Socio-economic status of fishermen at Habiganj Sadar Upazila in Bangladesh

Abstract

The present study was conducted to assess & providing baseline information about the socio economic & livelihood status of fishermen in the Habiganj Sadar Upazila, Bangladesh during the period from August to November, 2018. The livelihood status of fishermen community of Habiganj Sadar Upazila was presented in terms of educational status, marital status, religious status, family size & type, housing facilities, electricity facilities, sanitary facilities, drinking water facilities, banking facilities, technical training, annual income. The survey revealed that majority of the fishermen belonged to the age groups of 31-40 years (28.75%), represented by 97% Muslim. 85% of them were married & 15% were unmarried. The family size of fishermen community usually consisted of more than 7 members. It was found that 61% of them lived in nuclear families and 39% live in joint families. About 72.5 % of fishermen were illiterate. Among them 7.25% can't sign but 65% were able to sign. 76% of fishermen had tin shed house, 19% and 5% of the fishermen had katcha & pucca house respectively. The highest number (54%) of the fisher's annual income ranged between 65,000 BDT-80,000 BDT. 61% of the fishermen received health service from District Sadar Hospital, 35% from village doctors and remaining 4% got health service from MBBS doctors. About 65% of fishermen used semi pucca toilet while 29% of fishermen had katcha toilet but only 6% fishermen used pucca toilet for hygiene facilities. Present study had been found that, 57% fishermen used own tube well while 40% used neigh bor's tube well as a source of water. Only 3% used pond water. Most of them (72%) had electricity facilities in their house. Fishermen struggled for their livelihood. For the development of the socio economic status of fishermen expansion of education, technical training, off farm employment opportunity, loan facilities from government agencies and improved management of the local resources should be ensured.

Full text

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International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2019; 7(3): 87-92
E-ISSN: 2347-5129
P-ISSN: 2394-0506
(ICV-Poland) Impact Value: 5.62
(GIF) Impact Factor: 0.549
IJFAS 2019; 7(3): 87-92
© 2019 IJFAS
www.fisheriesjournal.com
Received: 03-03-2019
Accepted: 07-04-2019
Sakib Tahmid Rishan
Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet
Agricultural University,
Bangladesh
Iftekhar Ahmed Fagun
Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet
Agricultural University,
Bangladesh
Correspondence
Sakib Tahmid Rishan
Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet
Agricultural University,
Bangladesh
Socio-economic status of fishermen at Habiganj Sadar
Upazila in Bangladesh
Sakib Tahmid Rishan and Iftekhar Ahmed Fagun
Abstract
The present study was conducted to assess & providing baseline information about the socio economic &
livelihood status of fishermen in the Habiganj Sadar Upazila, Bangladesh during the period from August
to November, 2018. The livelihood status of fishermen community of Habiganj Sadar Upazila was
presented in terms of educational status, marital status, religious status, family size & type, housing
facilities, electricity facilities, sanitary facilities, drinking water facilities, banking facilities, technical
training, annual income. The survey revealed that majority of the fishermen belonged to the age groups
of 31-40 years (28.75%), represented by 97% Muslim. 85% of them were married & 15% were
unmarried. The family size of fishermen community usually consisted of more than 7 members. It was
found that 61% of them lived in nuclear families and 39% live in joint families. About 72.5 % of
fishermen were illiterate. Among them 7.25% can’t sign but 65% were able to sign. 76% of fishermen
had tin shed house, 19% and 5% of the fishermen had katcha & pucca house respectively. The highest
number (54%) of the fisher’s annual income ranged between 65,000 BDT-80,000 BDT. 61% of the
fishermen received health service from District Sadar Hospital, 35% from village doctors and remaining
4% got health service from MBBS doctors. About 65% of fishermen used semi pucca toilet while 29% of
fishermen had katcha toilet but only 6% fishermen used pucca toilet for hygiene facilities. Present study
had been found that, 57% fishermen used own tube well while 40% used neigh bor’s tube well as a
source of water. Only 3% used pond water. Most of them (72%) had electricity facilities in their house.
Fishermen struggled for their livelihood. For the development of the socio economic status of fishermen
expansion of education, technical training, off farm employment opportunity, loan facilities from
government agencies and improved management of the local resources should be ensured.
Keywords: Fishermen, socio-economic, livelihood, Habiganj
1. Introduction
Bangladesh is a country of South Asia. It shares land borders with India and Myanmar
(Burma). Fisheries sector is one of the most dynamic and productive sector in Bangladesh. The
fisheries sector contributes 3.61% to GDP and 24.41% to agricultural GDP [1]. More than 11
percent of the total population of Bangladesh is engaged with this sector in full time and part
time basis for their livelihoods [1]. Fish supplements to about 60% of our daily animal protein
intake [4]. In Bangladesh fish and fisheries is the part of cultural heritage [2]. Fish and fishermen
are associated with each other. Fishermen are one of the most important group in Bangladesh.
The number of fishermen who are fully reliant on fisheries sector for their livelihood about
1280000. Among them 770000 are engaged in inland fisheries sector and 510000 in marine
sector [3]. There are about 64 districts in Bangladesh. Habiganj is one of them which is situated
in the north-eastern part of Bangladesh. It is located in between 23°58' and 24°42' north
latitudes and in between 91°09' and 91°40' east longitudes. Its area is 2,636.58 km² and
covered by Sunamganj District to the north, Tripura of India and Maulvibazar District to the
east, Balaganj Upazila of Sylhet to the north-east, Brahmanbaria and Kishoreganj districts to
the west [4]. Habiganj district is riches with fisheries resource. Kushiyara, Kalni, Sutang,
Khowai, Korangi, Barak river are notable in Habiganj district. Habiganj Sadar Upazila situated
on the bank Khowai River. The district comprises nine Upazilas as Ajmiriganj, Baniachang,
Bahubal, Chunarughat, Habiganj Sadar, Lakhai, Madhabpur, Nabiganj, Sayestaganj. The total
area of Habiganj Sadar Upazila is 256 km². In our country fishermen’s socio economic status
is not hearty. They have to struggle for endure. Generation after generation they remain
illiterate and are not able to contribute for the betterment of their community. This study was
carried out for the first time to know the socio economic condition of fishermen community of
the Habiganj Sadar Upazila.

