Article

#DeleteFacebook: Antecedents of Facebook Fatigue

Authors:
To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors.

Abstract

Despite the trend of leaving Facebook (#DeleteFacebook campaign), investigation on both the social and psychological factors affecting Facebook fatigue is limited. This study aims to explore the social and psychological antecedents of Facebook fatigue and identify the effects of the antecedents on overall Facebook fatigue. A total of 327 Facebook users participated in an online survey. Respondents were recruited from a major online panel in Korea. The results from the principal component analysis suggest that there are six social and psychological antecedents: impression management, unwanted posts, reputation concern, personal relative deprivation, privacy concern, and relationship concern. In addition, the results show that personal relative deprivation, privacy concern, impression management, and relationship concern positively predicted overall Facebook fatigue. This research not only sheds light on the antecedents of social networking services (SNS) fatigue that influence overall Facebook fatigue but also suggests practical implications for the everexpanding SNS market.

No full-text available

Request Full-text Paper PDF

To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.

... Scholars have determined that mobile apps have assisted users in expanding their social contacts, improving their self-esteem and well-being, and benefiting from an abundance of options for self-presentation [4][5][6]. Numerous studies have explored the negative influences of mobile device usage on people's well-being, including the potential for cyber stalking [7], fear of missing out [8,9], and mobile-appuse-induced adverse reactions, such as guilt [10], anxiety, depressive moods [11][12][13], and even exhaustion [3,14]. Users' life satisfaction is one of the concerns that academics have been paying close attention to [15][16][17]. ...
... Comparatively, researchers have seldom investigated how life satisfaction influences self-presentation, upward comparison, privacy invasion, and the drawbacks of mobile app usage. Over the last decade, there has been an increase in empirical studies aimed at understanding the detrimental aspect of mobile devices, which refers to the phenomena related to the mobile app use that negatively impacts individuals' well-being, such as emotional exhaustion and mobile app fatigue [12,14,19]. ...
... According to previous research, a person's most primary concern while utilizing mobile devices might be an invasion of their privacy [14,42]. The term privacy invasion refers to the perception that an individual's privacy is being invaded as a consequence of this inappropriate usage of personal information by social media platforms [37]. ...
Article
Full-text available
The ramifications of mobile apps’ detrimental aspect on users’ life satisfaction have garnered increased attention from academics. To probe the underlying association between life satisfaction and mobile app fatigue, this article builds a research model based on a stressor–strain–outcome approach. In addition, the study investigates the relationships between different dimensions of network heterogeneity, emotional exhaustion, and mobile app fatigue among users. Furthermore, the study uncovers the moderating influence of upward comparison, self-presentation, and privacy invasion on the association between life satisfaction and emotional exhaustion in the mobile app context. The study collected data in mainland China using a cross-sectional approach and analyzed the data using structural equation modeling. The findings demonstrate that life satisfaction is positively associated with self-presentation and negatively associated with upward comparison. Moreover, privacy invasion and upward comparison are positively correlated with emotional exhaustion, whilst self-presentation exerts no correlation with emotional exhaustion. Furthermore, upward comparison could mediate the association between life satisfaction and emotional exhaustion. The results provide fresh light on the mechanisms through which the life satisfaction of mobile app users and network heterogeneity might lead to emotional exhaustion and mobile app fatigue, highlighting important theoretical and practical implications.
... Social media users manage impressions online because they are concerned about whether the information they post or share is appropriate for other users to view or whether some sentiments they express will damage their online images. Concerns for impression are a hesitating process, and they may translate into social media fatigue in the long run (Lee et al., 2019). ...
... Being extensively exposed to numerous messages on these dominant platforms, such as communication requests, commercial messages, ads, spam, and others' selfies, is a possible cause of overload perceptions. Additionally, users may feel anxious when their lives are invaded and disturbed by such endless, unwanted messages from these platforms (Lee et al., 2019). That is, the overload and anxious feeling can largely result from the ubiquitous use of some features on Facebook or WeChat, given their dominant roles in people's lives. ...
... System feature overload(e.g., Fu et al., 2020; Fu & Li, 2021;Lee et al., 2016;Shokouhyar et al., 2018; Teng et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2016) (4) SNS anxiety (e.g.,Cao et al., 2019a; Cao et al., 2019b; Hwang et al., 2019; Liu & Ma, 2018; Peng et al., 2021; Teng et al., 2021) (5) Privacy concerns (e.g.,Adhikari & Panda, 2019;Bright et al., 2015; Dhir et al., 2018a; Dhir et al., 2018b; Fan et al., 2020) (6) Impression concern (e.g.,Dhir et al., 2019;Lee et al., 2019;Kim et al., 2019;Maier et al., 2015; Malik et al., Zhu Fear of missing out (e.g., Dhir et al., 2018a; Dhir et al., 2018b;Lee et al., 2019;Shen et al., 2020; Zhang & Peng, 2020) Social media use discontinuance (e.g.,Cao & Sun, 2018; Cao et al., 2019b; Fu et al., 2020; Gao et al., 2019;Kim et al., 2019;Maier et al., 2015) Behavioral stressors(1) SNS addiction (e.g.,Cao et al., 2019a; Dhir et al., 2018a; Dhir et al., 2018b;Lian et al., 2018; Liu & Ma, 2018;Malik et al., 2020) ...
Article
Full-text available
Guided by the stressor-strain-outcome framework, this meta-analysis synthesizes 64 empirical studies (N = 28,357) on a list of drivers (i.e., psychological, behavioral, and environmental stressors) and a major consequence (i.e., use discontinuance) of social media fatigue. Results suggest that the behavioral stressor (i.e., SNS addiction) and psychological stressors (i.e., information overload, social overload, system feature overload, and SNS anxiety) demonstrate the largest effects on social media fatigue, whereas environmental stressors (i.e., SNS complexity and SNS usefulness) yield small-to-medium effects. The effect size of social media fatigue on use discontinuance is at a medium-to-large level. Gender, education, social media platform, and sampling method significantly moderate the associations between some stressors and social media fatigue. The meta-analytic structural equation modeling analysis (MASEM) shows that social media fatigue partially mediates the effects of psychological and behavioral stressors on social media use discontinuance. Theoretical and practical implications of this review are discussed.
... 18 Building on the current literature, Hong and Oh 8 listed eight more prevalent reasons for social media withdrawal: the concern for privacy, the appearance of new competitive platforms, peer or family pressure, triviality/banality/irrelevance, annoying or deceptive content, information overload, fear of addiction, and wasting time. Moreover, other authors 15,20,21 reported SMF as a somehow less apparent, but equally important, reason for the decline in active user numbers. ...
