultaneously (Jacobsen et al., 2019). The grandeur of the newest cruise ships, with capacities of around 7000 passengers, and the surge in cruise tourism demand, has increased destination crowding, which needs to be efficiently managed (Papathanassis, 2020). ...
The existing research on the impact of crowding on visitors' experiences has yielded mixed results, mainly due to inadequate conceptualization and measurement of the phenomenon. To address this issue, we adopted a mixed‐methods approach. We first conducted a qualitative study (Study 1, focus group based) to understand (i) how consumers perceive crowding at leisure places, (ii) the sources of crowding (spatial or social), and (iii) its effects on their experiences and future behaviors. For Study 2 we collected quantitative data through a survey (n = 537 respondents) to estimate the association between objective and subjective measures of crowding, the relative contribution of human and spatial crowding to visitors' overall crowding perceptions and its impact on satisfaction and behavioral intentions. The results indicated there is a weak association between objective and perceived human crowding, which makes subjective measures more appropriate for assessing crowdedness. A formative two‐dimensional (human and spatial) conceptualization of crowding more adequately captures visitors' perceptions. The influence of each dimension is context‐dependent, such that human crowding is more problematic for visitors to monuments, while cruise ship tourists are less tolerant of spatial crowding. The findings also revealed that crowding negatively affects visitors' satisfaction, while its impact on behavioral intentions is mostly nonsignificant for cruise ship tourists.
... With roots that can be traced back to the 1840s, the modern cruise industry was born in the 1960s as the transport business was gradually replaced by aircraft and as shipping companies restructured their services from transportation to vacation travel (Hoseason, 2000;Kwortnik, 2006). Cruise ships have increased in size and offered more on-board amenities since the 1980s, evolving from a transportation medium to 'floating hotels' and finally to 'floating resorts' or 'floating destinations' (Papathanassis, 2019). Representing one of the fastest-growing tourism segments, the cruise sector has undergone rapid development in the 21 st century (Papathanassis, 2017;Sun, Jiao, & Tian, 2011). ...
... A very specific type of informal accommodation is represented by sea-or river cruise ships with several hundred or thousands of passengers on board, which stay parked at least one night in a destination's harbour. These stays are not included in official destination statistics, and cruise passengers are considered day-trippers [50]. ...
Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, tourism had permeated all spaces of experience, reaching nearly every country, region, community, and corner of the globe. In recent decades, the meanings, implications, and roles of tourism have also expanded significantly. This article focuses on unconventional tourism mobilities, including same-day visits, which are an important but often neglected part of the tourism system, constantly challenging both scholars and tourism industry stakeholders. Unconventional tourism is an umbrella term that covers most kinds of unregistered or unaccounted tourist mobilities, some of which might not appear to be ‘tourism’ but should be in certain localities and under certain conditions. Given the growth of unregistered tourist flows and unaccounted leisure (or utilitarian) mobilities, there is a need in tourism studies to apply innovative research methods and to reconceptualize the meanings of tourism in different geographical and social contexts. It is expected that people’s desire to travel in the post-pandemic era will educe new spatial and temporal travel experiences and behaviours in which unconventional tourisms will play an important role. To better understand this phenomenon and to evaluate the development of new approaches to travel and behavioural spatialities, new ways of thinking, new theoretical constructs, and new methodologies are needed. This article seeks to explore certain hidden or invisible tourism mobilities, focusing on the geographical patterns, processes, and hidden aspects of unconventional tourism.
... Fortemente influenciados pelos avanços tecnológicos (Duval, 2007), o comboio, o automóvel e o avião catapultaram os transportes para o centro da praxis turística, proporcionando a cada vez mais pessoas, a possibilidade de fazer férias em destinos mais longínquos contribuindo para um encolhimento do mundo (Cohen & Gössling, 2015;Lohmann & Pereira, 2020;Pamplona & De Oliveira, 2014;Papathanassis, 2020;Rodrigues, 2012). O destino turístico de Santarém, localizado no centro de Portugal, é acessível ao visitante nomeadamente através do transporte rodoviário e ferroviário que, de diversas formas, (isoladamente ou como complemento) permitem aceder ao património edificado, ao centro histórico e restantes atrações turísticas existentes naquela cidade ribatejana. ...
Resumo Introdução: Os transportes turísticos constituem um dos elementos cruciais do sistema turístico. A acessibilidade e a qualidade dos transportes são duas das dimensões que influenciam o grau de satisfação dos turistas. Este artigo procurou analisar a perceção dos agentes turísticos acerca da oferta de transportes turísticos na cidade de Santarém. Método: Foi aplicado o inquérito por entrevistas semiestruturadas a cinco agentes de vários setores turísticos a operar no destino, tendo-se recorrido ao software NVivo 12 e SPSS para o indispensável tratamento dos dados. Resultados: Os resultados preliminares do estudo exploratório, demonstram que mais atenção é dada ao acesso que a rede de transportes oferece aos atrativos turísticos do que em relação à acessibilidade geral na cidade. No que concerne à qualidade, as subcategorias mais importantes a. Foi identificada a frequência dos transportes como uma subcategoria importante no contexto dos transportes, onde a segurança nos transportes constitui uma caraterística importante na opinião dos entrevistados. Discussão: Os dados exploratórios permitem percecionar que a acessibilidade e a qualidade dos transportes da cidade, não desempenham um papel fundamental para a oferta, visto que a componente do transporte não é crucial para a distribuição da oferta turística. Conclusão: O estudo exploratório permitiu analisar a opinião dos agentes turísticos acerca da acessibilidade e qualidade dos transportes turísticos na cidade de Santarém. É reconhecido que os transportes constituem um componente importante do sistema turístico, mas que não são indispensáveis para os seus respetivos negócios. Os transportes turísticos parecem não refletir a qualidade oferecida, são pouco frequentes, existem poucos lugares de estacionamento para fins turísticos e a rede de transportes parece servir melhor os habitantes do que os visitantes. Mais atenção terá que ser dada à frequência dos transportes turísticos enquanto dimensão a ser incluída em futuros estudos de turismo que contemplem os transportes turísticos. Abstract Introduction: Tourism transport is one of the crucial elements of the tourism system. The accessibility and quality of transports are two of the dimensions that influence the degree of satisfaction of tourists. This paper sought to analyze the perception of tourism agents about the tourist transport offered in the city of Santarém. Method: Semi-structured interviews were applied to five agents of various tourism areas operating in the destination. NVivo 12 and SPSS software were used in the indispensable data treatment. Results: The preliminary results of the exploratory study show that more attention is paid to the accessibility of the transport network in reaching tourist attractions, than concerning the general accessibility of the city. Regarding quality, the most important subcategories are "Price", "Infrastructure" and "Cleanliness". Frequency of transport was identified as an important subcategory in the context of transport, where safety in transport is an important feature in the opinion of the interviewees. Discussion: The exploratory data allow us to perceive that the accessibility and quality of the city's transports do not play a fundamental role for the supply side since the transport component is not crucial for the distribution of their tourism services. Conclusion: The exploratory study allowed for the analysis of the opinion of tourism agents regarding the accessibility and quality of tourism transports in the city of Santarém. It is acknowledged that transports are an important component of the tourism system, but they are not indispensable for their respective businesses. Tourist transports do not seem to reflect the quality offered, they are infrequent, there are few parking spaces for tourist purposes and the transport system seems to serve local inhabitants better than visitors. More attention should be paid to the frequency of tourist transport as a dimension to be included in future tourism studies covering tourism transportation.
