Til (Sesamum indicum L.) - An Underexploited but Promising Oilseed with Multifarious Applications: A Review

Abstract

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), called as ‘the queen of oilseeds’, is an annual flowering plant of Pedaliaceae family. Sesame has one of the highest oil contents of any seed, which is known for properties of good health consists of a plethora of nutrients viz., proteins, carbohydrates, antioxidants, lignans, essential amino and fatty acids, and other micronutrients. With a rich and nutty flavour, it is a common ingredient in cuisines across the world. India is the largest producer of sesame. Benefits of this enigmatic crop include properties of anticancer, antioxidative, anti-immuno regulation and anti-hypersensitivity. Covering wide agro ecological regions of the world, different varieties of sesame seeds are available. They are seen
growing in different parts of the world, where India being one of the major producers. The oil from this seed can be extracted by simple processes of solvent extraction and expelling or advanced supercritical extraction. Sesame which is considered as an extremely beneficial medicine has inherent power to cure many diseases. Sesame has a ray of health benefits in lowering cholesterol, controlling blood pressure, dermatological disease management and many more areas. Even in the industries, sesame oil can be utilized as biodiesel and other uses. Despite having tremendous potential, sesame remain under-estimated due to certain constraints which must be properly identified and solved for better exploitation of this wonderful oil seed. This review gives an overall impact about sesame, properties and its role in various sections.

Full text

International Journal of Bioresource Science
Citation: BS: 5(2): 127-139, December 2018
DOI: 10.30954/2347-9655.02.2018.8
©2018 New Delhi Publishers. All rights reserved
Til (Sesamum indicum L.) - An Underexploited but Promising
Oilseed with Multifarious Applications: A Review
Sritama Biswas1, Suman Natta2, Deb Prasad Ray3, Prithusayak Mondal4* and
Urmi Saha5
1Department of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur - 741252, Nadia, West Bengal, India
2Department of Biochemistry, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari - 736165, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
3ICAR-National Institute of Natural Fibre Engineering & Technology, 12, Regent Park, Kolkata-700040, India
4Regional Research Station (Terai Zone), Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari - 736165, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
5Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur - 741252, Nadia,
West Bengal, India
*Corresponding author: prithusayak@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), called as ‘the queen of oilseeds’, is an annual owering plant of Pedaliaceae
family. Sesame has one of the highest oil contents of any seed, which is known for properties of good
health consists of a plethora of nutrients viz., proteins, carbohydrates, antioxidants, lignans, essential
amino and fay acids, and other micronutrients. With a rich and nuy avour, it is a common ingredient
in cuisines across the world. India is the largest producer of sesame. Benets of this enigmatic crop include
properties of anticancer, antioxidative, anti-immuno regulation and anti-hypersensitivity. Covering wide
agro ecological regions of the world, dierent varieties of sesame seeds are available. They are seen
growing in dierent parts of the world, where India being one of the major producers. The oil from this
seed can be extracted by simple processes of solvent extraction and expelling or advanced supercritical
extraction. Sesame which is considered as an extremely benecial medicine has inherent power to cure
many diseases. Sesame has a ray of health benets in lowering cholesterol, controlling blood pressure,
dermatological disease management and many more areas. Even in the industries, sesame oil can be
utilized as biodiesel and other uses. Despite having tremendous potential, sesame remain under-estimated
due to certain constraints which must be properly identied and solved for beer exploitation of this
wonderful oil seed. This review gives an overall impact about sesame, properties and its role in various
sections.
Keywords: Sesamum indicum, edible oil, antioxidants, nutraceutical, health benets
Sesame or Gingelly (Sesamum indicum L., 2n=26) is
commonly known as ‘Til’ (Bengali, Hindi, Punjabi,
Assamese, Marathi), ‘Tal’ (Gujarati), ‘Nuvvulu/
Manchi nuvvulu’ (Telugu), ‘Ellu’ (Tamil, Malayalam,
Kannada), ‘Tila/ Pitratarpana’ (Sanskrit) and ‘Rasi’
(Odia) in dierent parts of India. Belonging to the
Pedaliaceae family, it is the most ancient indigenous
oil seed known and used by man. In the world,
India ranks first in the area and production of
sesame seeds, and it is grown in dierent seasons
covering practically all agro-ecological zones. This
herbaceous annual plant is thought to be originated
in Africa. Sesame is called ‘Queen of Oilseeds’
due to its high quality polyunsaturated stable
fay acids those restrain oxidative rancidity. It is
also stable due to the natural antioxidants such as
sesamin, sesamol, sesamolin and sesamolinol that
reduce the rate of oxidation. It is widely preferred
for its quality of high drought tolerance and has
been extensively used for thousands of years as
a seed of worldwide significance for edible oil,
paste, cake, confectionary purposes and our due
to its highly stable oil contents, nutritious protein
(rich in methionine, tryptophan and valine) and
savoury nuy roasted avour (Anilakumar et al.
2010; Prakash and Naik, 2014; Pathak et al. 2017).