... 13,18,22 The definitions of the phenomenon of SMF vary in several sources since fatigue is a complex concept. 4,21 In a broad sense, the term of SMF refers to a personally experienced feeling of tiredness connected to the use of social media applications. 13,[19][20][21] In their study, Ravindran et al (p. ...
... 4,21 In a broad sense, the term of SMF refers to a personally experienced feeling of tiredness connected to the use of social media applications. 13,[19][20][21] In their study, Ravindran et al (p. 2317) 13 described SMF as a subjective, multidimensional user experience comprising feelings such as tiredness, annoyance, anger, disappointment, guardedness, loss of interest, or reduced need/motivation associated with various aspects of social network use and interactions. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background As social media fatigue is a newly described phenomenon, we do not possess many tools to measure this concept. The main aim of the study was to establish a latent structure of the Social Media Fatigue Scale (SMFS) and to identify whether the Polish version is congruent with the Chinese version. The second aim was to examine whether the factor structure fits the data and yields a comparable goodness-of-fit index. The third aim was to consider the convergent validity of the SMFS and to verify whether tiredness and Internet addiction correlate positively. Methods The research was conducted on a group of 331 (1st Study) and 379 (2nd Study) adolescents and young adults. It was performed using the SMFS and Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Results The outcomes suggest that the three-factor structure is the optimal and reliable solution that corresponds to the original SMFS. CFA provided a good fit. All the dimensions of the SMFS correlated positively with Internet addiction. Conclusion The Polish version of the SMFS presented satisfactory psychometric properties, showing many similarities with the original Chinese version of the SMFS. The findings confirm that excessive use of social media may lead to discomfort and negative emotions related to feeling overwhelmed by information, social interaction overload, and personal/others’ expectations.
... This passive usage often triggers negative social comparisons, leading users to experience more negative emotions and relative deprivation (Gkinopoulos et al., 2023). Further research suggests that the psychological stress brought about by impression management, privacy concerns, and maintaining interpersonal relationships may intensify relative deprivation among social media users during usage (Lee et al., 2019). Although social media aims to promote social interaction, these stressors may cause users to experience more psychological fatigue and negative emotions, thereby exacerbating relative deprivation (Lee et al., 2019). ...
... Further research suggests that the psychological stress brought about by impression management, privacy concerns, and maintaining interpersonal relationships may intensify relative deprivation among social media users during usage (Lee et al., 2019). Although social media aims to promote social interaction, these stressors may cause users to experience more psychological fatigue and negative emotions, thereby exacerbating relative deprivation (Lee et al., 2019). In summary, while social media has the potential to alleviate relative deprivation, its actual effect largely depends on usage patterns and the user's psychological state. ...
Article
Full-text available
Based on the General Aggression Model (GAM), this study explores the relationship between social media fatigue and online trolling behavior among Chinese college students, focusing on the mediating roles of relative deprivation and hostile attribution bias as key affective and cognitive mechanisms proposed by GAM. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 349 college students from Guangdong via an online questionnaire. Key variables, including social media fatigue, relative deprivation, and hostile attribution bias, were measured using validated scales: the SNS Fatigue Questionnaire, the Personal Relative Deprivation Scale, the Word Sentence Association Paradigm for Hostility, and the revised Global Assessment of Internet Trolling. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test the hypothesized relationships and mediating effects. The results indicate that social media fatigue is positively associated with online trolling behavior. Furthermore, relative deprivation and hostile attribution bias serve as significant mediating mechanisms in this relationship, forming a chain mediation model. These findings suggest that when users experience social media fatigue, they may feel deprived relative to others, which can lead to a hostile interpretation of others’ behaviors, thereby increasing the likelihood of engaging in trolling. The study highlights the importance of understanding psychological factors that contribute to negative online behaviors and offers insights into potential intervention strategies to mitigate such behaviors by addressing the underlying psychological mechanisms.
... To some extent, privacy concern reflects people's fear of losing private information. And the awareness of and concern for privacy issues can cause mental load, which can lead to fatigue [10][11][12]. Also, as the instant communication, life share in social media platform, it seems that social media is squeezing users' private space users, and makes people confuse private and public space. ...
... And the respondents of this article claim they are less willing to send friends and colleagues in WeChat due to their work and life, and they are tired of seeing their friends' advertisements in their WeChat friend circle. Social media users' impression management concern and relationship concern contribute to the social media fatigue as well [12]. ...
Article
Full-text available
With the rapid development of social media, the public's reliance on it has deepened. While people enjoy free expression and fast access to information, they are also plagued by information overload, perception overload, privacy and security issues, and subsequently more and more users are experiencing social media fatigue and unsustainable usage behaviour. Thus, in this new situation, we need to re-examine the development of social media. Using a literature and interview research approach, this paper explores the adjustment and development strategies of the medium from the perspective of social media fatigue and brings new ideas for the development of social media.
... First, with regard to psychological stressors, many studies showed that different types of individual concerns due to SNS use affect social media fatigue. Specifically, ten studies found a positive effect of privacy concern of social media users on fatigue (Bright et al., 2015;Dhir et al., 2019;Fan et al., 2021;Lee et al., 2019;Logan et al., 2018;Zhang et al., 2020b;Zhu & Bao, 2018a,b). Impression management concern was identified as having a positive influence on social media fatigue by three studies Zhu & Bao, 2018a,b). ...
... Dhir et al. (2019) showed that parental encouragement and parental worry can make adolescents feel fatigued from social media use. Lee et al. (2019) argued that personal relative deprivation, resentment or dissatisfaction resulting from comparing oneself to others, positively predicts Facebook fatigue. Cyberbullying, any behavior (e.g., aggressive or violent messaging) executed by individuals or groups to inflict damage on others on the internet, was found to have a positive impact on social media fatigue in two studies (Cao et al., 2019a,b). ...
Article
With a large amount of time spent on social media platforms, more and more people are suffering from social media fatigue. The concept of social media fatigue refers to a host of negative emotional responses to activities on social networking sites, such as tiredness, burnout, exhaustion, frustration, disinterest toward communication. Since research on social media fatigue is still nascent, the goal of this paper is to provide an empirical landscape of this field through a systematic literature review. A systematic literature search and screening process were considered and a final sample of 40 articles were included. First, this review presents the research contexts of the included studies such as geographical location, sample characteristics, data collection method, and the like. Second, it identifies drivers of social media fatigue and categorizes them into three conceptual levels: individual, relational, and environmental. Results of this systematic review outline several key directions for future research. Also, it contributes to a more nuanced theoretical understanding of how social media fatigue arises. Finally, identifying factors influencing fatigue helps social media service providers and health professionals to propose relevant intervention strategies to mitigate this phenomenon.