... Prior to COVID-19, cruise tourism was one of the most dynamic and robust sectors of tourism (Delgado, 2017;Papathanassis, 2019), experiencing growth for nearly two decades (Peručić, 2020). The cruise sector was worth an estimated value of $150billion in 2019 and had been expected to reach a record level of 32 million passengers in 2020 (Cruise Lines International Association [CLIA], 2019). ...
Tourist decision-making is complex and understanding why some tourists may reject a cruise vacation is important for continued growth of the cruise sector. Image elicitation was employed in twenty interviews with cruisers and non-cruisers in the UK. Findings revealed risk perceptions influence cruise decision-making as vacation choices reflect self. Cruisers choose cruise vacations to reduce risk to self and affirm self-concept, and non-cruisers perceive social and psychological risk in cruising. Non-cruisers find social value in disassociation from and rejecting cruise vacations, illuminating how self-congruity influences cruise decision-making. Theoretical contributions and practical implications for industry are identified with specific recommendations.
... Note that the development of cruise tourism is based on the process of creating a cruise tourism product. Its promotion and implementation is provided by many enterprises and organizations (MacNeill and Wozniak 2018;Papathanassis 2019). A significant number of participants in the cruise business predetermine the system-forming nature of its functioning. ...
The article presents the sectoral structure of cruise (maritime) tourism and identifies the factors influencing the level of demand and supply of cruise tourism products. The sources of the influence of the cruise industry on the economic growth of the state and the welfare of its citizens are also considered. On the basis of specific features of cruise tourism functioning and the peculiarities of creating a cruise tourism product, a model of the functioning of a cruise (maritime) tourism complex has been built. Representation of the relationship of tourist needs according to the hierarchy of needs and a species classification of cruise tourism and the industries involved in its development is also given. The model of indicators and the structural components described are built in an environment of geoinformation modeling.
... The cruise industry was one of the fastest-growing segments in the tourism sector up to the year 2019 (Papathanassis, 2019), with an estimated annual value of more than $150 billion USD in 2019 (Cruise Lines International Association, 2019), was devastated by the COVID-19 pandemic. At the beginning of 2020, passengers started cancelling their cruise bookings out of fear of exposure to COVID-19 and to follow governmental recommendations to avoid travelling, such as those issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC 2 ) in the US. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic devastated substantial portions of the tourism industry; the cruise industry particularly suffered from negative publicity as the virus spread rapidly on cruise ships. The pandemic is a disaster that the industry has been forced to adapt to. This study illustrates, through a mixed-methods research design, what factors cruiseferry operators considered in their responses to the pandemic, whether the implemented countermeasures increased their customers’ sense of security, and what countermeasures customers would agree to follow before boarding a ship. The study thereby provides insights into which countermeasures are likely to decrease customers’ perceived health risks and which they are ready to accept or not on cruises during pandemics.
... After the Caribbean, the Mediterranean and Northern Europe are the most popular destinations and 28% of the global capacity (in bed days) is deployed in these areas (CLIA, 2019). Until 2019, cruise tourism was among the fastest-growing sectors of the tourism industry (Papathanassis, 2020), and the forecast for 2020 estimated 32 million passengers, with high growth expected worldwide. The Coronavirus disease pandemic has halted this trend and has generated a crisis having a profound implication for all cruise industry and destinations (Holland, 2020;Holland et al., 2021;Yuen et al., 2021). ...
Repeat visitation is regarded as a desirable phenomenon in destination marketing. This topic takes on a particular interest in cruise tourism, where the first visit may depend on the cruise itinerary. This paper investigates cruise passengers' intention to revisit European destinations. It is based on the results of a wider study conducted by the Costa Group, Deloitte, and the Universities of Genoa and Hamburg, which assesses the direct, indirect, and induced impact of the Costa Group and its supply chain in Europe. In this study, we developed an online questionnaire survey for guests who had cruised with Costa and AIDA ships in 2018 to 12 ports in six European countries. This paper focuses on the results of the questionnaire delivered to Costa cruisers (21,985 responders) to investigate their intention to return. We adopted a logistic regression and found that the probability of cruisers returning depends positively on factors such as the geographic area of residence, visit duration, and expenditure ashore. Our research suggests that cruises are drivers for land‐based tourism and fuel a desire among cruisers to revisit destinations. Finally, we present management recommendations for policymakers and destinations managers to develop win–win territorial marketing strategies with cruise industry.
... Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the cruise ship sector was one of the fastest growing segments in the global tourism industry (Papathanassis, 2019). With an estimated annual value of more than $USD150 billion, the cruise industry had been forecast to reach a record level of 32 million passengers in 2020 (Cruise Lines International Association, 2019b) [CLIA]. ...
The global coronavirus pandemic has devastated the cruise sector with widespread disruption and cancellations affecting millions of cruise passengers. The cruise industry was negatively affected due to the enclavic
and confined environment onboard, the high infection rates among both crew and passengers, and widespread
negative media coverage. This study explores the impact of COVID‐19 on willingness to cruise and attitudes
towards cruising for both cruisers and non‐cruisers living in Australia and the United Kingdom. Data analysis
of respondents’ comments was undertaken using both Leximancer text analytic software and manual content
analysis. Findings indicate country of residence has a significant influence on risk perceptions for a cruise holiday and affects future intentions to cruise. Specific impacts for the cruise industry are discussed and recommendations proposed for policy and practice.