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About 70% of the world’s sesame seed is processed
into oil and meal. Total annual consumption is
about 65% for oil extraction and 35% for food. The
food segment includes about 42% roasted sesame,
12% ground sesame, 36% washed sesame, and 10%
roasted sesame seed with salt. There mainly two
distinct types of sesame seeds are popular, viz.
white and black though a few other varieties from
red to rose coloured or from brown to grey are
also available. White sesame seed is imported from
Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador, while black
one comes from China and Thailand. Sesame oil
is also referred to as benne oil and is a pale yellow,
oily liquid and almost odourless with a bland taste.
The oil consists of glycerides with about 43% oleic
and linoleic each, 9% palmitic, and 4% stearic fay
acids. The present review highlights sesame seed/
oil composition and their multipurpose uses in
food/nutritional, medicinal, pharmaceutical and
other industries.
Plant morphology and habitat
Sesame is an annual shrub of Pedaliaceae family
having white bell-shaped owers with a hint of
blue, red or yellow with or without branches (Martin
and Leonard, 1967). It is grown for the production
of seeds that are rich in oil content. It comes in a
variety of colours, creamy-white to charcoal-black.
In general, the paler varieties of sesame seem to be
more valued in West and Middle East, while the
black varieties are prized in the Far East. Sesame
is found in tropical, subtropical, and southern
temperate areas of the world, particularly in India,
China, South America and Africa. It has utmost
economical importance and is primarily grown by
small farmers in developing countries. The plant,
1-2 m tall, having an unpleasant odour, grows best
in tropical climates, sandy, well-drained soil with
hot climate and moderate rainfall. It is propagated
by seeds sown in spring and it takes about four
months for the seeds to ripen fully. The leaves vary
from ovate to lanceolate and are hairy on both
sides. The owers are purple to whitish, resembling
foxglove, followed by3 cm capsules/fruits containing
numerous seeds (McCormick, 2001). Each plant
may bear 15-20 fruits, which contain 70-100 seeds.
It matures in 80–180 days, when the stems are cut
and hung upside down for the ripe seeds to fall
out to be collected on mats. Mechanical harvesting
is also used, with total worldwide production of
almost four billion pounds annually.
Taxonomic hierarchy of Sesamum indicum Linn.
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Viridiplantae (Green plants)
Superdivision Embryophyta
Division Tracheophyta (Vascular plants)
Subdivision Spermatophytina (Seed plants)
Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
Superorder Asteranae
Order Lamiales
Family Pedaliaceae
Genus Sesamum
Species indicum
Cultivation under Indian condition
The crop is grown in almost all parts of the
country. India is the largest producer of sesame
in the world. It also ranks first in the world in
terms of sesame-growing area (about 1.95 million
hectares) accounting for 25 % of the total sesame
cultivated area in the world with a total production
of 0.87 million tonnes and productivity of 413 kg/
ha (NMOOP, 2018). More than 85% production
of til comes from West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Uar Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh
and Telangana. Necessary conditions for sesame
cultivation are mentioned in Table 1.
Sesame Products
Sesame is grown for its seeds and the primary
use of these same seed is as a source of oil for
cooking. The young leaves may also be eaten in
stews and the dried stems may be burnt as fuel
with the ash used for local soap making but such
uses are entirely subordinate to seed production
(Table 2). The crop of sesame is commercialized
in a number of forms. Most sesame seeds are
processed directly into oil by the grower or within
the producing region but are also sold in various
stages of processing,for various uses, such as meal,
paste, confections and bakery products (Salunkhe et
al. 1991). Once harvested, the seeds are cleaned and
dried to about 8% moisture and then stored before
crushing. The seeds are typically crushed intact for
the oil. This,however, yields a meal that is bier
and somewhat indigestible due to the presence of

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the brous husk. As such the meal is only useful
as cattle feed. The quality of the meal can be
improved by removing the seed coat, dehulling,
before crushing (Morris, 2002). In India, where
sesame meal is an important food, this process is
a standard feature of an oil extraction plant. The
meal is remarkable for its high protein content,
which again is rich in methionine and tryptophan.
Since these amino acids are missing from a number
of other sources of vegetable protein, such as soy,
sesame meal or our can be added to recipes to give
a beer nutritional balance to health food products
(Prakash, 1985; Quasem et al. 2009).
Dehulling is also important for the production
of the ground seed pastes such as tahini and
for confectionery uses. The dehulled seeds are
extensively used in the ground form where they
comprise the base material of tahini, a paste
used as an ingredient in Eastern Mediterranean
and Middle Eastern foods. The seeds, hulled or
dehulled, roasted or raw are now widely used
in the European and North American bakery
industry as a garnish on bread products. The
oil is also useful in the industrial preparation of
perfumery, cosmetics (skin conditioning agents
and moisturizers, hair preparations, bath oils,
hand products and make-up), pharmaceuticals
(vehicle for drug delivery),insecticides, and paints
and varnishes. However, all of these uses are
comparatively insignicant in terms of the quantities
used (Chakraborthy et al. 2008).
