ArticlePublisher preview availableLiterature Review

Choroidal binarization analysis: clinical application

December 2019
International Ophthalmology 39(6)

DOI:10.1007/s10792-019-01122-8

Authors:

Joana Cardigos

Diogo Hipolito-Fernandes

Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central

Maria Elisa Luís

Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central

Show all 9 authorsHide

Introduction Image processing of optical coherence tomography scans through binarization techniques represent a non-invasive way to separately asses and measure choroidal components, in vivo. In this review, we systematically search the scientific literature regarding binarization studies published so far. Methods A systematic research was conducted at PubMed database, including English literature articles for all of the following terms in various combinations: binarization, choroid/al, enhanced depth spectral domain/swept source optic coherence tomography, and latest publications up to November 2018 were reviewed. Results Thirty-seven articles were included and analyzed regarding studied disease, binarization method, studied variables, and outcomes. Most of the studies have focused on the more common retinal pathologies, such as age-related macular degeneration, central serous chorioretinopathy and diabetic retinopathy but binarization techniques have also been applied to the study of choroidal characteristics in ocular inflammatory diseases, corneal dystrophies and in postsurgical follow-up. Advantages and disadvantages of binarization techniques are also discussed. Conclusion Binarization of choroidal images seems to represent a promising approach to study choroid subcomponents in an increasingly detailed manner.

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REVIEW

Choroidal binarization analysis: clinical application

Sara Crisostomo .Joana Cardigos .Diogo Hipo

´lito Fernandes .Maria Elisa Luı

´s.

Ricardo Figueiredo .Nuno Moura-Coelho .Joa

˜o Paulo Cunha .

Luı

´s Abega

˜o Pinto .Joana Ferreira

Received: 7 August 2018 / Accepted: 22 May 2019 / Published online: 28 May 2019

ÓSpringer Nature B.V. 2019

Abstract

Introduction Image processing of optical coherence

tomography scans through binarization techniques

represent a non-invasive way to separately asses and

measure choroidal components, in vivo. In this review,

we systematically search the scientiﬁc literature

regarding binarization studies published so far.

Methods A systematic research was conducted at

PubMed database, including English literature articles

for all of the following terms in various combinations:

binarization, choroid/al, enhanced depth spectral

domain/swept source optic coherence tomography,

and latest publications up to November 2018 were

reviewed.

Results Thirty-seven articles were included and

analyzed regarding studied disease, binarization

method, studied variables, and outcomes. Most of

the studies have focused on the more common retinal

pathologies, such as age-related macular degenera-

tion, central serous chorioretinopathy and diabetic

retinopathy but binarization techniques have also been

applied to the study of choroidal characteristics in

ocular inﬂammatory diseases, corneal dystrophies and

in postsurgical follow-up. Advantages and disadvan-

tages of binarization techniques are also discussed.

Conclusion Binarization of choroidal images seems

to represent a promising approach to study choroid

subcomponents in an increasingly detailed manner.

Keywords Choroid Choroidal imaging 

Binarization Optic coherence tomography

Introduction

The choroid is a cardinal structure within the eye

globe, with important functions in outer retinal

vascular supply, thermoregulation and possibly in

the regulation of scleral growth [1]. It is a vascular

layer of the eye composed of blood vessels embedded

in a stromal matrix. It contains connective tissue and

S. Crisostomo (&)J. Cardigos D. H. Fernandes 

M. E. Luı

´sN. Moura-Coelho J. P. Cunha J. Ferreira

Department of Ophthalmology, Central Lisbon Hospital

Center, Alameda de Santo Anto

´nio DOS Capuchos, Santo

Anto

´nio, 1169-050 Lisbon, Portugal

e-mail: saralbcrisostomo@gmail.com

R. Figueiredo

Department of Ophthalmology, E

´vora Espirito Santo

Hospital, E

´vora, Portugal

L. A. Pinto

Department of Ophthalmology, North Lisbon Hospital

Center, Lisbon, Portugal

J. P. Cunha J. Ferreira

NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Cie

ˆncias Me

´dicas

da UNL, Lisbon, Portugal

L. A. Pinto

Visual Sciences Study Center, Faculty of Medicine,

Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal

123

Int Ophthalmol (2019) 39:2947–2973

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-019-01122-8(0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV)