... Cruise tourism is one of the fastest growing tourism segments, and it has undergone significant transformation, especially in the last few decades [1,2]. Since 1990, the average annual passenger growth has reached about 6.63%, with cruise tourists increasing from 7.21 million in 2000 to 26.86 million in 2019 [3]. ...
Although the cruise sector is considered an ‘unreplaceable’ form of tourism, with the cruise industry recording steady growth over the years, there is a lack of research and analysis on cruise ships themselves. Accordingly, this study sought to determine whether service quality differences among ships operating in the Asian market could suggest broader implications for the sustainability of the cruise industry. We chose the SERVQUAL framework for the analysis; we also employed the multiple case study method and topic synthesis to compare the service quality of three ships. Of the ships investigated—the Costa Victoria, Diamond Princess, and Superstar Virgo—the Diamond Princess had the highest service quality. Based on the results, we outlined suggestions for improving the quality of cruise services, including introducing the latest large ships and high-tech facilities, complying with the departure and arrival times of sailing schedules, improving the ratio of crew members per passenger, establishing a cruise personnel training system, and expanding membership program operations.
... Prior to COVID-19, the cruise industry was enjoying two decades of double-digit annual growth and was forecast to achieve a record level of 32 million passengers taking a cruise in 2020 [4]. Cruise tourism was one of the fastest growing sectors of the global tourism industry prior to the pandemic [5]. Industry figures indicate that shipyards were operating at full capacity, with construction commencing on a new cruise ship every 47 days [6]. ...
Cruise holidays have become increasingly popular in the past two decades, with passenger numbers increasing every year. The global COVID-19 pandemic resulted in several cruise ships being held in quarantine or stranded at sea with mass disruption and cancelled holidays for millions of vacationers. The pandemic highlights the significance of risk perceptions as risk influences travel decision-making. Little research exists on risk perceptions in ocean cruising, or how risk potentially influences tourists' decision-making for a cruise as a holiday. Findings revealed a cruise is perceived as a safe holiday, but health risks are a significant concern. Non-cruisers perceive more risk in getting sick onboard, and cruisers develop strategies to minimize risks, and both groups acknowledge risk is inherent in travel. Findings reveal critical insight into how both cruisers and non-cruisers interpret health and safety risks in cruising, and is a significant empirical contribution to understanding risk in relation to cruising.
... A major additional endogenous force is the emergence of new competitors. Reasons for this trend include ever expanding travel options from warm winter destinations, a rapid growing cruise market (Papathanassis, 2019), or city trips offering attractive alternatives with potential for prestige travel experiences. The millennial generation is now equal to the baby boomer population but does not appear to share its preference for similar recreation activities. ...
Winter tourism in the Alps has been dominated, both in marketing and in academic publications, by an almost exclusive focus on winter sports activities, primarily on skiing. This paper shows that there exist other substantial markets for winter tourism in the Alps that have largely been ignored. Using results from a nationwide survey of German tourists and supplemented by primary research, numerous resorts/destinations and market segments are shown in a two-dimensional space. This multidimensional representation reveals that most Alpine winter tourism destinations are focusing on skiing and related winter sports (i.e. snowboarding). Yet a large share of the potential winter tourism market has other interests that are often not considered by destination developers as viable products. This paper offers evidence for reflection as resorts/destinations compete for a static or shrinking market while also facing the effects of external forces, primarily climate and demographic change. The future of many resort destinations in the Alps will depend on how they diversify and adapt to changing conditions. The face of winter tourism is changing and the European Alps are on the frontlines of the challenges brought by change.
... Cruise tourism has been increasing its popularity in the world (Papathanassis, 2017). Specifically, the cruise industry in China, which has undergone a rapid growth and remarkable change in recent years (Papathanassis, 2019), is one of the most dynamic and rapidly growing segments of the tourism and leisure travel market in the past decade (Chen, 2016). Between 2006 and 2017, the number of cruisers in this market segment soared from around 100,000 to over 4.95 million, with an annual average growth rate of approximately 50 per cent (Yongchang et al., 2017). ...
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to further explore the effects of customer participation (CP) and service personal values (SPVs) on cruise customer satisfaction (CS) and customer loyalty (CL) by applying the empirical research approach.
Design/methodology/approach
A self-administered questionnaire was prepared and used to collect data. Exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling analysis was used to test the proposed model and hypotheses.
Findings
The empirical results indicate that CP positively influences SPVs, CS and CL. SPVs have a significant and positive impact on CS as well. Moreover, the study also finds that collectivism has a strong positive effect on CP. Price sensitivity negatively moderates the relationship among CP, CPV, CS and CL.
Research limitations/implications
The generalizability of the current study findings should be considered or scrutinized in light of the fact that limited samples and cross-sectional data were used. This limitation positions the findings as a continuation of the developing path toward a better understanding of customer behavior rather than a definitive conclusion.
Practical implications
The study results show that CP has a positive direct effect on SPVs, CS and CL. Even though many researchers have verified the importance and function of CP, there is a lack of literature, which assesses the influence of CP in a cruise industry context. By focusing on this gap, this research makes it feasible to empirically analyze the different effects of CP in relation to SPVs, CS and CL in Chinese cruise preferences.
Social implications
The study results suggest that CP is a new predictor of CS and CL in the cruise industry. Thus, creating a positive experience through participation is crucial. As customers are co-producers, it is beneficial for the cruise companies to raise labor productivity and reduce cost by guiding and stimulating them to take part in the service-producing process.
Originality/value
Based on the perspective of service-dominant logic, the purpose of this study is to shed light on the formation process of loyalty behavior of Chinese cruise tourists. The empirical results indicate that CP positively influences SPVs, CS and CL. SPVs have a significant and positive impact on CS as well. Moreover, the study also finds that collectivism has a strong positive effect on CP. Price sensitivity negatively moderates the relationship among CP, CPV, CS and CL.