... The persistence of such concerns can also bring about social media fatigue. Lee et al. (2019) suggest that social media users may also worry that their disclosures will affect their prestige in digital community groups, which can contribute to fatigue as well. ...
Article
Full-text available
In the era of information technology, the rise in popularity of social media is reshaping communication, entertainment, work, and learning. As social media has shown its potential to have a significant impact, organizations are pouring resources into their social media programs to focus on finding or building enterprise-level social media that suits the features of the business. Enterprise social media is proving to be an efficient instrument for improving communication, enhancing collaboration, and accelerating the dissemination of corporate knowledge. However, information and communication technology has been characterized as somewhat of a “double-edged sword”, and as such, there is also growing concern among researchers that enterprise social media use has an undeniable “dark side”. This conceptual paper applies the stressor-strain-outcome (SSO) model to explain the potential roles played by “fear of missing out” (FoMO) and privacy concerns as stressors that affect “enterprise social media fatigue” (ESMF); as well as the effect that ESMF may have on employee creativity. Research propositions based on this conceptual framework have also been developed.
... Covid-19 pandemic saw the movement of multiple social media accounts taking the responsibility to ensure the multitude of people are equipped with precautionary steps concerning the pandemic (Huang, 2020;Liu et al., 2021) by providing abundant information. However, there was an instance of too much information or instances of misinformation being spread via social media resulting in the users feeling fatigued over too much information (Lee et al., 2019;Islam et al., 2020) as a recent study implies that individuals possess a limited capacity towards information processing according to the theory of limited capacity model (Lang, 2000). With that, the review also highlights youths experiencing fear of the Covid-19 pandemic due to extensive time spent on social media (Ting & Essau, 2021). ...
Article
Full-text available
Youths are the most common group with social media utilisation as they are the biggest group of internet users. Their social media usage, however, poses a threat to them in the form of mental illness. Besides, there are still insufficient studies that systematically review existing literature on Malaysian youth groups concerning their social media usage and mental illness. Following that, this study aims to identify the forms of mental illness that are affecting Malaysian youths. It also highlights the specific areas and content of research that should be the focus of future studies. Therefore, this systematic literature review on the mental illness outcomes associated with social media usage among Malaysian youth is guided by ROSES (Reporting Standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses). This study selected articles from reputable and widely recognised databases including Scopus and PubMed. Based on the thematic analysis, this review has four main themes focusing on the mental illness outcome from social media usage, namely 1) distress, 2) fear, 3) depression, and 4) anxiety. The identified themes contribute to a deeper understanding of the potential psychological impact of social media on this population thereby facilitating the development of targeted interventions and strategies to promote mental well-being among Malaysian youths. Keywords: Social media, mental illness, Malaysian, youths, literature review.
... Logan et al. (2018) pointed out that people with high social media self-efficacy tend to perceive the helpfulness of social media, and at the same time they will become more and more aware of privacy concerns, leading to social media fatigue. Users of social media may worry about the impact of their disclosure on their reputation in social media, leading to fatigue (Lee et al., 2019). Bright and Logan (2018) found that people who are highly concerned about privacy are prone to social media fatigue. ...
Article
Full-text available
Introduction With the boom in social media, many people spend a lot of time on these platforms. Among them, some developed negative emotions, such as fatigue, depression, or disinterest in communicating, and used social media temporarily or permanently. Therefore, this study aims to explore the antecedents of social media fatigue, including social media helpfulness, social media self-efficacy, online subjective well-being, social comparison, compulsive social media use, privacy concerns, fear of missing out, and information overload, and to further discuss the determinants of social media fatigue on social anxiety and lurking. Methods An online questionnaire was distributed to social media users, and 659 valid samples were obtained with the help of a purposive sampling strategy. The data was analyzed by the partial least square (PLS) method. Results The study found that social media self-efficacy had a significant negative effect on social media fatigue; compulsive social media use, fear of missing out, and information overload had a significant positive effect on social media fatigue; and social media fatigue had a significant positive effect on social anxiety and lurking. Discussion The research results can be used as a reference for social media marketers and internet service providers in developing business strategies.
... Some scholars found that during the COVID-19 pandemic, SNS users experienced SNS fatigue due to the increasing use of SNS in their lives, such as for study, work, or leisure (Shockley et al., 2021). It has been claimed that SNS fatigue is one of the main reasons for the decrease in the SNS user population (Lee et al., 2019). ...
Article
Full-text available
Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine how the interplay of stressor (e.g. fear of missing out, FoMO) and strains (e.g. perceived social overload, communication overload, information overload and system feature overload) in social networking sites (SNS) use can contribute to users’ SNS fatigue from a configurational view. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected among 363 SNS users in China via an online survey, and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was applied in this study to scrutinize the different combinations of FoMO and overload that contribute to the same outcome of SNS fatigue. Findings Six combinations of casual conditions were identified to underlie SNS fatigue. The results showed that FoMO, perceived information overload and system feature overload are the core conditions that contribute to SNS fatigue when combined with other types of overloads. Originality/value The current work supplements the research findings on SNS fatigue by identifying the configurations contributing to SNS fatigue from the joint effects of stressor (FoMO) and strain (perceived social overload, communication overload, information overload and system feature overload) and by providing explanations for SNS fatigue from the configurational perspective.
... Sebagian besar penelitian kelelahan media sosial berfokus pada platform Facebook karena dianggap sebagai media sosial yang paling banyak menyebabkan kelelahan media sosial (Berners- Lee et al., 2001;Laura F. Bright et al., 2015;Cramer et al., 2016;E. Lee et al., 2019;Malik et al., 2021b;Ravindran et al., 2014) dan platform media sosial secara umum (Lee, A. R., Son, S. M., & Kim, 2016;Logan et al., 2018;Pontes, 2017;Salo et al., 2017) atau aplikasi pesan instan yang paling populer di dunia seperti WhatsApp (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010;Miller et al., 2016). Penelitian juga banyak dilakukan di negara maju, ...