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Analysis of ocular surface and quality of life in patients with corneal and conjunctival tumors

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Mar 2022

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of corneal and conjunctival tumors on the ocular surface and quality of life of patients before and after surgical treatment. Methods: This prospective study conducted a preoperative and 30- and 90-day postoperative assessment of patients diagnosed with conjunctival and corneal tumors. Demographic data were collected preoperatively. The 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaires were applied to assess patients' quality of life and perception of their vision-related functions. The tear breakup time and Schirmer tests were performed for ocular surface evaluation. The tumor extensions were measured using ImageJ image analysis software. Results: Twenty-three patients were enrolled. The mean age at examination was 52.8 ± 17.3 years (range: 27-9 years). The most common tumor type was squamous cell carcinoma (61.5%). The patients' visual acuity improved significantly at 1 month and 3 months (p=0.018 and p=0.036, respectively). No significant differences were found between tear breakup time and Schirmer tests preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively (p=0.150 and p=0.490, respectively). The SF-12 scores demonstrated significant differences between the preoperative and 30- and 90-day postoperative mental components (p=0.008 and p=0.026, respectively). Tumor extension was 868.7 ± 344.9 pixels (range, 224.6-1481.6 pixels) and were significantly correlated with the preoperative (p=0.011), 30-day postoperative (p=0.017), and 90-day postoperative (p=0.012) SF-12 mental components, as well as the emotional component at the 30th postoperative day (p=0.016). Conclusion: Patients with corneal and conjunctival tumors improved their ocular symptoms, visual acuity, and the emotional component of their quality of life after surgical excision of the tumor.

Application of Deep Learning Methods for Binarization of the Choroid in Optical Coherence Tomography Images

Article

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Feb 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a deep learning model for automatic binarization of the choroidal tissue, separating choroidal blood vessels from nonvascular stromal tissue, in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images from healthy young subjects. Methods: OCT images from an observational longitudinal study of 100 children were used for training, validation, and testing of 5 fully semantic networks, which provided a binarized output of the choroid. These outputs were compared with ground truth images, generated from a local binarization technique after manually optimizing the analysis window size for each individual image. The performance was evaluated using accuracy and repeatability metrics. The methods were also compared with a fixed window size local binarization technique, which has been commonly used previously. Results: The tested deep learning methods provided a good performance in terms of accuracy and repeatability. With the U-Net and SegNet networks showing >96% accuracy. All methods displayed a high level of repeatability relative to the ground truth. For analysis of the choroidal vascularity index (a commonly used metric derived from the binarized image), SegNet showed the closest agreement with the ground truth and high repeatability. The fixed window size showed a reduced accuracy compared to other methods. Conclusions: Fully semantic networks such as U-Net and SegNet displayed excellent performance for the binarization task. These methods provide a useful approach for clinical and research applications of deep learning tools for the binarization of the choroid in OCT images. Translational relevance: Deep learning models provide a novel, robust solution to automatically binarize the choroidal tissue in OCT images.

Evaluation of peripapillary and subfoveal choroidal vascularity index in patients with multiple sclerosis

Article

Mar 2022

Purpose To evaluate the changes in the peripapillary choroidal vascularity index (PCVI) and subfoveal choroidal vascularity index (SFCVI) in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and healthy subjects Methods A total of 145 eyes of 73 patients were investigated in this cross-sectional study. 78 eyes of 39 MS patients (Group 1) and 67 eyes of 34 healthy subjects (Group 2) were evaluated. MS patients with a history of optic neuritis (ON) constituted Group 1a, those without a history of ON constituted Group 1b. Results The mean PCVI was significantly lower in Group 1 than Group 2 (61,39±3,00 % vs 64,49±2,29 % respectively, p<0.001). The mean SFCVI scores of Group 1 was significantly lower than Group 2 (64,01±2,66 % vs. 66,87±2,14 % respectively, p<0.001). The mean PCVI of Group 1a (59,26±2,85 %) was significantly lower compared to Group 1b (62,87±2,08 %) and Group 2 (64,49±2,29 %, p1<0.001, p2<0.001). The mean SFCVI of Group 1a was significantly lower than Group 2 (64.26±2.75 % vs. 66.87±2.14 % respectively, p<0.001). Conclusion PCVI and SFCVI scores were significantly lower in MS patients compared to healthy controls. PCVI scores of MS patients who had a history of ON were significantly lower than those of patients without a previous ON attack, as were SFCVI scores. We consider that evaluation of PCVI and SFCVI might be useful for monitoring ocular involvement in patients with MS.