Sesame seeds
Flavourful, crunchy sesame seeds are widely
considered as healthy foods. Carbohydrates in
sesame seed are composed of 3.2% glucose, 2.6%
fructose and 0.2% sucrose while the remaining
quantity is dietary bres. The seeds are especially
Table 1: Necessary conditions for cultivation of til
Parameters Indian scenario
Season Kharif in arid and semi-arid tropics and rabi/summer in cooler areas
Climate Semi-arid climate of Western India, Central, Eastern and Southern part of India including lower
Himalayas
Varieties For upland cultivation, varieties with long duration of 100-110 days and for low land, varieties with
duration of 80-99 days are preferred
Guj. Til-1, TKG-21, RT-46,
AKT-64, Sekhar, Nirmala,
Shubhra
RT-54, Smarak Rama, Savitri,
Varaha, Gautama,
Chandana
Guj. Til-10, PKDS-8, Co-1,
Paiyur-1, VRI-1, Prachi,
Amrit, DS-1
(White seeded) (Light brown/
golden yellow
seeded)
(Brown seeded) (Dark brown/ black seeded)
Soil Well drained light to medium textured soils having pH 5.5-8.0
Seed rate 5 kg/ha
Seed treatment For prevention of seed borne diseases, seeds are treated with Bavistin @ 2 g/kg seed.
Wherever bacterial leaf spot disease is a problem, seeds need to be soaked for 30 minutes in 0.025%
solution of Agrimycin-100 prior to seeding.
Sowing spacing 30-45 cm × 10-15 cm (most common); 22.5 cm × 22.5 cm
Table 2: Products of sesame and its uses
Parts used Products Description
Seeds Confectionery and
Biscuits
Fried seeds bound together with sugar syrup, whole seeds baked into Biscuits,
popular in northern Europe either incorporated into breads or as decorative toppings,
a paste of sesame seeds is used as an ingredient in eastern Mediterranean and Middle
Eastern foods
Oil Varied uses To treat ulcers and burns, low grade oil is used in making soaps, paints, lubricants,
and illuminants
Cake Food and feed Protein rich useful supplement, used in some Indian cooking

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rich in mono-unsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid,
which comprises of up to 50% of fay acids in them.
Oleic acid helps lower LDL or ‘bad cholesterol’ and
increases HDL or ‘good cholesterol’ in the blood.
The seeds are also very valuable sources of dietary
protein with sulphur containing amino acids that
are essential for growth, especially in children.
Just 100 g of seeds provide about 18 g of protein
(Table 3).
Table 3: Nutrient composition of sesame seeds
Sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum), whole, dried, Nutritional
value per 100 g
(Source: USDA National Nutrient date base)
Proximate Principles Nutrient
Value
RDA*
Energy 573 Kcal 29%
Carbohydrates 23.45 g 18%
Glucose 3.20 g —
Fructose 2.60 g —
Sucrose 0.20 g —
Dietary Fiber 11.80 g 31%
Protein 17.73 g 32%
Fat 49.67 g 166%
Saturated Fay Acids (% in oil) 14.00 g —
Monounsaturated Fay Acids (% in
oil)
39.00 g —
Polyunsaturated Fay acids (% in oil) 46.00 g —
Cholesterol 0 mg 0%
Vitamins
Folates 97 mcg 25%
Niacin 4.515 mg 28%
Pantothenic acid 0.050 mg 1%
Pyridoxine 0.790 mg 61%
Riboavin 0.247 mg 19%
Thiamin 0.791 mg 66%
Vitamin A 9 IU <1%
Vitamin C 0 0%
Vitamin E 0.25 mg 2%
Electrolytes
Sodium 11 mg 1%
Potassium 468 mg 10%
Minerals
Calcium 975 mg 98%
Copper 4.082 mg 453%
Iron 14.55 mg 182%
Magnesium 351 mg 88%
Manganese 2.460 mg 107%
Phosphorus 629 mg 90%
Selenium 34.4 mcg 62.5%
Zinc 7.75 mg 70%
Phytonutrients
β-carotene 5 mcg —
*RDA = Recommended Dietary Allowance based on 2000 Kcal
diet/day.
Sesame seeds contain many health benefiting
compounds such as sesamin, sesamol (3,4-methylene-
dioxyphenol), sesaminol, furyl-methanthiol, guajacol
(2-methoxyphenol), phenylethanthiol, furaneol,
vinylguacol, and decadienal (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1: Chemical structure of bioactive compounds obtained
from sesame
Sesamol and sesaminol are phenolic anti-oxidants.
Together, these compounds help stave o harmful
free radicals from the human body. Sesame is among
the seeds rich in quality vitamins, and minerals.
They are very good sources of B-complex vitamins
such as niacin, folic acid, thiamine, pyridoxine
and riboflavin.100 g of sesame contains 97 µg
of folic acid. Folic acid is essential for DNA
synthesis. When given to expectant mothers, it
may prevent neural tube defects in the new-borns.
The seeds are incredibly rich sources of many
essential minerals. Calcium, iron, manganese, zinc,
magnesium, selenium, and copper are especially
concentrated in sesame seeds. Many of these
minerals have a vital role in bone mineralization,
red blood cell production, enzyme synthesis,
hormone production, as well as regulation of cardiac
and skeletal muscle activities. Sesame seeds are also
the store house of various amino and fay acids
(Table 4) that are considered vital to us.