Article
Harus diakui, media sosial berperan penting di masa pandemi COVID-19 karena melalui platform ini, banyak orang bertukar cerita tentang pengalaman pribadi dan berbagi sudut pandang ketika harus meminimalkan aktivitas di luar rumah. Meski sebagian orang menganggap mengakses media sosial di masa pandemi COVID-19 membuat mereka tetap waras, tak sedikit juga yang mengalami kelelahan mengakses media sosial, salah satunya adalah Social Media Officer (SMO). Pengguna media sosial yang mengalami kelelahan media sosial biasanya mengalami kelelahan mental setelah partisipasi dan interaksi yang berlebihan di berbagai platform media sosial. Dalam hal ini, pekerja digital berada dalam dilema. Di satu sisi ia perlu menjaga kesehatan mentalnya, tetapi di sisi lain, media sosial adalah lingkungan kerja dan sumber mata pencaharian utama mereka. Penelitian ini penting dan sangat relevan bagi akademisi, praktisi media, dan pengguna media sosial pada umumnya. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi masalah ini secara mendalam adalah kualitatif, dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa wawancara semi terstruktur dengan lima SMO yang memiliki pengalaman bekerja lebih dari tiga tahun. Temuan penelitian menguraikan pemicu dan konsekuensi dari kelelahan media sosial selama pandemi COVID-19 di antara SMO. Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa information overload, self-disclosure, privacy concern, fear of missing out, compulsive use, dan social comparison adalah pemicu terkuat dari kelelahan media sosial dan bahwa kelelahan media sosial berkontribusi terhadap penurunan kinerja di kalangan SMO. Penelitian ini juga menawarkan saran bagi SMO untuk meningkatkan pengalaman kerja mereka. Kata-kata Kunci: Kelelahan media sosial; social media officer; Covid-19; media sosial; kesehatan mental
... The mediating effect of fatigue on ad avoidance proves that fatigue can cause the users to avoid any form of communication from the brand, even if it is their favorite brand. This fatigue as an organism caused by the mental stimuli of social media overload (information and communication), self-efficacy, privacy concerns, and helpfulness perception can create a response or action from the users to avoid posts from brands that contain irrelevant communication or advertising [86]. ...
Article
Full-text available
In the ever-changing global context, the need to understand why users discontinue using social media platforms is rapidly rising. Comprehending the backdrop of such decisions and factors governing the effects, as mentioned earlier, may help users to make such decisions and help service providers to mitigate them. There is a need to enrich the theoretical account of the phenomenon of social media discontinuation. Other authors focused on different social media platforms, but we have mainly used Facebook with sound justification to select its users as participants. We applied a quantitative study to survey 384 Facebook users, selecting the convenience sampling method. We integrated the ‘Stimulus-Organism-Response’ (S-O-R) framework and applied the Smart-PLS technique and software. The results support this framework and indicate that information overload, communication overload, social media self-efficacy, privacy concern, social media helpfulness, and annoyance (as stimuli). Results demonstrate that increase the fatigue feelings integrated with perceived relevance (i.e., organism) of social media users, which in turn, increases their social media discontinuance intentions and ad avoidance behavior (i.e., response). This research sheds light on the antecedents of social networking services (SNS) fatigue that influences overall Facebook fatigue and suggests practical implications for the ever-expanding SNS market. Our findings offer valuable insights to marketers, entrepreneurs, and organizations in every sector regarding the social media usage and break-up issues of individual users.
... The importance of this perspective is supported by research reporting that 35% of college students want to quit the use of their respective SNSs (Kittinger et al., 2012). According to Lee et al. (2019), the number of original posts in 2016 on Facebook declined by 29.49% compared to 2015, and engagement per post also dropped by 15.14%, owing to "feel tired of using SNS." ...
Article
Full-text available
Purpose Social networking services (SNSs) have become deeply ingrained into our daily life. However, it has often been reported that users experience negative feelings regarding SNS usage. This phenomenon presents challenges for SNS providers in retaining or increasing their customer base. This study focuses on SNS fatigue, a negative psychological state that can lead to discontinuance intention among SNS users. This study proposes two distinctive SNS-specific contexts and investigates how they alleviate the negative effect of SNS fatigue on user behavior. Design/methodology/approach Drawing upon the context-specific theorization perspective, a model involving moderation effects of the SNS-specific contexts on the relationship between user's SNS fatigue and discontinuance intention was proposed. The model was tested using survey data of active SNS users. Findings The results indicate that SNS fatigue leads to user discontinuance intention. However, the SNS-specific contexts, such as social interaction context and platform service context, negatively moderate the relationship between SNS fatigue and user discontinuance intention. Originality/value The findings of this study are expected to help SNS providers develop strategies to improve their services for effective user retention.
... Fan et al., 2020;Zhu and Bao, 2018). For instance, Lee et al. (2019) suggested that users of social media platforms, such as Facebook, can exhibit concerns about the impact of their disclosed information on their reputation among digital social groups, which can also induce fatigue. Dhir et al. (2019) determined further that privacy concerns positively influence fatigue, not just on social media but also in mobile messaging apps. ...
Article
Scholars have drawn increasing attention to the implications of the dark side of social media for users’ online subjective well-being (OSWB). We develop a research framework based on the limited-capacity model to examine the relationship between OSWB and social media fatigue. Moreover, we explore the associations between specific aspects related to network heterogeneity and social media fatigue for social media users in the United States of America (USA). Further, we examine the mediating effect of network heterogeneity on the association between OSWB and social media fatigue. We utilised a cross-sectional research design to collect data from Prolific Academic (N = 320) and analysed the data through structural equation modelling. The results indicate that OSWB is positively correlated with the network heterogeneity aspect of self-disclosure and negatively correlated with social comparison. OSWB, moreover, is negatively correlated with fatigue, while privacy concerns and self-disclosure are positively correlated with fatigue. Further, of the network heterogeneity aspects we considered, only social comparison is a partial mediator for the relationship between OSWB and social media fatigue. The findings provide insights into the pathways through which social media users’ OSWB and network heterogeneity can induce social media fatigue, raising critical implications for theory and practice.
... 2. Background literature and hypothesis development 2.1 Social media fatigue A review of the prior body of research on social media fatigue indicates that this phenomenon has gained scholarly attention only recently (Table I). From a platform perspective, most studies have concentrated on different aspects associated with fatigue and stress induced through the most notable online social media platforms, such as Facebook (Ravindran et al., 2014;Bright et al., 2015;Cramer et al., 2016;Dhir et al., 2019;Lee et al., 2019), Qzone (Zhang et al., 2016), and social media platforms in general (Logan et al., 2018;Lee et al., 2016;Pontes, 2017;Salo et al., 2017). In comparison, a handful number of studies have been conducted in the context of mobile instant messaging (MIM) apps (Shin and Shin, 2016;Sun et al., 2017;Xiao and Mou, 2019) Most of these studies have been carried out with participants in developed economies, including the USA (Bright et al., 2015;Cramer et al., 2016), South Korea (Lee et al., 2016;Shin and Shin, 2016;Lim andChoi, 2017), Portugal (Pontes, 2017) and Finland (Salo et al., 2017). ...