Choroidal Vascularity Index in Adults With Different Refractive Status

Article

Sep 2021

Aim We aimed to perform structural analysis of the choroid in adults with different refractive status. Materials and methods A prospective, comparative study of 100 right eyes of 100 patients ages 18–40 years was conducted. The patients were divided into four groups according to spherical equivalent (SE): Group 1: –0.5 and above, low-to-moderate myopia; Group 2: –6 and above, high myopia; Group 3: +0.5 and above, hyperopia; Group 4: +/– 0.5, emmetropia. With the images obtained using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT), the total choroidal area (TCA), luminal area (LA), stromal area (SA), and choroidal vascular index (CVI) were calculated using the binarization method. The anterior chamber depth (ACD), axial length (AL), and central corneal thickness (CCT) values were measured by optical biometry. All parameters were compared between groups. The correlation of biometric parameters with CVI was examined. Results Parameters were found to be statistically different between the four groups. TCA, LA, and SA values were the highest in Group 3 and lowest in Group 2. L/S ratio and CVI values in Group 3 were significantly lower than in the other groups. There was a negative correlation between AL with SE and CT, and no correlation between the CVI and other parameters. Conclusion CVI decreases when emmetropization is disrupted and changes to hypermetropia or myopia. The reason for the decrease in myopia is the reduction of the luminal area, while in hyperopia it is due to an increase in the stromal area. When there is a shift toward myopia, there is a decrease in the TCA, but the CVI does not change significantly. Unlike CT, the CVI is not affected by factors such as SE and AL; therefore, the CVI can be a useful parameter for examining choroidal changes in refractive errors.

Automated quantification of Haller’s layer in choroid using swept-source optical coherence tomography

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2018
PLOS ONE

Objective To develop an algorithm for automated quantification of Haller’s layer in choroid using swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT). Background So far, to understand the association of various diseases with structural changes of choroid, only gross indicators such as thickness, volume and vascularity index have been examined. However, certain diseases affect specific sublayers of the choroid. Accordingly, a need for targeted quantitation arises. In particular, there is significant interest in understanding Haller’s layer, a choroidal sublayer comprising relatively large blood vessels. Unfortunately, its intricate vasculature makes, manual quantitation difficult, tedious, and error-prone. To surmount this difficulty, it is imperative to develop an algorithmic method. Methodology The primary contribution of this work consists in developing an approach for detecting the boundary between Haller’s and Sattler’s layers, the latter comprising medium-sized vessels. The proposed algorithm estimates vessel cross-sections using exponentiation-based binarization, and labels a vessel large if its cross-section exceeds certain statistically determined threshold. Finally, the desired boundary is obtained as a smooth curve joining the innermost points of such large vessels. On 50 OCT B-scans (of 50 healthy eyes), our algorithm was validated both qualitatively and quantitatively, by comparing with intra-observer variability. Extensive statistical analysis was performed using metrics including Dice coefficient (DC), correlation coefficient (CC) and absolute difference (AD). Results The proposed algorithm achieved a mean DC of 89.48% (SD:5.03%) in close agreement with the intra-observer repeatability of 89.12% (SD:5.68%). Corresponding mean AD and mean CC were of 17.54 μm (SD:16.45μm) and 98.10% (SD:1.60%) which too approximate the respective intra-observer repeatability values 19.19 μm (SD:17.69 μm) and 98.58% (SD:1.12%). Conclusion High correlation between algorithmic and manual delineations indicates suitability of our algorithm for clinically analyzing choroid in greater finer details, especially, in diseased eyes.