Extraction of oil from sesame seeds
The industrialization of sesame oil is very important
for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes.
Final product quality and environmental aspects
are the desired considerations for an adequate

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extraction process. Several processes for sesame oil
production include mechanical milling followed by
solvent extraction using organic liquids and solvent
recuperation by distillation.
Table 4: Amino acids and fay acids composition in
sesame seeds
Amino acids and fay acids prole of sesame seeds
Source: Indian Council of Medical Research (1991)
Amino Acids Composition
Contents Amount (mg/ g N)
Arginine 750
Histidine 170
Lysine 170
Tryptophan 080
Phenylalanine 370
Tyrosine 230
Methionine 180
Cystine 120
Threonine 230
Leucine 500
Isoleucine 250
Valine 290
Fay Acids Composition
Contents Amounts (%)
Palmitic acid (16:0) 11.7
Stearic acid (18:0) 05.2
Oleic acid (18:1) 41.4
Linoleic acid (18:2) 39.4
Linolenic acid (18:3) 00.4
Arachidic acid (20:0) 00.4
Behenic acid (22:0) 00.6
Super critical extraction is an alternative process
which uses pressurized uids, minimising the use
of liquid organic solvents (Corso et al. 2010). Sesame
seed gives about 45-50% by weight of highly stable
oil aer extraction. Lignan content contributes to
32.23% in the extract by solvent extraction. Whereas
in case of supercritical extraction, the lignan content
is found to be 1.5-3.5%. The main lignans account
for about 10% of unsaponiable maer in sesame
oil (Reshma et al. 2010). By products obtained from
sesame are rich sources of dietary bres (Elleuch et
al. 2007).
Expelling: It is the simplest method of oil extraction
by crushing, without the intervention of any
chemicals. The desired quality of seeds for crushing
is got by naturally drying, cleaning and grading
the seeds. Cleaning and grading removes physical
impurities. Clean seeds are later crushed in expellers
and rotary machines by adding palm jaggery. Raw
sesame oil obtained is stored in tanks. The sesame
cake is packed and sold in the market as animal
feed. Using lter press, raw sesame oil is ltered
for ne particles. The oilcake sludge from the lter
press is added along with the sesame cake and
crushed.
Solvent extraction: Distribution of the solute
between two immiscible liquid phases which are
in contact with each other, due to the density
dierence is the principle behind solvent extraction
(Kamal-Eldin and Appelqvist, 1995). In the process,
unroasted seeds are first extracted by simple
mechanical pressing followed by solvent extraction.
Solvent extraction of sesame seeds with polar
solvents and eective seed crushing generates more
stable oil than nonpolar solvents and pressed seeds.
Compared to n-Hexane, Heptaneisopropanol proves
to yield more stable oil. Oxidative stability of the
oil is inuenced by the extraction method. Solvent
extraction can yield approximately 52-55 % oil from
the seeds (Alam, 2007). The disadvantages related
with solvent extraction are complex extraction
process, high cost and not suited for small scale
processing. Management of organic solvents is one
of the major problems (Doker et al. 2009; Morris,
2002; Penalvo et al. 2006).
Supercritical extraction: The principle behind
supercritical extraction is that, near the critical
point of the solvent, its properties change rapidly
with slight variations in the pressure involved
(Nakabayashi et al. 1995). Supercritical extraction of
sesame is usually carried out using carbon dioxide
and propane as solvents. Extraction of oil using
carbon dioxide includes 313 to 333 K temperature
range, pressure variation of 19 to 25 MPa and
constant flow rate of 3cm3/min and that using
propane includes 303 to 333K range of temperature,
pressures from 8 to 12 MPa and a constant ow rate
of 0.8cm3/min (Reshma et al. 2010). As the pressure
and the supercritical CO2 ow rate is increased, the
extraction yield can be improved and the time of
the extraction process can also be reduced (Hamada
et al. 2009). The sesame seeds used in the process
are required to be dried and milled with specied
particle diameter (Reshma et al. 2010). This process
is more environmental friendly and the analytes can

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be extracted faster (Nakabayashi et al. 1995). The
disadvantage in this process includes the toxicity
of the solvent and diculty in the understanding
the phase behaviour between the solvent and oil
(Reshma et al. 2010).
Multifaceted benets
About 70 % of the World’s sesame seed is processed
into oil and meal. Total annual consumption has
been estimated to be about 65% for oil extraction
and 35% for food. The meal le aer oil extraction
contains 35-50% proteins which make a rich
feed for poultry and livestock. Several industrial
uses have been identified in sesame. African
people have used sesame to prepare perfumes
and cologne that have been made from sesame
owers. Sesamin has bactericidal and insecticidal
activities and it also acts as an antioxidant which
can inhibit the absorptionof cholesterol and the
production of cholesterol in the liver. Sesamolin
also has insecticidal properties and is used as a
synergist for pyrethrum insecticides(Simon et al.
1984). Sesame seeds are described as the ‘seeds of
immortality’ perhaps for its resistance to oxidation
and rancidity even when stored at ambient air
temperature (Bedigianand Harlan, 1986). Oil is used
for both dietary and therapeutic applications. List
of dierent til products that are used worldwide
are mentioned in Table 5.