Article
Full-text available
Purpose The current study aims to investigate if different measures related to online psychosocial well-being and online behavior correlate with social media fatigue. Design/methodology/approach To understand the antecedents and consequences of social media fatigue, the stressor-strain-outcome (SSO) framework is applied. The study consists of two cross-sectional surveys that were organized with young-adult students. Study A was conducted with 1,398 WhatsApp users (aged 19 to 27 years), while Study B was organized with 472 WhatsApp users (aged 18 to 23 years). Findings Intensity of social media use was the strongest predictor of social media fatigue. Online social comparison and self-disclosure were also significant predictors of social media fatigue. The findings also suggest that social media fatigue further contributes to a decrease in academic performance. Originality/value This study builds upon the limited yet growing body of literature on a theme highly relevant for scholars, practitioners as well as social media users. The current study focuses on examining different causes of social media fatigue induced through the use of a highly popular mobile instant messaging app, WhatsApp. The SSO framework is applied to explore and establish empirical links between stressors and social media fatigue.
Article
The penetration of short-form content in daily life is undeniable. TikTok is one of the most popular and fastest-growing short-form video applications globally. This study examined the underlying motives for using TikTok and explored differences in psychological symptoms related to TikTok usage patterns (i.e., active vs. passive). A survey of 500 TikTok users identified six prominent reasons for engaging in TikTok. These are "information-seeking," "time-killing," "self-expression," "trend-seeking," "escapism," and "inspiration-seeking." In addition, the active use of TikTok was positively associated with dependency and addictive symptoms. The results contribute to the understanding of TikTok and other short-form videos by uncovering motives and demonstrating the distinguished outcomes of usage types.
Article
Full-text available
It must be admitted that social media plays an essential role during the COVID-19 pandemic because, through this platform, many people exchange stories about personal experiences and share points of view when it comes to minimizing ctivities outside the home. Although some people think that accessing social media during the COVID-19 pandemic keeps them sane, not a few also experience fatigue from accessing social media, one of which is the Social Media Officer (SMO). Social media users who experience social media exhaustion experience mental exhaustion after excessive participation and interaction on various social media platforms. In this case, digital workers are in a dilemma. On the one hand, he needs to take care of his mental health, but on the other hand, social media is their work environment and primary source of livelihood. This research is essential and highly relevant for academics, media practitioners, and social media users. The research approach used to identify this problem in depth is qualitative, with data collection techniques in semi-structured interviews with five SMOs who have more than three years of work experience. Research findings outline the triggers and consequences of social media burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic among SMOs. This study also shows that information overload, self-disclosure, privacy concerns, fear of missing out, compulsive use, and social comparison are the most potent triggers of social media fatigue. Social media fatigue contributes to decreased performance among SMOs. The study also offers suggestions for SMOs to improve their work experience.
Research
Full-text available
There has been extensive research about the negative effects of problematic Facebook use on the subjective well-being of people. Recently, several studies focused on measuring the positive effects on well-being by Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) enabled intervention to reduce everyday Facebook usage. This study conducts a literature review to explore the positive and negative aspects of Facebook use for different usage styles. Also, it extends to identify empirical evidence from existing studies about intervention models to reduce Facebook use, which can potentially benefit the subjective well-being of users.
Article
Purpose Based on the C-A-C framework, this article examined users' information avoidance intention in social media platforms. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted data analysis using a mixed method of the SEM and fsQCA. Findings The results indicated that information overload, functional overload and social overload influence fatigue and dissatisfaction, both of which further determine users' information avoidance intention. The results of the fsQCA identified two paths that trigger users' information avoidance intention. Originality/value Extant studies have examined the information avoidance in the contexts of healthcare, academics and e-commerce, but have seldom explored the mechanism underlying users' information avoidance in social media. To fill this gap, this article will empirically investigate users' information avoidance in social media platforms based on the C-A-C framework.
Article
Full-text available
Background Excessive self-disclosure online may risk the reputations, mental health problems, and professional lives of nursing students. This study investigated nursing students’ usage of social media, their attitudes towards social media, mental health problems and self-disclosures, and the relationships of these variables. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted online (n = 1054) with questionnaires of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), Social Media Fatigue (SMF), Students’ Uses and Views of Social Media (SUVSM) and self-disclosure in social media which included self-information shown on social media and information viewed by others. Results Although most of them held positive attitudes towards social media, 17.4% of the participants acknowledged that they had posted inappropriate contents online and 37.6% witnessed improper posts from schoolmates or teachers online. SMF was affected by familiar with relevant regulations on the social media usage (β = -.10, p < .001), FoMO (β = .41, p < .001), and SUVSM (β = .17, p < .001). Additionally, nearly 1/3 participants reported their net-friends could view following information: gender, age, occupation, education level and location. Self- disclosure in social media was positively influenced by education (β = .10, p < .001), sharing moments or Weibo, etc. (β = .009, P = 0.009), time spent on social media daily (β = .11, p < .001), accepting stranger’s “friend request” (β = .06, P = 0.047), FoMO (β = .14, p < .001) and SMF (β = .19, p < .001). Furthermore, effect of SUVSM on self-disclosure in social media was mediated by FoMO and SMF. Conclusion Inappropriate contents are posted and witnessed by appreciable proportions of nursing students. Positive attitude towards social media may strengthen FoMO and SMF, which may increase self-disclosure in social media in turn.
Article
While social networks compose the foundation for digital socialization, the extant body of social media fatigue research primarily focuses on psychological factors. This study proposes a new theoretical model to consider the sociological-level factors of network size and heterogeneity to influence individuals' perceived WeChat fatigue. Based on a national representative sample of 6002 Chinese WeChat adult users, results showed that there existed a significant positive curvilinear relationship between size and WeChat fatigue. That is, size was negatively correlated with fatigue up to a certain point and positively correlated with fatigue beyond that. Furthermore, social overload mediated the non-linear relationship between size and fatigue such that at moderate-to-high levels of size, any addition of new friends increased fatigue through incurred social overload. Moreover, heterogeneity showed a significant negative correlation with fatigue. Lastly, size and heterogeneity led to fatigue feelings mediated via perceptions of fear of missing out (FOMO). Our findings demonstrate the necessity of integrating a social network perspective in examining social media psychology. Practical implications for enhancing social media users’ well-being are also discussed from a provider-centered and a user-centered perspective.