Choroidal vascularity index in type-2 diabetes analyzed by swept-source optical coherence tomography

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2018

The relationships between changes in choroidal vasculature and the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) remain unclear. We assessed choroidal changes in diabetic patients by measuring choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in conjunction with DR stage. In this study, patients with diabetes and healthy controls were retrospectively analyzed. Subjects were divided into seven groups as follows: Healthy controls, no DR, mild/moderate non-proliferative DR (NPDR), severe NPDR, proliferative DR (PDR), panretinal photocoagulation-treated DR, and clinically significant macular edema. The mean CVI values in the above groups were 69.08, 67.07, 66.28, 66.20, 63.48, 65.38, and 66.28, respectively. The eyes of diabetic patients exhibited a significantly lower CVI value than those of healthy controls even without DR. The PDR group exhibited a significantly lower CVI value than the healthy control, no DR, and mild/moderate NPDR groups. Age, sex, disease duration, glycated hemoglobin, fasting blood sugar, or intraocular pressure had no correlation with CVI. In multivariate regression analysis, thicker subfoveal choroid and thinner central retina were significantly associated with higher CVI values. These findings carefully suggest that changes in choroidal vasculature could be the primary event in diabetes even where there is no DR.

CHOROIDAL STRUCTURAL CHANGES AND VASCULARITY INDEX IN STARGARDT DISEASE ON SWEPT SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2017
RETINA-J RET VIT DIS

Purpose: To evaluate structural changes in the choroid of patients with Stargardt disease using swept source optical coherence tomography scans. Methods: A retrospective comparison cohort study was conducted on 39 patients with Stargardt disease, and on 25 age and gender matched-healthy controls. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) was computed from the swept source optical coherence tomography machine, and the scans were binarized into luminal area and stromal areas, which were then used to derive choroidal vascularity index (CVI). Choroidal vascularity index and SFCT were analyzed independently using linear mixed effects model. Results: There was no significant difference in SFCT between the 2 groups (347.20 ± 13.61 μm in Stargardt disease vs. 333.09 ± 18.96 μm in the control group, P = 0.548). There was a significant decrease in the CVI among eyes with Stargardt disease as compared with the normal eyes (62.51 ± 0.25% vs. 65.45 ± 0.29%, P < 0.001). There was a negative association between visual acuity and CVI (correlation coefficient = -0.75, P < 0.001) and a positive association between visual acuity and SFCT (correlation coefficient = 0.21, P = 0.035). Conclusion: Choroidal vascularity index appears to be a more robust tool compared with SFCT for choroidal changes in Stargardt disease. Choroidal vascularity index can possibly be used as a surrogate marker for disease monitoring. A decrease in CVI was associated with a decrease in visual function in eyes with Stargardt disease.

Choroidal Remodeling in Age-related Macular Degeneration and Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy: A 12-month Prospective Study

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2017

Choroid thinning occurs in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, it remains unclear whether the reduction is due to reduction in choroidal vessels or shrinkage of choroidal stroma, or both. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes of the choroidal vascular and stromal area in 118 patients with typical AMD (t-AMD) and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) over a 12-month period. We used spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) with enhanced depth imaging (EDI) mode to measure the subfoveal choroidal thickness (CT), central retinal thickness (CRT) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI - ratio of luminal area to total choroidal area). At baseline, PCV eyes had higher CRT (471.6 µm vs 439.1 µm, p = 0.02), but comparable subfoveal CT and CVI, compared to t-AMD. Eyes with high CVI at baseline showed marked reduction in stromal area compared with eyes with average or low CVI. Over 12 months, CRT and subfoveal CT significantly decreased (p < 0.001) in both subtypes. Eyes with high baseline CVI showed significant CVI reduction from baseline to month 12 (p < 0.001), whereas eyes with average to low baseline CVI showed increase in CVI. These differences in choroidal vascularity may reflect different predominant pathogenic processes and remodeling in AMD eyes with varying spectrum.