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International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Study area and period
The investigation was conducted in some selected area of
Habiganj Sadar Upazila (Figure 1) during August to
November, 2018 by using survey and interview method.
Eighty fishermen of the selected area were interviewed during
the survey. The study was carried out in the eight villages
named Umednagar, Poil, Noagaon, Shikarpur, Tongir Ghat,
Panch Paira, Moshajan, Shihaldaria.
Fig 1: Map of Habiganj Sadar Upazila.
2.2 Data collection
2.2.1 Primary sources
For collection of data regarding socioeconomic issues,
interview made with eighty fishermen of eight different
villages Habiganj Sadar Upazila. Ten representative
fishermen from every village were asked with a semi
structured questionnaire. Different social aspects were asked
in the questionnaire.
2.2.2 Secondary sources
The secondary sources of data were Upazila Fisheries of
Habiganj Sadar Upazila, District fisheries of Habiganj and
also different websites and journals.
2.3 Data analysis
After collection of data from the fishermen, they were verified
by asking other localities to eliminate error and
inconsistencies. Then Data were imputed transformed into
digital format carefully. The data were arranged according to
various aspects. The data were categorized and analyzed with
Microsoft Excel 2016.
3. Results
3.1 Age distribution of fishermen
In the study area majority of respondents (28.75%) were 31-
40 years old. On the other hand, 23.75% fishermen were
found 41-50 years old, 18.75% fishermen were found 21-30
years old,10 % fishermen were found 51-60 years and also
between 10 to 20 years old. Rest 8.75% were above 60 years
old. The case study shows that young people are more
involved with fishing activities (Table 1).
Table 1: Age of the fishermen in Sadar Upazila, Habiganj
Age group (years)
No. of Respondents
Respondents (%)
10-20
8
10
21-30
15
18.75
31-40
23
28.75
41-50
19
23.75
51-60
8
10
Above 60
7
8.75
Total
80
100
3.2 Educational Status of Fishermen
In our country most of the fishermen hadn’t received
education. They engaged fishing activity from childhood. In
study area about 72.5 % of fishermen were illiterate out of 80
fishermen. Among them 7.25% can’t sign but 65% were able
to sign. On the other hand, 25% had education up to primary
level and only 2.5% passed S.S.C. The case study shows that
even they haven’t enough education but most of them have
learnt to sign. They were unable to study more because they
were inherited fishing activities by paternal way. But they
understand the importance of education and want their
children to study (Table 2).
Table 2: Educational Status of fishermen in Sadar Upazila, Habiganj
Educational Status
No. of Respondents
Respondents (%)
Cannot sign
6
7.25
Can only sign
52
65
Primary
20
25
SSC
2
2.5
Total
80
100
3.3 Marital Status of Fishermen
Majority (85%) of respondents were married and rest 15%
were unmarried. The case studies showed that most of the
fishermen were married and their families were also
associated with fishing activities. Early marriage and dowry
system found in fishermen community (Fig 2).
Fig 2: Marital Status of Fishermen
3.4 Religion
There were about 97% of fishermen who had religion status
as Muslim. Only 3% were found Hindu (Figure). The study
shows that there was present communal harmony among them
(Fig 3).

