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Assessing Spirituality as the Ultimate End: Development and Validation of the Humanistic Spirituality Inventory

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Simona Kontrimiene at Vilnius University
Simona Kontrimiene
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Abstract

Spirituality is a basic human drive with diverse forms of expression that make for unique thinking and as such, it is the ultimate end of human development. Constituents of spirituality may best be delineated by the humanistic perspective as it readily meets the demands of the not-so-religious today. The proposed Humanistic Spirituality Inventory is based on the humanistic spirituality model, which captures spirituality’s content domain. The inventory contains three scales corresponding to the three model components: (1) Self-actualization, which implies a mature perception of reality, spontaneity, creativity, peak experiences, personal growth, detachment, Gemeinschafsgefühl, and profound interpersonal relations; (2) Transcendence, which implies belief in the supernatural reality, self-transcendence, and a holistic approach to Being; and (3) Ultimate Meaning in Life, which entails the awareness of faith-inspired directedness and ontological significance of life. The current study (N = 331) explores the development and psychometric properties of the instrument, that is, its content and construct validity as well as internal consistency and test–retest reliability. The results of the study support the good psychometric properties of the Humanistic Spirituality Inventory and suggest that it can be used as a proper measure in the assessment of this phenomenon.
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9).pdf
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1
The Humanistic Spirituality Inventory (HSI) (Kontrimienė, 2019)
Instructions. For each of the following statements, write in a number on a 7-point scale
(1 = strongly disagree, 4 = neither agree nor disagree, 7 = strongly agree) which best describes how
much that statement applies to you. Choose answers by how they convey your experience and not
by how you think things should be. There are no right or wrong answers in the inventory, please
give your immediate responses to the items and be sure not to omit any of them.
1
Strongly
disagree
2
Disagree
3
Slightly
disagree
4
Neither agree
nor disagree
5
Slightly
agree
6
Agree
7
Strongly
agree
1. _____ I often think that everything in life follows a harmonious order. (Tr)
2. _____ I feel that life is invariably significant. (UML)
3. _____ I feel scared rather than attracted by the unknown. (SA) R
4. _____ I could say that I am inventive, e.g., when needed, I easily find original solutions. (SA)
5. _____ Often it is difficult for me to act naturally since others may not accept it. (SA) R
6. _____ Your wish to be straightforward justifies your lack of tact. (SA)
7. _____ I believe there is a meaning even in the darkest experience. (UML)
8. _____ My meaning in life is inseparable from my belief in the higher power (God) and love.
(UML)
9. _____ What gives meaning to my life is my striving for personal growth and well-being of
those close to me, rather than spiritual advancement. (UML) R
10. _____ I often engage in deep reflection, meditation, and/or prayer. (Tr)
11. _____ Sometimes I have moments of deep serenity, fulfillment, and ecstasy—as if I lose my
personal self. (SA)
12. _____ I am still not capable of rising above my egocentricity, ambitions, and self-scolding.
(Tr) R
13. _____ I often feel that I have to do what others expect from me. (SA) R
14. _____ I have very close relationships with people whose values are the same as mine. (SA)
15. _____ I could not say that I love my job (studies) and what I do. (SA) R
16. _____ One day I will start living my real life, different from what I have now. (SA) R
17. _____ People’s weaknesses get noticed a lot more readily than their strengths. (SA) R
Item scored in the reverse direction.
2
18. _____ I am not afraid to stand out from others when I have to defend the truth. (SA)
19. _____ I believe that even the biggest blows in life would not break me. (SA)
20. _____ I could say that my relationships with other people and the whole world are inspired by
my belief in the higher power. (Tr)
21. _____ I often feel a connection with the higher power (God). (Tr)
22. _____ I believe that God will always give me strength. (Tr)
23. _____ I do not think there is some higher plane of existence: I was just born and I will die.
(Tr) R
24. _____It upsets me that a big part of my life is spent in vain. (SA) R
25. _____ It is difficult for me to accept all the trials life throws my way. (SA) R
26. _____ My faith allows me to see meaningful ties among things which are not directly related.
(UML)
27. _____ Sometimes I have moments of intense wonder and awe, when I feel as if elevated to a
higher realm of being. (SA)
28. _____ Meditation, prayer and/or reflection enable me to feel the highest values of truth,
goodness, and beauty. (Tr)
29. _____ I often feel as if I transcend myself and become aware of much deeper aspects of
reality. (Tr)
30. _____ I could say that I feel closeness to all people. (SA)
31. _____ I am sensitive to the feelings of others. (SA)
32. _____ I find it difficult to endure loneliness. (SA) R
33. _____ I am capable of loving even if my love is not returned. (SA)
34. ____ We inevitably wear masks in life. (SA) R
35. _____ I do not think I have a duty to help others. (SA) R
36. _____ In general, I could not say what my purpose in life is—it depends on the situation.