Table 5: Culinary uses of sesame seeds in dierent
countries
Food Country
Breas stick, cracker, salad and cooking oil World wide
Sesame cakes, wine and brandy Babylon
Raw, powdered and roasted seeds India
Confectionary China
Salad and sh oil Japan
Substitute for olive oil Europe
Cakes Greece
Soup, spice and seed oil Africa
Sesame seed buns, chips USA
Bread Sicily
Food, Feed and Nutritional Applications
Sesame seeds feature delicate nuy avour. Their
avour indeed becomes more pronounced once they
are gently toasted under low ame heat for a few
minutes. Aqua hulled, double washed and dried
sesame seeds are used on hamburger buns. Roasted
natural sesame seeds are used in the preparation
of bread, breadsticks, cookies, chocolates and ice
creams. The seeds are ground with olive or any
other vegetable oils to prepare semi-solid, avourful
paste, which is then added to dierent recipes. Dry,
toasted sesame seeds and vegetable oil are mixed
into a thin light brown paste called tahini. It is one
of the main ingredients in famous middle-eastern
food items like dip, hummus etc. Roasted seeds
are sprinkled over sandwiches, biscuits, breads,
cakes, salads, stir fries, desserts, particularly
sundaes and other confectionary preparations.
The seeds are largely employed in the production
of margarine in Europe. The seeds used in many
traditional south-Indian sweet delicacies, often
mixed with roasted peanuts, almonds and jaggery.
Gomashio is a Japan’s specialty, which uses ground
sesame seeds. Sesame seed sprouts, sesame broccoli
rice, ginger sesame chicken, sesame granula, sesame
spread, tangerine and sesame, sesame seed sauce
and sesame pastries are a few recipes of sesame.
Sesame oil obtained from the seeds is one of the
most sought aer cooking oil in Malaysia, Indonesia
and southern states of rural India. The antioxidant
property of rened sesame oil contributing for its
greater shelf life makes it suitable for food industry.
Rened sesame oil has a very pleasant avour and
taste and is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids
where the fay acids composition is 14% saturated,
39% mono-unsaturated (MUFA) and 46% poly-
unsaturated fay acids (PUFA). It shows synergistic
activity with insecticides, such as rotenone and
pyrethrum, in reducing the concentration of the
insect toxin required to produce 100% mortality
(Morris, 2002). The anti-oxidant and synergistic
properties are provided by sesamolin and sesamin
contained in the seed. They constitute about 0.3 to
0.5% and 0.5 To 1.0%, respectively.
The de-oiled meal obtained from extraction of
sesame oil is mainly utilized as cale and poultry
feed (Reshma et al. 2010). Sesame can be a promising
alternative to sh meal. It has been reported by
Emadi et al. (2014) that substituting a part of
shmeal by sesame proteins led to the increased
final weight gain, specific growth rate, protein
eciency ratio, as well as decreased food conversion
ratio as compared to the control treatment. Sesame

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meal can be used as an alternative protein source
in feeding diets of carnivorous sh at least in a
half rate osh meal protein (without amino acid
supplementary) without any reduction ingrowth
rate of rainbow trout ngerlings (Nang Thu et al.
2010). In addition, substituting a part of sh meal
with sesame meal would result in a reduction
involuntary food take in common carpngerlings,
ngerlings of merigal sh (Cirrhinus merigala) and
rahosh, Labeorohita (Hossain and Jauncey, 1990).
Alternating sesame cake meal in feeding diets
of tilapia sh to the level of20%, decreased food
expenditure without any harmful effect on fish
growth rate (Ofojekwu and Kigbu, 2002).
Sesame is rich in sulphur containing amino acids and
limited in lysine and contains signicant amounts of
oxalic (2.5%) and phytic (5%) acids (Kapadia et al.
2002). Decorticated sesame seeds have the following
composition:45-63% oil, 19-31% (averaging about
25%) proteins, about 14%carbohydrates and about
3% ash. Unlike many oilseeds, sesame meal is
devoid of anti-tryptic compounds. Sesame oil is
very rich in polyunsaturated fat used in margarine
production and cookingoils. Sesame seeds contain
two unique substances, sesamin and sesamolin,
whence during refinement the two phenolic
antioxidants, sesamol and sesaminol, are formed.
Both of these substances belong to lignans and have
been shown to possess cholesterol-lowering eect
in humans (Ogawa et al. 1995; Hirata et al. 1996)
and to prevent high blood pressure and increase
vitamin-E supplies in animals (Yamashita et al.
1992; Kamal-Eldin et al. 1995). Sesame seeds are an
excellent source of copper and calcium. It is also rich
in phosphorous, iron, magnesium, manganese,zinc
and vitamin B1. The total phytosterol content in
sesame seeds is ~400 mg/100 g, which is higher as
compared to English walnuts and Brazil nuts (113
mg/100g and 95 mg/100 g, respectively) (Phillips et
al. 2005). Just a quarter-cup of sesame seeds supplies
74.0% of the daily value (DV) for copper, 31.6% of
the DV for magnesium and 35.1% of the DV for
calcium. This rich assortment of minerals translates
into many medicinal properties. Like many other
vegetable oils, sesame is decient in vitamin A, but
rich in vitamin E.
Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Applications
Sesame seeds, being a rich source of various
nutrients and many other nutraceutical components
pose numerous health benefits that have been
experienced for thousands of years. Sesame oil is
known since Vedic times and is the most esteemed
oil in Ayurveda. Sesame oil is known for its healing
properties and has a reputation as a sedative in
Tibetan medicine and also used for millennia in
Chinese system of medicine (Moazzami and Kamal-
Eldin, 2006; El Tinay et al. 1976). In Ayurveda, sesame
is known to cure Tridoshas. During Abhyanga, a
form of massage, the oil is rubbed externally on
the skin to improve energy ow and help free the
body from impurities. In Ayurveda, sesame oil is
regarded as an anti-bacterial mouthwash and it can
also be applied to nostrils to relieve anxiety and
insomnia. The pain associated with premenstrual
syndrome (PMS) can be overcome by applying
the oil on to the abdomen region. According to
traditional system of medicines, sesame is known to
cure bleeding dysentery, burns, ear pain, headache
and impotency.
Diabetes management: Magnesium and other
nutrients present in sesame seeds, especially
in sesame oil have shown promising results to
combat diabetes. According to Sankar et al. (2010),
sesame oil improves the eectiveness of the oral
anti-diabetic drug glibenclamide in type 2diabetic
patients. Another study concluded that substitution
of sesame oil as the sole edible oil has an additive
eect in further lowering blood pressure and plasma
glucose in hypertensive diabetics (Sankar et al. 2006).
Fig. 2: Different sesame products

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Blood pressure and cholesterol management:
Sesame seed oil can also boost cardiovascular
health by preventing atherosclerotic lesions. High
PUFA, sesamin and vitamin E content in sesame
oil greatly reduces hypertension when compared
to the blood pressure lowering drugs. Sesamin
feeding signicantly decreases the wall thickness
and area of aorta and superior mesenteric artery.
It also decreases histological renal damage such
as the thickening of tunica intima and fibrinoid
degeneration of the arterial wall, a feature not
observed in normal diet (Costa et al. 2007). Sesamin
is valuable for prophylactic treatment to ght the
development of cardiac hypertrophy and renal hyper
tension (Chaveli et al. 1998). Dietary sesamin and
episesamin has shown signicant increase in the gene
expression of mitochondrial and peroxisomal fay
acid oxidation enzymes such as carnitinepalmitoyl
transferees, acyl-CoAdehydrogenase, acyl-CoA
oxidase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase,enoyl-
CoA hydratase, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase thus
increasing the hepatic activity of fay acid oxidation
which is due to enhanced ketonebody production.
This hepatic fatty acid metabolism accounts
forlowering the serum lipid level (Kita et al. 1995;
Hemalatha and Ghafoorunissa, 2004). Sesamin
also increases the activity and gene expression of
malic enzyme which has lipogenic activity (Kita et
al. 1995). Alpha-tocopherol greatly accentuates the
hypo cholesterolemic action of sesamin, although
which alone does not aect the concentration of
serum cholesterol (Yamada et al. 2008). Karatzi
et al. (2013) reported that daily consumption of
sesame oil by hypertensive men results in positive
eect on endothelial dysfunction. Recently it has
found that consumption of sesame oil improves the
endogenous antioxidants in ischemic myocardium
(Saleem et al. 2012). Sesamol, which also harnesses
anti-atherogenic properties, is thought to be one
reason for the beneficial effects; sesamol has
been shown to possess over dozens of benecial
pharmacologically active properties, many of which
may contribute to improving cardiovascular health.
Antioxidant and dermatological use: The important
antioxidants sesaminol, sesamolinol, sesamolin and
sesamin maintain the fats including Low Density
Lipoproteins (LDL) which cause arteriosclerosis
and are believed to promote the integrity of body
tissues. These antioxidant lignans have shown
hypocholesterolemic and immuno-modulatory
eect (Chavali et al. 1997). Vitamin E, a fat soluble
antioxidant, protects the body from harmful
oxidizing compounds. Sesame seed oil contains
gamma to copherols along with sesaminol and
sesamin which possess Vitamin E like activity.
Sesamol a compound found in sesame seeds and
sesame oil, has been shown in some studies to
protect against DNA damaged caused by radiation
(Kanimozhiand Prasad, 2009; Ramachandran,
2010). UV light produces various reactive oxygen
species (ROS) in the skin causing skin damage
such as sunburns, wrinkles and skin cancer (Balan
et al. 2009). The antioxidants, mainly α-tocopherol,
present in sesame act as a defence against these
ROS.
Oral health: One of the most prominent benets
of sesame seeds and sesame oil revolves around
removing dental plaque and boosting oral health.
They are involved inan activity known as oil pulling,
which involves swishing oil around in your mouth
hereby you can boost oral health and even whiten
up your teeth. One of the study showcase the oil
pulling benets on the oral level, where oil pulling
with sesame oil was shown to reduce the amount
of Streptococcus mutants in both teeth plaque and
mouth saliva, and boost overall health(Ashokan et
al. 2008).