Cruise ship tourism in port cities, while offering opportunities, has brought its own challenges, including overcrowding, disruption to local community mobility, and growing resident concerns, which recently escalated to anti-tourism activities. This article aims to understand the mobility patterns, transportation preferences, and spatial behaviors of cruise ship passengers within the City of Barcelona (Spain). The study is based on a survey conducted with cruise ship tourists visiting the city (n = 793). The key findings reveal the concentration of tourist activity in the old part of the city, and the similarity in spatial behaviors within the city, while the primary mode of exploration is walking, supported by motorized modes of transfer to access distant attractions. Socio-demographic factors and visit characteristics, such as age, group composition, and expenditure levels, are associated with mobility and spatial behavior. This article adds new evidence on the mobility patterns and spatial behaviors of cruise ship tourists visiting a major tourist city. With better knowledge of where cruise ship passengers concentrate, what activity patterns they show, and their preferred modes of transport, policymakers can manage more effectively the influx during peak times and in high-density areas. Strategies to distribute visitors more evenly across the city could be devised to alleviate pressure on heavily frequented zones.
p>This research note investigates the potential for economic growth in Penang, Malaysia, through strategic destination branding for the cruise tourism sector. Penang, a key economic hub, needs help fully harnessing its economic potential, with existing statistics indicating a troubling rise in the unemployment rate. This emphasises the need for effective economic interventions to promote growth and job creation. Despite these challenges, Penang possesses significant untapped potential in cruise tourism. The island's rich cultural heritage and strategic location make it an attractive destination, yet the number of cruise tourists still needs to grow compared to tourist arrivals. This disparity presents a unique opportunity to leverage cruise tourism destination branding as a catalyst for economic growth and employment generation. Penang could address these issues by aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 8 (SDG 8), which promotes sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all. By addressing these issues, Penang could make significant strides towards achieving SDG 8, transforming the illusion of cruise tourism-driven economic development into a tangible opportunity. </p
This research note investigates the potential for economic growth in Penang, Malaysia, through strategic destination branding for the cruise tourism sector. Penang, a key economic hub, needs help fully harnessing its economic potential, with existing statistics indicating a troubling rise in the unemployment rate. This emphasises the need for effective economic interventions to promote growth and job creation. Despite these challenges, Penang possesses significant untapped potential in cruise tourism. The island's rich cultural heritage and strategic location make it an attractive destination, yet the number of cruise tourists still needs to grow compared to tourist arrivals. This disparity presents a unique opportunity to leverage cruise tourism destination branding as a catalyst for economic growth and employment generation. Penang could address these issues by aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 8 (SDG 8), which promotes sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all. By addressing these issues, Penang could make significant strides towards achieving SDG 8, transforming the illusion of cruise tourism-driven economic development into a tangible opportunity.
Painting the variety of surfaces have been practices from ancient times in domestic and on industrial level. From a chemistry perspective, paints are widely used in homes, businesses, school buildings, industrial machinery, and automobiles. Smart manufacturing has a lot to offer in the paint and coatings sector which depends on the plasticizers, pigment dispersions, organic and aqueous solvents, polymer resins, and other additives that make up a modern paint/coating product. Mixing, grinding, milling, filling, and storage performance should be the major elements of the paint producing method. During the manufacturing process, the quality products, the primary testing for density, viscosity, and concealment is forwarded to the laboratory for further inspection to obtain a desired product. There are also a variety of trials, as well as the possibility of washing and challenges occurred in quality control (QC) testing. Owing to vast applications of paint, serious negative effects have been observed on human health, including headaches, the induction of allergies, asthmatic reactions, irritation of the skin and eyes, and increased strain on the heart. In addition to that, paint and its byproducts may cause lethal effects to both human beings and the environment, which on the other hand create serious environmental pollution. Review emphasizes the formulation, manufacturing steps, causes of failure, environmental pollution, and negative human health issues.
Ketchikan, Alaska, is a coastal gateway community that has experienced rapid changes, unearthing visceral realizations of biocultural vulnerabilities and bioregional interdependencies. Bordering the Tongass National Forest, the community embodies and endures complicated historicized impacts from neoliberalism, reproduced today by mass cruise tourism. During the COVID-19 global lockdown, remote field work was conducted employing qualitative, in-depth, semi-structured interviews. The rich data illuminated embodied resident perceptions of community changes and bioregional sensoryscapes. Social-ecological reproduction theory is extended by conceptualizing complex interrelationships involving intersectional emancipation, neolocalism, and biocultural conservation. Emerging from the findings, the authors present an exploratory neolocalism framework including the following seven-indicators: resilient governance, diverse economies, biocultural conservation, intersectional engagement, biocultural identity, emancipatory zoning, and decomposition. This framework is intended to support regenerative tourism planning that resists oppression from corporate domination through neolocal resilience. This research articulates issues of community agency, social-ecological reproduction, and intersectional emancipation for biocultural conservation.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to systematically analyze existing studies related to the adoption of smart technologies in cruise tourism services, particularly robots, artificial intelligence, service automation and virtual reality. More specifically, the authors intend to highlight the current state of research on this topic, present the findings within a conceptual framework and propose a research agenda.
Design/methodology/approach
The relevant literature was extracted using two major electronic databases, web of science (WoS) and Scopus. The authors identified 31 articles from high-quality journals and used a systematic review and the VOSviewer software to analyze them.
Findings
Since 2014, there has been an increase in the number of studies related to smart technologies in cruise tourism services. At first, researchers focused on Royal Caribbean’s robotic bartender arm, whereas other technologies such as digital signage, self-service options, facial recognition and virtual culinary experiences received less attention. However, the interest in exploring these last smart technologies has grown significantly since 2019. The adoption of RAISA in the cruise tourism service (ASCT) framework was proposed, identifying five major domains: cruise robotic technology, technology innovation, cruise passengers’ engagement behavior, cruise passengers’ technology readiness and privacy perception and knowledge expertise. These domains provide valuable guidance for future research in this field.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to systematically analyze literature on the adoption of new technologies in cruise tourism services, specifically focusing on the major technologies available on cruise ships.
Purpose
This paper aims to investigates the use of internal communications to foster workforce resilience in the cruise industry during a crisis. Drawing on the regulatory focus theory, this study explores how internal communication strategies can build employee resilience particularly at a time of difficulty. The regulatory focus theory explores the employee’s rationale for goal pursuit. Prevention-focused individuals are concerned with safety and responsibility while promotion-focused individuals focus on goal advancement. The authors seek to broaden the existing understanding of the application of the regulatory focus theory as a lens to inform internal communications crisis strategies.