Article
Full-text available
Social media fatigue is a subjective sense of physical and mental exhaustion, lassitude, and irritation, caused by social media use. The current research explored the association between individual differences in attachment styles and the experience of fatigue resulting from extensive social media use. Two studies examined the association between adult attachment style and Facebook fatigue, and the mediating role of stressors related to social media use, self-esteem, and self-concept clarity. The results of the first study (N = 264) revealed an association between attachment anxiety and Facebook fatigue that was mediated by Facebook social comparison and Facebook anxiety. In the second study (N = 294), attachment anxiety was also associated with Facebook fatigue and was mediated by fear of missing out and Facebook anxiety, and these mediation effects were moderated by self-concept clarity. The findings indicate that the experience of social-media fatigue varies in accordance with specific user characteristics. Additionally, they Illustrate the impact of social media use on mental health, and emphasize the need to create a user experience that takes into account the stressors associated with social media use.
Article
Social Media Burnout (SMB) is a relatively new Internet-related issue, and has garnered interest in research this past decade. Prior studies found significant associations between perfectionism and metacognitions with anxiety, stress-related disorders, and Internet-related disorders. This present study explored connections between problematic social media use (PSM), perfectionism, metacognitions, online cognitions, and SMB to identify factors that might contribute to SMB. A sample of 825 participants, aged from 18 to 75 years old (M = 30, SD = 11.9), with 700 (85%) female participants, completed an online survey measuring problematic Instagram use (PIgU), problematic Facebook use (PFU), perfectionism, metacognitions, online cognitions, and SMB. Overall, Pearson's Correlations indicated that both PIgU and PFU were each associated to four out of five metacognition dimensions, and were associated to dimensions of perfectionism. A Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that SMB was significantly impacted by age, PIgU, all online cognition subscales, socially prescribed positive perfectionism, self-oriented negative perfectionism, and metacognitive beliefs about uncontrollability of thoughts and danger. Considering that SMB is a new topic, findings of this study provide new information about factors that are potentially implicated in SMB (PSM, perfectionism, metacognitions, online cognitions). Implications for further research were discussed.
Article
Full-text available
Sharing of ideas, opinions or any information with the help of the medium of virtual networks, online communities and computer-based innovations is known as social media. Blogs, social networking sites like Facebook, WhatsApp, YouTube etc, Microblogging mediums, Photos etc. that run with the help of internet, provides the end-users with swift communication and aids in providing awareness, by influencing large audiences contributes to social media. Healthcare sector is rapidly adapting social media by providing a medium to the patients, physicans and HCP's to discuss and communicate medical information and knowledge outside the vicinity of a hospital or clinic. These days, patients, their relatives, friends or family use the social media to provide knowledge to the world and educate them incase they have similar ailments. There are several blogs and forums related to medical knowledge where users tend to ask their problems to the physicians and get a reply back to their problems.Medical specialists join such online medical forums that helps them to research in a better manner, refer colleagues, increase their network and read health related articles and updates. With every good thing, comes an attached risk which is related to the use of social mediums, where the image of a Healthcare professional could be at stake due to the unprofessional content against them. There are various limitations to the HCP's in case they seek to share patient stories online as it could be a case of breach & privacy. Nevertheless, this research study highlights the role played by social media in digitally redefining and empowering healthcare sector from the perspective of clinical and patient centric health literacy and health guides.
Article
Social media is the new trendsetter amongst youths around the world and social networking sites are the recent customer interaction hubs. Companies around the world are designing their advertisement campaigns around these social media clutters and often reap fruitful results. The study investigates the significant factors that cause users to discontinue using social media platforms. Social Networking Sites (SNS) have changed the communication frameworks; alongside its constructive outcomes, excessive use of SNS brings some harsh results as well. The present study examines the unfavorable effect of SNS utilization. It centers around social over-burden, data over-burden, technology over burden and finally SNS exhaustion resultants of excessive use, causing disappointment and finally, impacting the user's continuation intention.
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Integrating research work and latest insights from the popular press on users' SNS switching, this study considers the role of trend and fatigue in why people switch from a SNS. Specifically, we employ a PPM framework as a theoretical foundation, and enrich it with constructs derived from juxtaposing recent practitioner insights and relevant literature, i.e., Users' trend-seeking tendency, and SNS fatigue (activity overload and social monitoring concern). Through a survey of 305 SNS users, we find that factors previously derived based on PPM - dissatisfaction, alternatives attractiveness, peer influence, and switching cost -- indeed significantly influence users' switching intention. Furthermore, trend-seeking tendency, though not having a direct impact on switching intention, influences individuals' perceived alternative attractiveness. Similarly, social monitoring concern indirectly affects switching intention through alternative attractiveness, while also emanates its effect by raising user dissatisfaction. Lastly, SNS activity overload has both direct and indirect effects via alternative attractiveness and dissatisfaction.
Article
Full-text available
Recent research demonstrates that it is the quality rather than the frequency of social networking experiences that places individuals at risk for negative mental health outcomes. However, the mechanisms that account for this association have yet to be examined. Accordingly, this study examined whether the tendency to negatively compare oneself with others while using Facebook leads to increases in depressive symptoms, and whether this association is mediated by increases in rumination. A sample of 268 college-age young adults completed an initial online survey and a 3-week follow-up. Path analysis was used to test the hypothesized model, wherein negative social comparison on Facebook was predicted to be associated with increases in rumination, which, in turn, was predicted to be associated with depressive symptoms. The model controlled for general social comparison to test the specific effect of social comparison on Facebook over and above the tendency to engage in social comparison in general. Results indicated that the hypothesized mediation effect was significant. In sum, in the context of social networking, negatively comparing oneself with others may place individuals at risk for rumination and, in turn, depressive symptoms. Findings increase understanding of the mechanisms that link social networking use to negative mental health outcomes and suggest a continued emphasis on examining the specific processes that take place in the context of social networking that may be pathogenic.
Article
Full-text available
Over 500 million people interact daily with Facebook. Yet, whether Facebook use influences subjective well-being over time is unknown. We addressed this issue using experience-sampling, the most reliable method for measuring in-vivo behavior and psychological experience. We text-messaged people five times per day for two-weeks to examine how Facebook use influences the two components of subjective well-being: how people feel moment-to-moment and how satisfied they are with their lives. Our results indicate that Facebook use predicts negative shifts on both of these variables over time. The more people used Facebook at one time point, the worse they felt the next time we text-messaged them; the more they used Facebook over two-weeks, the more their life satisfaction levels declined over time. Interacting with other people "directly" did not predict these negative outcomes. They were also not moderated by the size of people's Facebook networks, their perceived supportiveness, motivation for using Facebook, gender, loneliness, self-esteem, or depression. On the surface, Facebook provides an invaluable resource for fulfilling the basic human need for social connection. Rather than enhancing well-being, however, these findings suggest that Facebook may undermine it.