Choroidal Vasculature in Bietti Crystalline Dystrophy With CYP4V2 Mutations and in Retinitis Pigmentosa With EYS Mutations

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2017

Purpose: We compare the choroidal vascular area between Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD) patients with CYP4V2 mutations, retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients with EYS mutations, and normal controls, and investigate the correlation between choroidal vascular area and associated parameters. Methods: This prospective case-series study included consecutive nine eyes of nine BCD patients with CYP4V2 mutations (BCD group), 16 eyes of 16 RP patients with EYS mutations (EYS-RP group), and 16 eyes of 16 normal volunteers matched for age and axial length (control group). Using swept-source optical coherence tomography, we obtained en face images of the choroidal vasculature at the midpoint of the choriocapillaris layer-Sattler's layer (inner choroid) and Haller's layer (outer choroid). After binarization, we compared the inner and outer choroidal vascular areas among the three groups and identified associated factors. Results: The outer choroidal vascular area was 43.34 ± 5.76%, 53.73 ± 4.92%, and 52.80 ± 4.10% in the BCD, EYS-RP, and control groups, respectively. This value was significantly smaller in the BCD group than in the EYS-RP and control groups (P < 0.001 in both; no significant difference between the EYS-RP and control groups). In the BCD group, the outer choroidal vascular area was correlated strongly with the subfoveal inner choroidal thickness (P = 0.001, r = 0.91, respectively). The inner choroidal vasculature could not be identified in eight of nine eyes in the BCD group. Conclusions: The outer choroidal vascular narrowing might progress with the inner choroidal thinning in BCD, and the inner choroidal vasculature might be extinguished in advanced-stage BCD. Our findings may help to clarify the etiology of BCD.

Semi-automated software to measure luminal and stromal areas of choroid in optical coherence tomographic images

Article

Dec 2017

PurposeTo determine the capabilities of “EyeGround” software in measuring the choroidal cross sectional areas in optical coherence tomographic (OCT) images. Study designCross sectional, prospective study. Methods The cross-sectional area of the subfoveal choroid within a 1500 µm diameter circle centered on the fovea was measured both with and without using the EyeGround software in the OCT images. The differences between the evaluation times and the results of the measurements were compared. The inter-rater, intra-rater, inter-method agreements were determined. ResultsFifty-one eyes of 51 healthy subjects were studied: 24 men and 27 women with an average age of 35.0 ± 8.8 years. The time for analyzing a single image was significantly shorter with the software at 3.2±1.1 min than without the software at 12.1±5.1 min (P <0.001). The inter-method correlation efficient for the measurements of the whole choroid was high [0.989, 95% CI (0.981-0.994)]. With the software, the inter-rater correlation efficient was significantly high [0.997, 95% CI (0.995-0.999)], and the intra-rater correlation efficient was also significantly high [0.999, 95% CI (0.999-1.0)]. Conclusion The EyeGround software can measure the choroidal area in the OCT cross sectional images with good reproducibility and in a significantly shorter times. It can be a valuable tool for analyzing the choroid.

Choroidal Structural Changes in Tubercular Multifocal Serpiginoid Choroiditis

Article

Oct 2017

Purpose: To assess choroidal vascular changes among patients with tubercular multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis (TB MSC) using previously validated techniques. Methods: Patients with TB MSC (n = 18) and healthy controls (n = 30) underwent enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) imaging. Using previously validated algorithm of image binarization, EDI-OCT scans were segmented to derive total choroidal area, luminal area, stromal area, and choroidal vascularity index (CVI). Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the CVI between controls (66.90 ± 1.77%) and TB MSC patients (65.46 ± 2.53%; p < 0.001). There was significant reduction in CVI at follow-up (3 months) (63.77 ± 3.91%; p = 0.05). The choroidal thickness was higher in TB MSC compared to controls (278.90 ± 57.84 µm versus 329.33 ± 27.69 µm; p = 0.001). Conclusions: CVI provides insight into structural changes in choroid in TB MSC. During the active disease, there is relative decrease in choroidal vascularity. As the lesions heal, choriocapillaris atrophy occurs with remodeling of choroid.