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International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies
Fig 3: Religion Status of fishermen
3.5. Number of family member
It was found that, Majority (60%) of family consists of more
than 7 family members, 25% Family had 5-6 members and
rest 15% consists of 2-4 family members. The study shows
that those who have more family members suffered from
different types of problems (Fig 4).
Fig 4: Number of family member of fishermen
3.6 Types of Family
Both nuclear and joint family were observed in study area.
Number of nuclear family was higher in study area. It was
found that 61% people lived in nuclear families and 39% live
in joint families. Most of the fishermen live separately from
their paternal family (Fig 5).
Fig 5: Types of family of Fishermen
3.7 Housing condition
There were three types of house found in study area such as
katcha, tinshed and pucca. Majority (76%) of houses were
tinshed and 19% were katcha which were made from
combination of soil, tree leaves and bamboo. Only 5% were
pucca made of brick. Due to the bad financial condition of
fishermen most of them live in tinshed house (Fig 6).
Fig 6: Housing condition of Fishermen
3.8 Electricity facility
It was found that about 72% fishermen have electricity
facilities in their house only 28% have no electricity facilities
in their house. Electricity has reached the houses of fishermen
as the most of the villages are electrified (Fig 7).
Fig 7: Electricity facility of Fishermen
3.9 Mobile, Television and Refrigerator user
It was found that 57 respondent use mobile phone and 23 had
no mobile phone out of 80 people. Most of them used mobile
phone for commination, only small portion favored for
recreational purposes. Many fishermen are using mobile
phones as the network has reached in villages. But a few
number of fishermen can’t afford mobile phone. 20 fishermen
had television in their house but others 60 couldn’t afford
television. Most of television users watching TV at night. In
study area only few fishermen had refrigerator in their house.
Only 7 people out of 80 had refrigerator in their house. As a
result, most can’t preserve their perishable food items (Table
3).
Table 3: Mobile, Television and Refrigerator user among Fishermen
Device
Yes
No
Mobile
57
23
Television
20
60
Refrigerator
7
73
3.10 Drinking Water Facilities
Water is important for our life. This case study shows that
about 57% fishermen had their own tubewell in house. 40%
used neighbor’s tubewell as a source of water. Only 3% used
pond water. No deep tubewell were observed in study area
(Fig 8).