Article
Full-text available
This study examines the relationship between use of Facebook, a popular online social network site, and the formation and maintenance of social capital. In addition to assessing bonding and bridging social capital, we explore a dimension of social capital that assesses one's ability to stay connected with members of a previously inhabited community, which we call maintained social capital. Regression analyses conducted on results from a survey of undergraduate students (N=286) suggest a strong association between use of Facebook and the three types of social capital, with the strongest relationship being to bridging social capital. In addition, Facebook usage was found to interact with measures of psychological well-being, suggesting that it might provide greater benefits for users experiencing low self-esteem and low life satisfaction.
Article
Based upon the stressor-strain-outcome framework, this study proposes that perceived system feature overload, information overload, and social overload are stressors which induce strain, in terms of social network fatigue and dissatisfaction. Both of social network fatigue and dissatisfaction further influence discontinuous use intention. The empirical results indicate that three types of perceived overload exert greater effects on social network fatigue than dissatisfaction, both of which further increase users’ intention of discontinuance. The study also finds that demographic characteristics, such as gender and age, also have moderating effects on these relationships.
Article
The development of Social Network Service (SNS) has brought many positive changes to the ways people communicate, interact and share information. However, using the SNS does not always leads to in a positive results, particularly when it is addictively used. In fact, the addictive use of SNS results in many negative effects in our society. Recently, SNS users feel negative emotions such as expecially stress and fatigue while using SNS. Thus, the purpose of this study is to empirically examine antecedents of user fatigue on SNS, which can be explained by the degree of Individual, environment and SNS characteristics. This study also examines consequences of user fatigue on SNS. Lastly, we examine the moderating effects of Habit among SNS fatigue, barrier of living and task performance decline. The data for empirical analysis were collected 401 responses on SNS users in Korea. The results of this study are as follows; First, reputation perception, loneliness, unwanted relation, privacy concern, information overload, social presence and interaction are significantly related to SNS fatigue. Second, SNS fatigue, barrier of living and Task performance decline are significantly related to discontinuous usage intention. Third, the moderating effect of Habit of SNS using is found in the relationship among SNS fatigue, barrier of living and task performance decline. Based on the results of this study, Theoretical and practical suggestions were discussed.
Article
In an always connected communication environment, users of social networking services (SNSs) need to pay continuous attention to the overwhelming volume of social demands from SNSs. These increased energy requirements may cause SNS fatigue, which can lead to physical and psychological strain. Using the transactional theory of stress and coping as the overarching theory, this study regards overload (i.e., stressors) as a core determinant of SNS fatigue (i.e., strain) and identifies three dimensions of overload – information overload, communication overload, and system feature overload. It also includes SNS characteristics as the antecedents of overload. The data used in this study were collected from 201 individuals through online and offline surveys. Our results show that all three dimensions of overload were significant stressors that influence SNS fatigue. Regarding the predictors of overload, the characteristics of the SNS system significantly influenced the features of system overload, while information equivocality positively influences information overload. However, information relevance was not a significant predictor of information overload and information equivocality was not a significant predictor of communication overload.
Article
While Instagram, the rising photo-sharing social networking service, has received increasing attention from scholars and practitioners, little is known about the social and psychological factors that lead consumers to become fanatics of this app. To provide a baseline understanding of Instagram users, the current study aims to uncover the structural dimensions of consumers' motives for using Instagram and to explore the relationships between identified motivations and key attitudinal and behavioral intention variables. A comprehensive survey was developed in which a total of 212 Instagram users evaluated their motivation, primary activities, use intention, and attitude regarding Instagram. The results suggest that Instagram users have five primary social and psychological motives: social interaction, archiving, self-expression, escapism, and peeking. The implications of this study's findings are discussed.
Article
Social media usage levels continue to climb generating copious amounts of content. As more people crowd social media (e.g. Facebook), and create content, some research points to the existence of a concept called social media fatigue. Social media fatigue is defined as a user’s tendency to back away from social media participation when s/he becomes overwhelmed with information. Lang’s (2000) limited capacity model is used to understand the role of information overload for social media fatigue. This research examines the concept of social media fatigue and its proposed antecedents: social media efficacy, helpfulness, confidence and privacy concerns. Using confirmatory regression, this research determined that privacy concerns and confidence have the greatest predictive value for social media fatigue. This paper has theoretical implications for not only LCM but also other technology acceptance models such as TAM and UTAUT and UTAUT2. It also has implications for those trying to engage with online audiences and their subsequent reactions to that attempt at engagement. Several future research ideas are explored as well.
Article
It is not—unless it triggers feelings of envy. This study uses the framework of social rank theory of depression and conceptualizes Facebook envy as a possible link between Facebook surveillance use and depression among college students. Using a survey of 736 college students, we found that the effect of surveillance use of Facebook on depression is mediated by Facebook envy. However, when Facebook envy is controlled for, Facebook use actually lessens depression.
Book
This report is based on the findings of a daily tracking survey on Americans' use of the internet. The results in this report are based on data from telephone interviews conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates International between August 18 and September 14, 2009, among a total sample of 2,253 adults, age 18 and older including 560 cell phone interviews. Interviews were conducted in both English (n=2,179) and Spanish (n=74). For results based on the total sample, one can say with 95% confidence that the error attributable to sampling and other random effects is plus or minus 2.3 percentage points. For results based on internet users (n=1,698), the margin of sampling error is plus or minus 2.7 percentage points. In addition to sampling error, question wording and practical difficulties in conducting telephone surveys may introduce some error or bias into the findings of opinion polls.
Conference Paper
The rapid growth of online social network services (SNS) leads to new questions. The purpose of this study is to empirically explore the negative critical incidents of SNS, to present the relationship between those negative critical incidents, and to examine whether differences exist in the perception of SNS between experienced users and unexperienced users. The results find that negative critical incidents can be divided into eight categories. In addition to the familiar privacy problem, the gossip and fatigue are other important problems in the future. The perception of SNS is significantly different between experienced users and unexperienced users.
Conference Paper
The rise of social network services (SNSs) has brought an emerging need of understanding the virtual world from social contexts. The stay time of SNSs is increasing worldwide. Billion-scale virtual world social interactions are realized and has impacted multiple aspects of human lives. One notable negative aspect of SNSs is SNS fatigue. People are heavily involved in SNSs and some show SNS fatigue or SNS burnouts. The author compiles the reasons that users left SNSs. Then, the author discusses the three factors that impact forming attitudes, a two-dimensional classification of SNS departures in different contexts, and a tree-diagram view that parses the process of SNS departures.