Design/methodology/approach
Qualitative research using 15-semi structured interviews with cruise industry experts was undertaken during the pandemic. Applying a sensemaking and sense giving approach the researchers thematically analyzed the data in three stages, allowing for new theoretical insights to be uncovered.
Findings
The findings suggest that internal communication strategies should include prevention-focused messages emphasizing the cruise companies’ responsibility to employees, and promotion-focused communications, to include social interaction and individual growth opportunities.
Originality/value
This study’s contribution is three-fold. First, the authors extend the theoretical application of the regulatory focus theory to internal communication and identify a novel concurrent application of both prevention- and promotion-focused messages for developing a resilient workforce. Second, the authors introduce a preliminary conceptualization of an internal crisis communication strategy, emphasizing the concurrent application of prevention- and promotion-focused messages. Finally, the author offer practical suggestions for managing crisis communication strategies.
In this article, the researcher analyzes the cruise industry which is considered to be a type of tourism. The researcher proposes concepts towards the cruise industry in the aspects of economy, society, culture, and the environment. The cruise industry has been continuously expanding except for a standstill during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, Thailand has a policy that determines the cruise industry as one of the target groups of tourists as found in the National
Collaborations established by living things belonging to different species in nature are considered as "Symbiotic Relations" in Biology. The purpose of this research is to determine whether similar relationships exist at the organizational level. The research was handled in a descriptive type. In this context, the conceptual framework of the subject was created by examining the Management and Biology literature. In addition, whether the defined symbiotic relationships exist in existing industries has been exemplified by making inferences from observations and reports. As a result of the research, it was determined that health, maritime, tourism, textile, food, universities and technology industries mainly developed mutualism, partially commensalism and parasitism in a limited number of their relationships.
Son yıllarda kruvaziyer gemiciliği ve işletmelerindeki büyüme ile birlikte
kruvaziyer limanları önem kazanmaktadır. Liman, program güvenilirliğini
sağlamak ve sürekli bir yolcunun inmesi binmesine, ileriye dönük yolculuklara ve
günübirlik gezi transferlerine izin vermek için hayati öneme sahiptir. Bu sayede,
liman şehirlerine veya yakındaki turistik destinasyonlara seyahat etmenin ülke
ekonomisi için önemli finansal katkı sunduğu bilinmektedir. Kruvaziyer hatları,
ekonomik ve jeopolitik koşullara izin vererek bir destinasyona ilgi gösterdiğinde,
uygulanabilirliği liman ve kıyı özelliklerine bağlıdır. Limana özel ve limanla ilgili
altyapıların yeterli olması, trafik sıkışıklığına ve aksamalara yol açabilecek yoğun
kullanımın olmamasına, altyapıların verimli ve etkin liman hizmetleri sunacak
şekilde modernize edilmesi, limanın bir destinasyon limanı olarak kullanılmasına
olanak sağlayan önemli parametrelerdir.
Limanlar ayrıca, yerel ekonomilere limanın kendisinden daha fazlasını sunan
bir sektöre hizmet sağlama fırsatını da fark etmektedir. Yolcular ve mürettebat
harcamaları da dahil olmak üzere kruvaziyerle ilgili birçok faaliyetin liman şehirleri
veya yakındaki turistik yerler üzerindeki doğrudan ve dolaylı etkileriyle, kruvaziyer
yolcularının sayısını artırmaya yönelik ilgi daha geniş topluluklar ve karar vericiler
tarafından desteklenmiştir. Kuşkusuz, yolcu ve mürettebat harcamaları, kruvaziyer
barındırma ekonomilerine önemli ölçüde katkıda bulunmaktadır. Faaliyetlerini
destekleyen mal ve hizmetlere yönelik kruvaziyer hattı harcamaları ve diğer birçok
dolaylı ve uyarılmış etki, kruvaziyer faaliyetlerine ev sahipliği yapmak için ek motivasyon sağlamaktadır. Liman-kent entegrasyonunun artan önemi, endüstrinin
büyümesiyle örtüşmektedir. Kruvaziyer faaliyetleri, liman yetkilileri ve diğer
liman işletmecileri tarafından yerel ekonomi için görünür faydalarla limanlarını
birbirine bağlamak için teşvik edilen gündemlerin bir parçasıdır.
Tüm bunlar, farklı kruvaziyer güzergâhlarının kullanılmasına ve geçmişte
gözlemlenen küresel kruvaziyer limanı sisteminin yüksek düzeyde yoğunlaşmasının
azalmasına katkıda bulunmaktadır. 20. yüzyılda, küresel kruvaziyer limanı
sistemi, yüksek düzeyde bölgesel yoğunlaşmanın yanı sıra bir dizi liman ziyareti
ile karakterize edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, 21. yüzyılda, kruvaziyer gemilerinde
geniş kapsamlı küresel güzergâh oluşturma ve birçok kruvaziyer limanının
ilerleyen kruvaziyer faaliyetlerine artan ilgi, kayda değer seviyelerde olup
kruvaziyer faaliyetlerine ev sahipliği yapan limanların sayısını artırmıştır. Sayılan
bu sebeplerle ülkemizin turizm potansiyeline sahip İstanbul şehrine geçmişte de
yolcu gemilerinin sıklıkla uğrak yeri olması vesilesiyle Galata Limanı Kruvaziyer
Liman olarak dönüştürülmüştür.
2021 yılında biten proje ile birlikte Galataport bugün ülkemizin günlük 15.000
yolcu kapasitesiyle en büyük kruvaziyer liman kompleksini oluşturmuştur.
Limanın bulunduğu tarihsel bağlam, kültür ve sanat faaliyetleri ile iç içe oluşu
önemli fırsatlar yaratmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra İstanbul’un tarihsel geçmişi, Bizans
ve Osmanlı gibi köklü uygarlıkların beşiği olma özelliği limanın temel özelliklerini
perçinlemiş ve atıl durumda olan depo bölümlerinin yeniden işlevlendirilmesiyle
kültür, sanat, tarih ve turizm notasyonu uygulayarak kruvaziyer turizmi açısında
önemli bir destinasyon hizmeti sunma olasılığı doğmuştur.