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International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies
Fig 8: Drinking Water Facilities of Fishermen
3.11 Sanitary Facility
Sanitation is vital for maintain good health and promote life
span. Diarrhoea, cholera etc. disease caused due to inadequate
sanitation facilities. In the study area 65% of fishermen had
semi pucca (ring) toilet, 29% of fishermen had katcha toilet
made by bamboo, Polythene, leaves, soil etc. Only a small
portion 6% fishermen used pucca toilet for hygiene facilities
(Fig 9).
Fig 9: Sanitary Facility of Fishermen
3.12 Diseases and Medical facilities
There is a proverb that says health is wealth. Majority of
respondents no knowledge about nutritional value of food and
lived in unhygienic environment. So disease outbreak was a
common phenomenon among them. They often suffered from
diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid, fever, gastric, malnutrition etc.
It was found that 61% of people received their treatment from
Habiganj Sadar hospital. On the other hand, 35% visited
village doctor. Only 4% took medical facility from MBBS
doctors. Medical facilities was found quite satisfactory in
study area (Fig 10).
Fig 10: Medical Facility of Fishermen
3.13 Bank account holder
There are some government and non-government bank
present in Habiganj sadar such as Sonali bank, Janata bank,
Agrani bank, Rupali bank, Dutch Bangla bank, AB bank,
Prime bank etc. But only a few number of respondent have
bank account. It was observed in the study area that about
22% has bank account but 78% has no bank account. Mobile
banking is also popular among fishermen. They use bKash,
Rocket, Ucash other money transaction system (Fig 11).
Fig 11: Bank account holder Fishermen
3.14 Technical training
Training is necessary to improve knowledge, skills,
performance. Training increase the provide various
information about fish marketing system, storage,
transportation, sustainable use of fisheries resources, harmful
effect of destructive fishing gear. Only 11% of total fisher got
technical training from governments project and Non-
government organizations but majority (89%) had no
technical training (Fig 12).
Fig 12: Technical training of Fishermen
3.15 Occupational Status and Annual Income
There were mainly three types of fishermen (professional,
occasional and subsistence) found in Habiganj Sadar upazila.
But in study area most of them were professional. Majority of
them involved in fishing activity by legacy. However, a small
number of population were involved in agriculture, day labor,
Small trader, Rickshaw puller, Tom Tom driver (Electric auto
rickshaw), Goat and cow rearing, Poultry business etc.
It is troublesome to found appropriate information on annual
income through observation. So, this information was
collected very cautiously. The annual income of fishermen
came from mainly fishing activities as well as secondary
sources. Depending upon their daily and monthly income, the
annual income was estimated. Among 80 fishermen, almost
15% had their annual income 50000-65000 BDT, 54% of
fishermen had annual income in ranges of 65000-80000 BDT,
20% had 80000-95000 BDT. Only 11% fishermen had higher
income above 95000 BDT (Table 4).