Article
To evaluate the association between social networking site (SNS) use and depression in older adolescents using an experience sample method (ESM) approach. Older adolescent university students completed an online survey containing the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 depression screen (PHQ) and a weeklong ESM data collection period to assess SNS use. Participants (N = 190) included in the study were 58% female and 91% Caucasian. The mean age was 18.9 years (standard deviation = .8). Most used SNSs for either <30 minutes (n = 100, 53%) or between 30 minutes and 2 hours (n = 74, 39%); a minority of participants reported daily use of SNS >2 hours (n = 16, 8%). The mean PHQ score was 5.4 (standard deviation = 4.2). No associations were seen between SNS use and either any depression (p = .519) or moderate to severe depression (p = .470). We did not find evidence supporting a relationship between SNS use and clinical depression. Counseling patients or parents regarding the risk of "Facebook Depression" may be premature.
Article
Background: Depression is common and frequently undiagnosed among college students. Social networking sites are popular among college students and can include displayed depression references. The purpose of this study was to evaluate college students' Facebook disclosures that met DSM criteria for a depression symptom or a major depressive episode (MDE). Methods: We selected public Facebook profiles from sophomore and junior undergraduates and evaluated personally written text: "status updates." We applied DSM criteria to 1-year status updates from each profile to determine prevalence of displayed depression symptoms and MDE criteria. Negative binomial regression analysis was used to model the association between depression disclosures and demographics or Facebook use characteristics. Results: Two hundred profiles were evaluated, and profile owners were 43.5% female with a mean age of 20 years. Overall, 25% of profiles displayed depressive symptoms and 2.5% met criteria for MDE. Profile owners were more likely to reference depression, if they averaged at least one online response from their friends to a status update disclosing depressive symptoms (exp(B) = 2.1, P <.001), or if they used Facebook more frequently (P <.001). Conclusion: College students commonly display symptoms consistent with depression on Facebook. Our findings suggest that those who receive online reinforcement from their friends are more likely to discuss their depressive symptoms publicly on Facebook. Given the frequency of depression symptom displays on public profiles, social networking sites could be an innovative avenue for combating stigma surrounding mental health conditions or for identifying students at risk for depression.
Article
We use a social network approach to examine how work and friendship ties in a university research group were associated with the kinds of media used for different kinds of information exchange. The use of electronic mail, unscheduled face-to-face encounters, and sched- uled face-to-face meetings predominated for the ex- change of six kinds of information: Receiving Work, Giv- ing Work, Collaborative Writing, Computer Program- ming, Sociability, and Major Emotional Support. Few pairs used synchronous desktop videoconferencing or the telephone. E-mail was used in similar ways as face- to-face communication. The more frequent the contact, the more "multiplex" the tie: A larger number of media was used to exchange a greater variety of information. The closeness of work ties and of friendship ties were each independently associated with more interaction: A greater frequency of communication, the exchange of more kinds of information, and the use of more media.
Article
This study investigated how the content of social networking Web site (SNW) pages influenced others' evaluation of job candidates. Students (N = 148) evaluated the suitability of hypothetical candidates for an entry-level managerial job. A 2 x 4 design was employed: résumés were either marginally qualified or well qualified for the job. SNW printouts reflected (a) an emphasis on drinking alcohol, (b) a family orientation, or (c) a professional orientation; participants in a control group received no Web page information. In addition to a main effect for résumé quality, applicants with either a family-oriented or a professional-oriented SNW were seen as more suitable for the job and more conscientious than applicants with alcohol-oriented SNW pages. They were more likely to be interviewed. If hired, they were also likely to be offered significantly higher starting salaries. Results are discussed in terms of implications for both managers and applicants.
Facebook users are sharing fewer personal updates and it's a big problem
  • E Griffith
Griffith E. Facebook users are sharing fewer personal updates and it's a big problem. http://fortune.com/2016/04/07/ facebook-sharing-decline (accessed Dec. 5, 2017).
Facebook users posted a third less content in 2016 than in 2015
  • P Armstrong
Armstrong P. Facebook users posted a third less content in 2016 than in 2015. www.forbes.com/sites/paularmstrongtech/ 2017/02/14/facebook-users-posted-a-third-less-contentin-2016-than-in-2015/#5384d096776d) (accessed Dec. 6, 2017).
A study on the negative emotion of using Social Networking Services and its discontinuance intention
  • K Park
  • I Ryu
  • Y Lee
Park K, Ryu I, Lee Y. A study on the negative emotion of using Social Networking Services and its discontinuance intention. Knowledge Management Research 2014; 15: 89-106.
Study on the use of Twitter and Facebook suspended
  • H Lee
  • D Jung
Lee H, Jung D. Study on the use of Twitter and Facebook suspended. Korean Society for Journalism & Communication Studies 2013; 57:269-293.
Selfies takeup five hours of a woman's week
  • C Homer
Homer C. Selfies takeup five hours of a woman's week. www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/selfies-tak e-up-five-hours-5700345 (accessed Jun. 21, 2018).
They are happier and having better lives than I am'': the impact of using Facebook on perceptions of others' lives
  • Htg Chou
  • N Edge
Chou HTG, Edge N. ''They are happier and having better lives than I am'': the impact of using Facebook on perceptions of others' lives. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 2012; 15:117-121.
Facebook Users' privacy concerns up since
  • J M Jones
Jones JM. Facebook Users' privacy concerns up since 2011. https://news.gallup.com/poll/232319/facebook-usersprivacy-concerns-2011.aspx (accessed Jun. 22, 2018).
Coordination, Organizations, Institutions and Norms in Agent Systems V
  • M Stankovic
  • A Passant
  • P Laublet
Stankovic M, Passant A, Laublet P. (2010) Directing status messages to their audience in online communities. In Padget J, et al., eds. Coordination, Organizations, Institutions and Norms in Agent Systems V. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 195-210.
How Google and Facebook have taken over the digital ad industry
  • M Ingram
Ingram M. How Google and Facebook have taken over the digital ad industry. http://fortune.com/2017/01/04/googlefacebook-ad-industry (accessed Dec. 8, 2017).
A study on the discontinuance intention of Twitter and Facebook
  • H Lee
  • D Jung
Lee H, Jung D. A study on the discontinuance intention of Twitter and Facebook. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies 2013; 57:269-293.