Diabetic Choroidopathy: Choroidal Vascular Density and Volume in Diabetic Retinopathy With Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography

Article

Oct 2017

Purpose: To compare choroidal vascular density (CVD) and volume (CVV) in diabetic eyes and controls, using en face swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Design: Prospective cross-sectional study. Methods: ▪▪▪ SETTING: Multicenter PATIENT POPULATION: 143 diabetic eyes - 27 with no diabetic retinopathy (DR), 47 with nonproliferative DR (NPDR), 51 with NPDR and diabetic macular edema (DME), and 18 with proliferative DR (PDR), and 64 age-matched non-diabetic control eyes. Observation procedures: Complete ophthalmologic examination and SS-OCT imaging. En face SS-OCT images of the choroidal vasculature were binarized. Main outcome measures: CVD, calculated as the percent area occupied by choroidal vessels in the central macular region (6-mm diameter circle centered on the fovea), and throughout the posterior pole (12 x 9 mm). The central macular CVV was calculated by multiplying the average CVD by macular area and choroidal thickness (obtained with SS-OCT automated software). Multilevel mixed linear models were performed for analyses. Results: Compared to controls (0.31 ± 0.07), central macular CVD was significantly decreased by 9% in eyes with NPDR + DME (0.28 ± 0.06; ß=-0.03, p=0.02) and by 15% in PDR (0.26 ± 0.05; ß= -0.04, p=0.01). The central macular CVV was significantly decreased by 19% in eyes with PDR (0.020 mm(3) ± 0.005 mm(3), ß = -0.01, p=0.01) compared to controls (0.025 mm(3) ± 0.01 mm(3)). Conclusions: Choroidal vascular density and volume are significantly reduced in more advanced stages of diabetic retinopathy. New imaging modalities should allow further exploration of the contributions of choroidal vessel disease to diabetic eye disease pathogenesis, prognosis, and treatment response.

The Choroidal Vascularity Index Decreases and Choroidal Thickness Increases in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease Patients During a Recurrent Anterior Uveitis Attack

Article

Sep 2017
OCUL IMMUNOL INFLAMM

Purpose: To measure changes in the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in chronic Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease during a recurrent anterior uveitis attack. Methods: Forty VKH patients and 40 normal controls were included in this study. Choroidal images were recorded before and during a recurrent anterior uveitis attack, as well as after appropriate treatment. CVI was measured by the binarization technique using ImageJ software (Bethesda, MD). Results: The CVI was 0.75 ± 0.09 in quiescent VKH patients, which was significantly higher compared to healthy controls (0.70 ± 0.05, p ＜ 0.0001). The CVI significantly decreased to 0.72 ± 0.09 when granulomatous anterior uveitis appeared in these patients. However, it returned to 0.75 ± 0.08 after uveitis resolved. Conclusions: A significant decrease of the CVI occurred during recurrent anterior uveitis in chronic VKH. CVI may provide a novel parameter to guide the treatment of VKH disease.

Choroidal and Retinal Anatomical Responses Following Systemic Corticosteroid Therapy in Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Disease Using Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography

Article

Jul 2017

Purpose: To assess structural changes in retina and choroid after systemic corticosteroid therapy in Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) disease using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Methods: SS-OCT was conducted before treatment and during first-month follow-up in 16 eyes treated with systemic corticosteroids for active VKH. Retina was divided into five zones depending on pretreatment choroidal thickness (CT) of <100, >100 to <200, >200 to <300, >300 to <400 and >400μm, and changes in retinal thickness and CT after treatment in these zones were compared with baseline. Results: Mean CT significantly improved from 83.1±8.75 to 156.4±62.73μm(p = 0.008) in the zone with pre-CT <100μm and significantly decreased from 336.1 ± 17.28 to 266.28 ± 81.39μm(p = 0.008) in the zone with pre-CT > 300μm. Conclusions: We have shown choroidal remodeling in VKH. SS-OCT can serve as an important noninvasive tool in assessment of treatment response in patients with VKH disease.

Choroidal binarization analysis: clinical application

Abstract

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