Çalışma kapsamına kentsel kıyı alanları ve limanlar ile ilgili genel bilgiler verilerek sürdürülebilirlik bağlamında yeniden işlevlendirme sürecinin durumu, turizm ile ilişkilerine değinilmiş ve yeniden işlevlendirme, dönüştürme örnekleri ortaya koyulacaktır. Daha sonra ise Galataport süreci, projesi ve tarihsel önemi hakkında bilgiler verilecektir. Galaport projesi ve kentsel kıyı alanlarının kullanımı hakkında değerlendirme yapılacaktır.
Zusammenfassung
Die internationale Kreuzfahrt wurde durch COVID 19 noch stärker als der Tourismus allgemein getroffen. Die unklare und auch wechselhafte Lage und Entwicklung von COVID 19 und der entsprechenden staatlichen Reaktionen erzwang 2020 und 2021 starke und kurzfristige Anpassungen der Kreuzfahrtreedereien bei der Durchführung von Kreuzfahrten. Dies führte 2020 und 2021 zu starken Rückgängen und Änderungen und so u.a. zu einem stark wachsenden Finanzierungsbedarf, womit sich insgesamt verschiedene ernste Herausforderungen für die Kreuzfahrtindustrie ergaben. Dies und die Charakteristik eines stark wettbewerbsorientierten Wachstumsmarktes veränderte die Lage und den Markt der Kreuzfahrtindustrie weltweit stark und wird auch über die Corona Zeit hinausreichen. Der vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit den Veränderungen der Rahmenbedingungen sowie den wesentlichen Folgen und Herausforderungen für die Kreuzfahrtindustrie, die aus diesen Veränderungen folgten. Kernthemen sind die Finanzen, das Marketing sowie die Nachhaltigkeit, wobei ein Schwerpunkt auf den deutschen Kreuzfahrtmarkt gelegt wird.
Purpose
The market segment of families with young children is significant for the cruise industry in China. This study aims to examine the cruise experience of them and facilitate the provision of family cruise vacation products and services.
Design/methodology/approach
This study collects online comments on the cruise experience of Chinese families with young children and analyzes the data in terms of text, sentiment and content.
Findings
The results of the text analysis indicate issues with several dimensions of the cruise experience. But the results of a sentiment analysis reveal that only 56.76% of the Chinese families with young children expressed positive feelings about cruise tourism. Almost one third (30.43%) expressed negative feelings, and the rest were neutral. In addition, by conducting a content analysis of the negative sentiment comments, this study identifies areas where cruise products and services need to be improved.
Practical implications
Cruise lines are advised to improve the provision of family cruise vacation products and services, such as enhancing physical experience elements, paying attention to human interaction and situational factors and caring for travelers’ personal needs.
Originality/value
This paper explores the cruise experience of Chinese families with young children, which is currently underdeveloped. A methodology approach including text analysis, sentiment analysis and content analysis is systematically applied to offer a holistic and deep understanding of travel experience. A framework for the cruise experience is proposed, which has theoretical and practical significance.
Purpose
This paper aims to explore and discuss the impact of digital innovations from a business eco-systemic perspective. Key smart technology application themes in the cruise industry are extracted and synthesised in a “Smart Cruise Ecosystem” (SCE) framework.
Design/methodology/approach
Information communication technologies (ICTs) advancements and smart tools revolutionise interactions and affect all transactions, transforming the cruise experience. Gradually a Smart Cruise Ecosystem emerges by incorporating all technologies available and involving cruise passengers, who as smart actors interact dynamically with stakeholders, creating value before, during and after the cruising experience. The COVID-19 pandemic outbreak stressed the need for touchless and digital interactions as well as real-time information, fast-tracking the deployment of smart technologies. The diffusion of ICTs in the cruise industry is multi-faceted and dynamic, resulting in a number of smart-technology use-cases.
Findings
Smart technology constitutes a comprehensive smart ecosystem to manage all actors, controls, devises and systems to optimise ship operations and management, while co-creating value for guests and crew in an effective way. The multiplex SCE proposed is enabled by digital technologies collecting, storing, accessing and processing big data dynamically, including: object detection, Internet of Things, Internet of Everything, satellite communications, Big Data, automation, robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learnin, Cloud Computing, Augmented, Virtual and Mixed Reality. A range of interoperable and interconnected supporting systems form the basis of the smart ecosystem.
Originality/value
The proposed framework offers a holistic perspective of the smart-cruising domain, highlighting innovations, interfaces, dependencies, along with the corresponding key limitations and challenges. The synthesis and conceptual structure provided serves as a topology for guiding and connecting further research in smart cruising.
Cities across the globe are faced with (re)developing cruise infrastructure because of the increase in the number, size and capacity of cruise ships. Infrastructure development involves stakeholder networks which embrace competing interests, potentially leading to network fragmentation and associated risks. Despite prior studies identifying the risks that can arise from network fragmentation in infrastructure development, there is little research considering this issue explicitly in the context of cruise infrastructure development. This paper explores the extent to which network fragmentation can lead to risks impacting the development of cruise infrastructure. Twenty-three semi-structured interviews were conducted with key stakeholders in Auckland, New Zealand. Results demonstrate that network fragmentation was evident, leading to critical risks. Fragmentation was driven by political instability, competing interests, inadequate governance, and a lack of: a) effective leadership, b) a coordinated national strategy or vision, c) transparency, d) trust, and e) inclusiveness, particularly in the planning phase.
This study provides an empirical analysis of the challenges that cruise ports in Europe were facing before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 triggered an unprecedented global health and economic crisis with severe, and potentially structural, consequences for the cruise world. In this context, knowledge of the key challenges that cruise ports need to address builds capacities for conceptualising, but also better responding, in the post-COVID-19 conditions to both pre-existing challenges and the ones produced by the pandemic. The study examines the former group of challenges. It does so analysing a survey answered by 155 cruise ports in 34 countries in the two European markets (North Europe and the Med) just before the pandemic outbreak. The survey identifies the significance of different types of challenges (operational, strategic, societal, environmental), and the hierarchy of challenges referring to the relationships between ports and cruise lines. Detailing which issues were (not) shared by the entire cruise port industry, the findings reveal that the pre-pandemic search for sustainable growth of the cruise activities hosted had led to diverging challenges in each of these two cruise markets. They also establish that port governance models do matter when it comes to the variation of the confronted challenges. These results imply that policy initiatives based on a "one size fits all" approach would provide a rather ineffective helping hand in resolving the major of the identified challenges. ARTICLE HISTORY
Cruise is a maritime activity on continuous growth for more than three decades. With the positive direct and indirect impacts diffused to the port cities or nearby touristic destinations, cruise seaports are gaining importance. The interest in hosting more cruise calls and cruise passenger movements has been supported, in general, by broader communities and decision makers. Still growing cruise business, like any other economic activity, is also associated with externalities raising social, economic, and environmental questions and challenges for cruise port and the surrounding areas. This chapter details the two groups of factors that transform the efforts of going ‘green’ to a strategic challenge for cruise ports, and reviews the key issues that cruise ports need to address aiming to achieve the sustainability of their development.