Respiratory ailments management: The mixture
of sesame seeds with Trachyspermum ammi Linn. is
used to treat dry cough, lung diseases and common
cold. It has been reported that the young leaves are
used as medicine for respiratory diseases and seed
oil produces soothing eect for chest complaints
(Ogunsola and Fasola, 2014). High magnesium
content in sesame seeds is ableto prevent asthma
by and other respiratory disorders by preventing
airway spasms.
Pain and inammation management: Sesame oil
and its lignan sesamol have proved to be potent
anti-inammatory agents. They have an excellent
protective effect against endotoxin-associated
inflammatory damage because they inhibit the
release of inammatory mediators. Sesamol also
inhibitsendotoxins from binding to its receptor;
this reduces inammatory transcription factor NF-
κB activation. Sesame oil is abundant in copper,
which is known for reducing pain and swelling
associated with arthritis. Additionally, this mineral

Til (Sesamum indicum L.) - An Underexploited but Promising Oilseed with Multifarious Applications:
135
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helps provide strength to blood vessels, bones and
joints (Hsu, 2013).
Skin and bone health: Sesame seeds are rich in zinc,
which is an essential mineral for producing collagen
and giving skin more elasticity. Zinc also helps in
repairing of damaged tissues in the body. Sesame oil
is also popularly used to sooth burns and prevents
skin related disorders. In addition to promoting
healthy skin, zinc has also been shown to boost
bone mineral density and bone health as a whole.
A study by Hyun et al. (2004) found a correlation
between zinc deciency and osteoporosis in the hip
and spine area. Moreover, sesame seeds are a great
source of calcium – a known trace mineral that is
essential for bone health and preventing related
conditions.
Digestive health: Sesame seeds are rich in ber,
which is known to pave way for a healthy digestive
system and a healthy colon. Sesame seed coats have
high total dietary bre content (42 g/100 g seed
coat dry maer) of which insoluble bre was the
largest fraction, more than 26%. Compared with
cereal derivatives (corn bran, wheat bran, oat bran,
and rice bran), the soluble dietary bre content of
sesame seed coats is considerably higher (0.4 and
4.1%).
Wound healing: Externally it is used to treat
haemorrhoids and ulcers. The major component
of sesame oil i.e. sesamol having anti-oxidative
properties can be used for rapid wound healing
(Fukuda et al. 1981) It was found that sesamol
has both antioxidant activity and anti-clastogenic
activity(Parihar et al. 2006). In a study by Shenoy
et al. (2011) found that sesamol is a capable entity
which encourages wound healing,but it’s oral
consumption requires higher doses because of poor
oral absorption.
Effect on nervous system: When sesamin
and episesamin (stereoisomer of sesamin) are
ingested, sesamin is metabolised by cytochrome
P40 to SC1 (2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-6-(3,
4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo Octane)which
is then metabolized to SC2. Similarly episesamin is
metabolized to EC1 and then EC2. These compounds
are further metabolized toSC-1m, SC-2m EC-1m and
EC-2m by catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT).
The primary metabolites of this cycle exhibit the
most potentneural dierentiation activity (Collinge,
1996).
Cancer prevention: Sesame can inhibit the growth
of malignant melanoma in vitro and the proliferation
of human colon cancer cells. Not only do sesame
seeds contain an anti-cancer compound called
phytate, but the magnesium in sesame seeds also
possess anti-cancer properties. According to Wark
et al. (2012), it was found that the risk of colorectal
tumours decreased by 13% and the risk of colorectal
cancer decreased by 12% with consumption of every
100 mg of magnesium. Sesame seed consumption
increases plasma γ-tocopherol and enhances vitamin
Eactivity, which is reported to prevent cancer and
heart diseases (Cooney et al. 2001).
Anti-fungal and anti-viral activity: A chlorinated
red naphthoquinone pigment possessing antifungal
activity, named chlorosesam one has been reported
from sesame root (Hasan et al. 2000). Three
anthraquinones, Anthrasesamones A, B and C
were isolated from the root of sesame (Furumoto et
al. 2003). In 2006, Shiu, L.A.J. and his co-workers
mentioned antiviral and antifungal activities found
in sesame. The decoction of both leaves and roots
was found to be eective against chicken pox and
measles (anti-viral) and used as hair shampoo for
Taenia capitis (antifungal).
Industrial and other applications
Biodiesel: Today, energy demand is increasing
while world fossil energy resources are increasingly
depleted. The vegetable oil is potentially able to
replace mineral oil in future. In the early days of
diesel engines, vegetable oils were tested (their
original compositions unchanged) as a possible
motor fuel but the idea never took hold owing to
incompatibility problems such as deterioration of
the oil with time, high viscosity, and fouling of
the engine. Recently the biodiesel route has been
reactivated for a number of reasons like: (a) it has
been found that vegetable oil can be transformed
via esterication into a product that is much more
adequate as a diesel fuel than the original oil itself;
(b) a wide variety of vegetable oils can be used as
raw material for trans-esterication; this has led to
the idea that biodiesel production could be a way
to extend the role of agriculture (more jobs created
and reduced nancial burden for petroleum imports
in developing countries).