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International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies
Table 4: Income status
Income Level
(BDT)
Number of fisherman
(n=80)
Percentage of
fisherman
50000-65000
12
15
65000-80000
43
54
80000-95000
16
20
Above 95000
9
11
4. Discussion
In the study area majority of respondents (28.75%) were 31-
40 years old. On the other hand, 23.75% fishermen were
found 41-50 years old, 18.75% fishermen were found 21-30
years old, 10 % fishermen were found 51-60 and 10 to 20
years old. Rest 8.75% were above 60 years old. Ali et al.,
have found that (2014) [5] the age of the fishermen ranged
from 10-60 years. 10% of fishermen were in the young group,
60% were in the middle age group, where 25% was
represented by group of seniors and 5% being very old
person. Which is more or less similar with our study.
In study area it was observed that about 72.5 % of fishermen
were illiterate out of 80 fishermen. Among them 7.25% can’t
sign but 65% were able to sign. On the other hand, 25% had
education up to primary level and only 2.5% passed S.S.C.
Mia et al. found (2015) [3] that 25-40% illiterate (no
education), 45-50% capable of sign only, 12.5- 17.5 %
primary level, 2.5-7.5% SSC level of education. Kabir et al.
reported that (2012) [6] most of the fishermen were illiterate
(88%). Only small portion of them can sign only (2%). Some
were primary level of educated (10%). Minar et al. found
(2012) [18] that majority of the fishermen were illiterate (80%)
and only minor part of them can sign only (12%). Some were
primary level of educated (8%). The present study is more or
less relevant with previous work.
The case study showed that most majority (85%) of
respondents were married and rest 15% were unmarried.
Bappa et al. stated that (2014) [7] majority (94%) was married
while the unmarried responded was only 6%. Which has
similarity with the present study.
Hassan and Mahmud (2002) [8] stated that the coastal fishing
community in Kuakata the majority of fishermen were
Muslim (93.94%). Billah et al. reported that (2018) [9] there
were about 96% of fishermen who had religion status as
Muslim; rest of fisher had Hindu (6%) and Buddhist (2%). In
our present study there were about 97% of fishermen who had
religion status as Muslim. Only 3% were found Hindu.
It was found that, Majority (60%) of family consists of more
than 7 family members, 25% Family had 5-6 members and
rest 15% consists of 2-4 family members. Bappa et al. showed
that (2014) [7] the highest percentages (47.76%) found for 7-8
members in a family, the lowest percentage (1.27%) was
obtained for 1-2 Members.
It was found that 61% people lived in nuclear families and
39% live in joint families. Billah et al. reported that (2018) [9]
there were about 82% family which belongs to nuclear type
status and rest 18% had joint family. Adhikary et al reported
(2018) [10] that 77% of fish farmer family was jointed and
23% percentage fish farmer family was nuclear.
There were three types of house found in study area such as
katcha, tinshed and pucca. Majority (76%) were tinshed. 19%
were katcha and rest of 5% were pucca. Ali et al., was found
that (2014) [5] 60% households were tinshed with wooden
wall. 20% households were containing of Brick, wood and tin
and only 5% having the Brick and Cemented House. Hossain
et al. (2009) [11] reported that 40.3% of farmers had house of
earthen condition, 46.7% had semi-concrete and 10% had
concrete house.
It was found that about 72% fishermen had electricity
facilities in their house only 28% had no electricity facilities
in their house. Islam et al. found that (2017) [12] about
(93.33%) fish farmers had electricity facilities in their house.
Only few (6.67%) had no electricity in their house. Bappa et
al. observed that (2014) [7] majority households (82%) had no
electricity connection.
It was found that 57 respondent use mobile phone and 23 had
no mobile phone out of 80 people. 20 fishermen had
television in their house but 60 had no television out of 80
fishermen. In study area only few fishermen had refrigerator
in their house. Only 7 people out of 80 had refrigerator in
their house. Sharif et al reported that (2015) [13] 99% fish
farmers use mobile phone and only 1% has no mobile phone.
Billah et al. reported that (2018) [9] 54% respondent had a
television set in to their house, 48% fishermen had own
mobile phone. There was no data available about refrigerator
use in Bangladesh.
Bappa et al. showed that (2014) [7] 82% fishermen used deep
tube well water while remaining 18% collected water from
other sources. Ali et al. found that (2014) [5] 10% fishermen
used their own tube-well, 30% fishermen used shared or
neighbor tube-well and remaining majority part as 60% used
Government tube-well in Schools area. This case study
showed that about 57% fishermen had their own tubewell in
house. 40% used neighbor’s tubewell as a source of water.
Only 3% used pond water. No deep tubewell were observed
in study area.
In the study area 65% of semi pucca toilet were found. 29%
of fishermen had katcha toilet but only 6% fishermen used
pucca toilet for hygiene facilities. Kabir et al. reported that
(2012) [6] 65% of toilets were Katcha while 5% were semi-
paka and 30% of the fishermen had no sanitary facilities. Mia
et al found (2015) [3] that 47.5-50% of toilets were katcha,
while 42.5% were semi-pucca, only 7.5-10% were pucca.
It was found that 61% of people received their treatment from
Habiganj sadar hospital. On the other hand, 35% visited
village doctor. Only 4% took medical facility from MBBS
doctors. Billah et al. reported that (2018) [9] 67% fishermen
took medical facility from village quack doctors, and rest of
33% got from MBBS doctors. Islam et al. found (2014) [14]
80% of the fish farmer in the study area was dependent on
village doctors. Shahriar et al. (2010) [17] found that 64% of
the fishermen households were dependent on village doctors,
24% of the fishermen got health service from upazila health
complex and remaining 12% got health service from MBBS
doctors.
Sharif et al reported that (2015) [13] 45% traders had own bank
account but only 55% traders had no bank account. It was
observed in the study area that about 22% had bank account
but 78% had no bank account.
In the study area only 11% of fishermen received technical
training but majority (89%) had no technical training. Mia et
al. found (2015) [3] that about 50-55% fishermen were trained
from the various types of organization and rest of them had no
training. Hossain et al. found (2015) [16] that only 20%
fishermen had training and 80% had no any training. The
present study is relevant with previous work.
Billah et al. reported that (2018) [9] annual income of
respondents were varied from 30,000 to 70,000 and BDT
above. The highest percentage (26%) earned 30,000 to 40,000
TK per year and the lowest percentage were, (12%) earned

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International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies
70,000 TK and above. In the study area almost majority had
annual income 65000-80000 BDT. Lower income as 50,000-
65,000 BDT had only 15% of fishermen.
5. Conclusion
The present socio economic status of the fishermen of
Habiganj Sadar Upazila was not satisfactory. Most of them
were dependent on only fishing for their livelihood. They
were not well educated, they had no technical training and
capital for proper gear and boat. They lack of off season
employment opportunity. Some of them wanted to change
their profession. Effective initiatives from government & non-
government agencies may lead to a rapid development of the
livelihood status of the fishermen in the study area.
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