A never ending challenge for the cruise industry is to convert potential cruisers to cruisers. Grounded in Attribute Knowledge Theory and studies on novelty seeking, this study addressed this challenge by examining the different attributes of a cruise ship that influence the decision making of cruisers and potential cruisers. Using a sample of cruisers and potential cruisers with similar socio-demographics, this study found that they perceive seven dimensions of onboard attributes, but attach different importance to some of them. These results, consistent with the theoretical prediction, provide evidence that the cruise industry should develop different marketing strategies for cruisers and potential cruisers.
This book is divided into six parts, which are organized to guide the reader step by step from the macro level of the cruise industry to the micro level of operations management on board cruise ships. Part I (chapters 1-4) sets the scene for the book by characterizing the conditions under which cruise lines operate. Part II (chapters 5-8) includes four chapters that address issues of significance for corporate managers in the cruise sector. Part III (chapters 9-11) deal with aspects of the marketing mix employed by cruise lines to attract passengers and fill their ships. Part IV (chapters 12-15) is concerned with managerial functions related directly to the cruise product. Part V (chapters 16-19) focuses on operational management functions on board cruise ships. The final Part VI (chapter 20) looks at future development possibilities for the cruise sector.
In a market characterized by gigantism and the trend toward the Las Vegas resort concept, our paper seeks to analyze passenger satisfaction when faced with the dilemma of a wider array of facilities and services, but at the cost of a cruise "en masse". A sample of 105 thousand passenger ratings of 134 vessels and 9 different cruise brands reveals a clear negative relationship between passenger satisfaction and vessels' gigantism and, to a lesser extent, modern design. Satisfaction also seems to significantly depend on three groups of factors: the cruise line experience; the vessel's intrinsic characteristics, although its construction cost has no effect, and passengers' own profiles: their ratings clearly depend on their motivations for choosing a particular cruise but are not influenced by expert opinion of the vessel. So, predicting customer satisfaction for such a complex tourism product is a challenge for future planning in this sector.
This Regional Spotlight considers the issue of over-tourism and the (ecological) survival of Venice as a destination. In Venice, ecology, economics and culture are inextricably linked to the conflict between human and natural capital. The attempts to neatly arrange the challenges in sustaining the city, convenient categorical interest groups and occasional hostility in implementing policies call for an ambidextrous management approach (exploitation and exploration) instead of the Trexit approach suggested by the anti-tourism movements.
We use a unique multi-method natural experiment to measure economic, social, and environmental impacts of cruise tourism on a local community. Through the measurement of multidimensional indicators before and after the opening of a cruise ship port, and using control groups, we compare community impacts with greater detail and control than previous studies. Although theory and industry multiplier estimates predict gains in employment, income, and related measures, we find little evidence of improvement. The ability of the local population to provide for necessities and obtain sufficient food worsened, corruption increased, and there were substantial negative environmental impacts. One observed benefit to communities was a decrease in crime due to an increase in government expenditure on policing. Our results show that in low taxation and regulation environments with an absence of community development and involvement initiatives, large cruise tourism projects can fail to provide benefits for local populations.
Increasingly, cruise operators are utilising information and communication technologies (ICTs) to improve service-effectiveness and process efficiency, both on- and off-board. Therefore, it is worth initiating a discussion on the potential and challenges ICTs entail for both cruise operators’ back-offices and for cruisers’ consumption experiences. This book documents the proceedings of the 1st e-Cruising Conference (Bremerhaven, Germany), which was aimed at discussing the possibilities and applicability of ICTs and mobile services in various aspects of cruise operations. Following a rigorous double-blind review, the best papers were chosen to be incorporated in this volume.
While many studies have identified the important aspects on the ship to cruisers, none has evaluated these attributes to determine cruisers’ willingness to pay for each attribute. This paper is the first to use a choice experiment to unbundle the overarching cruise price to explore the preferences of cruisers. The absence of a status quo effect suggests that cruise passengers are novelty lovers who welcome innovative offerings apart from those who cruise specifically to “get away”. Overall, males, Gen X-ers and first timers were willing to pay the most for a cabin with a view while the desire to be pampered influenced preferences for cabin comfort and shore excursion choice. Concern over value for money explained whether a respondent would be more prone to choosing the new options presented instead of remaining with the status quo.
Purpose
Cruise tourism is a dynamic, growing segment of tourism that has long ceased to represent a mere niche and is slowly but steadily entering the domain of mainstream tourism. Yet, cruise tourism represents a minor fraction of tourism-related literature and research (Papathanassis and Beckmann, 2011). This study aims to examine the main trends and state-of-the-art developments in cruise tourism. The intension is to provide a starting point, a basis for non-specialists in this area, for further interdisciplinary research.
Design/methodology/approach
Using the author’s previous research and expertise over the past decade, this paper aims at providing a concise overview of the key perspectives and concepts in cruise tourism, whilst highlighting the current and future challenges faced by the sector and its stakeholders.
Findings
In this context, the potential of information and communication technologies for cruise tourism development and research (e-cruising) is underlined.
Originality/value
Finally, this paper offers a comprehensive systemic definition of cruise tourism and the corresponding Cruise Entities, inter-Relationships and Themes (CruisERT) framework, highlighting relevant areas and questions for further research.
Three major cruise lines account for 82% of the total market share. Their financial statements show different results between the operating incomes and net incomes over time. To examine the major causes of the differences, this study measured the efficiency of the top three cruise lines to develop a network DEA model to analyze the cruise operations at two stages, namely operating and non-operating stages. In addition, the determinants of the efficiencies were examined using a bootstrapped-truncated regression model. Overall, cruise lines were efficient at the operating stage, but varied widely in the efficiency of the non-operating stage. Cruise lines attempting high capacity expansion were relatively inefficient because of the heavy interest payments arising from the high debt-to-capital ratio. Moreover, the neglected hedging policy regarding the financial risks also contributed to the inefficiency.