(UML) R
37. _____ I do not try to see a deeper meaning in events which seem accidental to me. (UML) R
38. _____ Whatever I do, I do it with an inner drive. (SA)
39. _____ I know I will achieve something important and special in life. (SA)
40. _____ To me, meaning in life is more about spiritual growth than striving for material well-
being, acknowledgement, and even a happy family. (UML)
3
The Inventory consists of 40 items, 16 of them scored in the reverse direction. 23 items
measure self-actualization (SA) (e.g.: “I believe that even the biggest blows in life would not break
me”), 9 items measure transcendence (Tr) (e.g.: “I often engage in deep reflection, meditation,
and/or prayer”), and 8 items assess ultimate meaning in life (UML) (e.g.: “My faith allows me to
see meaningful ties among things which are not directly related”). Items are rated on a Likert scale
ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).
Source:
Kontrimienė, S. (2019). Assessing Spirituality as the Ultimate End: Development and Validation of the
Humanistic Spirituality Inventory. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, article first published online.
Retrieved from:
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022167819850678
... Another component present in most prominent models is meaning in life, while other dimensions and elements of spirituality capture the aspects of innerness, selflessness, self-fulfilment as well as depth, broadness and maturity of thinking . All these dimensions of spirituality neatly align with the basic tenets of the humanistic perspective and are included in our multidimensional Humanistic Spirituality Model (Kontrimienė, 2019), which contains three major components: self-actualisation, transcendence and ultimate meaning in life . ...
... Comparatively, spirituality may be viewed as a more general feeling of connection to or search for the Sacred (Rindt-Hoffman et al ., 2019) . This difference has resulted, inter alia, in the modification of the understanding of the Higher Power and the ultimate purpose of human existence, which are reflected in our Humanistic Spirituality Model (Kontrimienė, 2019) . ...
... Transcendence may manifest in the traditional belief in the supernatural, the Higher Power, the 'more than what is seen' (Kontrimienė, 2019) . Importantly, in the later expanded version of his motivational theory, Maslow (1969Maslow ( , 1993 viewed transcendence as the last step in the hierarchy of needs, which stretches beyond self-actualisation, which may be a springboard or a prerequisite for but not the final step in the becoming of an individual whom Maslow called the 'transcendent self-actualising man' (p . ...
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Article
  • Jan 2004
The question of the transcendence of God has traditionally been thought in terms of the difference between pantheism, which affirms that God is wholly "within" the world, and theism, which affirms that God is both "within" and "outside" the world, both immanent and transcendent. Against Heidegger's critique of onto-theology and the general postmodern concern for respecting and preserving the difference of the other, Merold Westphal seeks to rethink divine transcendence in relation to modes of human self-transcendence. Touching upon Spinoza, Hegel, Augustine, Pseudo-Dionysius, Aquinas, Barth, Kierkegaard, Levinas, Derrida, and Marion, Westphal's work centers around a critique of onto-theology, the importance of alterity, the decentered self, and the autonomous transcendental ego. Westphal's phenomenology of faith sets this book into the main currents of Continental philosophy of religion today.
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Health Outcomes and a New Index of Spiritual Experience
Article
  • Jun 1991
Clinical observations suggesting a relationship between spiritual experiences, life purpose and satisfaction, and improvements in physical health led to the development of an Index of Core Spiritual Experience (INSPIRIT). Data from 83 medical outpatients showed the INSPIRIT to have a strong degree of internal reliability and concurrent validity. Multiple regression analyses showed the INSPIRIT to be associated with: (1) increased life purpose and satisfaction, a health-promoting attitude; and (2) decreased frequency of medical symptoms.
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Spirituality and Recovery
Article
  • Dec 1989
  • Alcohol Treat Q
This study explored possible relationships between the variables of time in AA, level of spirituality, level of contentment with life, and stressors encountered in the past year. Three separate measurement instruments were administered to each volunteer to measure levels of spirituality, contentment and stressors respectively. The results found that independent of the amount of time a person had in AA there was a direct correlation between his level of spirituality and his level of contentment with life. The results also found that continued attendance at AA meetings could provide an effective stress management program.
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Validation of a Short Index of Self-Actualization
Article
  • Mar 1986
  • Pers Soc Psychol Bull
This research reports the development of a 15-item index of self-actualization that will be useful in research contexts. The index is based primarily on modified items from the most widely accepted measure of self-actualization, the Personal Orientation Inventory. The index had a significant correlation with this inventory (r = .67, p < .001). It also correlated as expected with measures of self-esteem, rational behavior and beliefs, neuroticism, and extraversion. The index discriminated between groups of people nominated as self-actualizing and as non-self-actualizing. There were no problems with response sets, and the index was resistant to "faking good." Weaknesses of the scale are discussed as well as means to overcome these weaknesses.
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Toward a Humanistic-Phenomenological Spirituality
Article
  • Oct 1988
This is an account of research on spirituality being conducted by a group of professors and students at the Graduate School of Education and Psychology of Pepperdine University. The article presents a humanistic definition and description of spirituality based on the writings of Abraham Maslow, John Dewey, William James, Carl Jung, and others. A preliminary report is also made on the development of the Spiritual Orientation Inventory, a measure of spirituality based on the humanistic model and designed to assess the spirituality of those not affiliated with traditional religion.
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