Ahmad et al. (2010) has prepared biodiesel from
sesame oil by its trans-esterication with methanol

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in the presence of NaOH as catalyst and maximum
yield of 92% was achieved at 60°C. The fuel
properties of sesame biodiesel (100%) such as
specic gravity @ 60/60°F was 0.887, ash point
110°C, pour point -18°C, kinematic viscosity @
40°C 5.77, cetane number 53, and sulphur contents
0.0083. Engine fueling with sesame biodiesel and
its blends (B20%, B10%, and B5%) in terms of
fuel consumption, eciency, and power outputs
appeared to have equal performance compared to
mineral diesel. There is no obvious change in engine
power output even at 100% biodiesel. It was also
observed that the environmental performance of
sesame biodiesel was superior to that of mineral
diesel. This study supports the production of
biodiesel from sesame seed oil as a viable alternative
to the diesel fuel. Biodiesel yield from sesame is
around 807 barrels per year per square mile.
Table 6: Industrial, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical
applications
Purpose Phyto chemicals
used
Industrial
Antifungal Cholorosesamone
Bactericidal and insecticidal
(synergist for pyrethrum insecticides)
Sesamin and
sesamolin
Cosmetics and soap Myristic acid
Nutraceutical
Antioxidant and Inhibiting
cholesterol production
Lecithin and
lignans
Reducing hepatic steatosis Lecithin
Haemostatic activity Cephalin
Decreased dermatitis Lecithin
Cardioprotective Fiber and sesame
oil
Enhanced Hepatic (mitochondrial
andperoxisomal) fay acid oxidation
Sesamin and
sesamolin
Skin soener Sesame oil
Pharmaceutical
Treatment of nasal mucosa dryness,
blurred vision, dizziness, anxiety,
headache, insomnia, menstruation
trouble
Sesame oil
Oleaginous vehicle for drugs and
laxative
Sesame oil
Hypoglycaemia avonoids
Cancer preventive Myristic acid
Inhibition of malignant melanoma Linoleate in
triglyceride form
Several industrial, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical
uses have been compiled for sesame (Table 6).
African people use sesame to prepare perfumes
and cologne has been made from sesame owers.
Myristic acid from sesame oil is used as an
ingredient in cosmetics. Sesamin has bactericide
and insecticide activities plus it also acts as an
antioxidant that can inhibit the absorption of
cholesterol and the production of cholesterol in the
liver. Sesamolin also has insecticidal properties and
is used as a synergist for pyrethrum insecticides
(Morris, 2002). Sesame oil is used as a solvent,
oleaginous vehicle for drugs, skin soener and used
in the manufacture of margarine and soap.
Constraints and future scope
The sesame production volume amounted to about
660 thousand metric tons in the country during
scal year 2018, down from 780 thousand metric
tons in scal year 2017. The poor production is in
consequence of the detrimental climatic conditions
in the sesame producing regions of India. The
adverse climate in terms of heavy rainfall and
oods in the said areas has apparently retarded the
sesame production and limited the estimated yield
to a considerable extent. Nevertheless, demand for
Indian sesame seeds is seamlessly escalating on the
global as well as domestic spheres. Sesame seed has
a potential application as a source nutraceuticals
for human to prevent malnutrition as well as
global food security. Besides, there is also enough
scope for development of dierent value added
sesame products. Various eective strategies should
be adapted to produce climate ready planting
material to t the current global environment using
modern breeding techniques such as development
of varieties resistant to biotic stresses, drought-
tolerant varieties with enhanced water use eciency,
developments of hybrids, increase in national
breeding capacity etc.
CONCLUSION
The cultivation practice for sesame crop is simple
and appropriate for various ecological conditions
ranging from tropical to sub-tropical area. Sesame
is an auent source of nutritive and therapeutic
properties. Sesame is a rich source of macro and
micro nutrients including proteins, dietary lignans,
vitamins, calcium, phosphorous and others but not
many value added products other than sesame oil
has been developed. When analyzed, it is found that

Til (Sesamum indicum L.) - An Underexploited but Promising Oilseed with Multifarious Applications:
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the by-products obtained extraction of oil contains
comparatively high nutritive value and in future,
can be consumed as a supplement for protein
rich food. With the advancement in technology
sesame oil when blended with rice bran or Soya
or other oil can be of a great advantage with
respect to nutritional aspects. Nutraceuticals and
pharmaceutical products of sesame can decrease
the risk of neurological, dermatological, cancer and
heart disease. The ethno-botanical and medicinal
uses of this commercially important, nutritionally
rich oilseed need to be explored for beer utilization.
Sesamin possess the capacity to increase the fat
burning process and decrease the storage of fat
in the body by modifying the gene expression of
the fay acid oxidation enzymes. It has potential
application in the development of nutraceuticals for
weight reduction. O-late, the work has also been
oriented towards the production of biodiesel from
sesame seed oil as a viable alternative to the diesel
fuel. This article gives review on multipurpose use
of sesame crop and points the need for further
investigation on the phytochemical prole of the
same. This kind of the study can increase the
tendency of using sesame in health care and other
applications.
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