This work evaluates current cruise demand forecasting practices with the main focus drawn to the European branch. Various forecasts underline the immense growth potential of this particular cruise market tempting cruise operators to launch additional capacity in this market. Given under-capacities in the cruise sector, forecasts tend to focus on the expected availability of lower berths rather than the market’s demand for them. The implicit assumptions here are: Conditions of under-capacities and a near-100% capacity utilisation will persist in the foreseeable future. Those implicit assumptions potentially render forecasts into self-fulfilling prophecies thus warranting further examination and discussion. This study adopts a Delphi methodology in order to examine the influence and validity of such assumptions. Cruise industry experts were questioned on their expectations for the development of European cruise industry over the next ten years. The aim was to identify their perception of published forecasts and the influence they exert on the market’s development. Our research results confirm the tendency towards self-fulfilling prophecies. New cruise ships are financed and ordered on the basis of an increasing demand, which is nevertheless fuelled by lower prices set by cruise operators creating an ‘artificially-maintained’ under-capacity, reinforcing existing forecasting practices.
Cruise industry has recorded rapid expansion during the last decades. Regional cruise development has raised various issues, mostly related to the impacts of the activity upon the destinations. Cruise industry has substantial contribution to local economies; however the rapid increase of ships' size and the concentration of calls are responsible for congestion phenomenon in many port-cities. To that extent, the sustainability of the activity can be questioned. Current research focuses on the economic impacts while, recently, there is an increasing interest on environmental matters from both sides-business and society. The recent demonstrations in Venice may be used as an incident of a raising awareness of the local communities regarding the cruise activity and its impacts both on the city and the way of life.
Despite the challenged contention that consumers serve more onto larger dinnerware, it remains unclear what would cause this and who might be most at risk. The results of five studies suggest that the neglected Delboeuf illusion may explain how the size of dinnerware creates two opposing biases that lead people to overserve on larger plates and bowls and underserve on smaller ones. A countercyclical sinus-shaped relationship is shown to exist between these serving biases and the relative gap between the edge of the food and the edge of the dinnerware. Although these serving biases are difficult to eliminate with attention and education, changing the color of one’s dinnerware or tablecloth may help attenuate them. By showing that the Delboeuf illusion offers a mechanistic explanation for how dinnerware size can bias serving and intake, we open new theoretical opportunities for linking illusions to eating behavior and suggest how simple changes in design can improve consumer welfare.
Few studies have compared cruise passengers to other tourists in terms of various behavioral variables. The present study focuses on cruise passengers' expenditures while visiting a harbor. As part of three larger studies, cruise passengers and other tourists were interviewed about their expenditures while visiting western Norway. Study 1 was performed during the summer of 2010 (N = 1891 tourists of whom 9% (165) were cruise passengers). Respondents were asked about their estimated total expenditures on the day they were interviewed. Study 2 was performed during the summer season of 2011 (N = 2478, of whom 388 (15.8%) were cruise passengers). Respondents were interviewed about their expenditures (total amount today), and about how they spend their money while visiting the current destination “today”. The data for Study 3 were collected during the summer of 2012 in a study of 4002 respondents of whom 18.9% (756) were cruise tourists, basically addressing the same issues. Results indicate that cruise passengers spend significantly less at their destinations than other tourists. In addition, the data indicate that cruise tourists overestimate their expenditure to a higher degree than other tourists. Some possible implications are indicated.
Cruise tourism is the fastest growing segment of leisure tourism. With its growth has come concern about the impact of cruise tourism on coastal and marine environments, local economies, and on the sociocultural nature of port communities. These three areas are key elements in analyses focused on responsible tourism, and form a critical base from which to consider strategies to ensure the sustainable development of cruise tourism. The goal of this article is to illustrate how a responsible tourism lens measures the impact of cruise tourism and, with its focus on the perceptions of host communities, more effectively addresses grassroots concerns. Case examples are used to identify and describe challenges faced by governments, communities, and the cruise industry. Analysis of these issues and challenges gives direction for how cruise tourism can grow in ways that are both sustainable and responsible.
Do the different cruise line itineraries have an effect on cruise ship occupancy rates? This paper attempts to answer this question by examining occupancy rates of almost 30,000 cruise ship voyages, that set sail on fifteen different cruise ship itineraries. All of the voyages investigated disembarked in U.S. homeports, and include voyages to the Caribbean, Bahamas, Bermuda, Alaska, Mexico, Hawaii, and even cruises to nowhere. The researchers performed a linear regression analysis of the data and reported that cruise itineraries do have a significant effect on cruise ship occupancy rates, and the regression model explained a significant proportion (23%) of the variance in occupancy rate.
This paper explores the extent to which current trends within the cruiseship sector exemplify the five core principles that underpin the McDonaldization thesis. There are some ships that possess attributes consistent with the core principles: efficiency, calculability, predictability, control, and the “irrationality of rationality”. However, these vessels also exhibit qualities that are, in certain ways, inconsistent with some of these principles. Risk and post-Fordist customization, for example, have influenced cruise tourism in ways that are sometimes difficult to reconcile with McDonaldization thesis. This paper demonstrates that this thesis does not adequately speak to the nature of production and consumption on board “supersized” cruiseships.RésuméLa thèse de la McDonaldisation et le tourisme de croisière. Cet article explore la mesure dans laquelle les tendances actuelles du tourisme dans le secteur des paquebots exemplifient les cinq principes fondamentaux qui sont à la base de la thèse de la McDonaldisation. Il y a des bateaux qui ont des attributs qui correspondent aux principes fondamentaux: efficacité, calculabilité, prévisibilité, contrôle et « l’irrationalité de la rationalité ». Pourtant, ces transports montrent aussi des qualités qui, de certaines manières, ne concordent pas avec quelques-uns de ces principes. Le risque et la personnalisation post-Fordien, par exemple, ont influencé le tourisme de croisière dans des sens qui sont parfois difficiles à réconcilier avec la McDonaldisation. Cet article démontre que la thèse ne s’applique pas de façon adéquate à la nature de la production ou de la consommation à bord des paquebots « format super ».
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