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Proceedings of The IRES International Conference, Santiago, Chile, 16th-17th May 2019
8
SHARING ECONOMY (COLLABORATIVE CONSUMPTION) IN
BRAZIL FROM 2008 TO 2018
1KAMILA VENANCIO TAVARES, 2FELIPE MATHEUS VELLOSO DE SOUZA CORREIA,
3RAFAEL OLIVEIRA DA MOTA, 4DAIANE RODRIGUES DOS SANTOS
Veiga de Almeida University - Street Ibituruna, 108 - Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 20271-020, Brazil.
E-mail: 1kamila.venancio@yahoo.com.br, 2felipematheeus21@gmail.com 3rafael.mota@uva.br
4daianesantoseco@gmail.com
Abstract– Technological innovation together with changes in consumers habits made collaborative consumption a new
demand pattern for products and services. Economic recession context in Brazil also might explain why
entrepreneurs/consumers are considering business-oriented models of sharing as the alternative they seek. In the article, a
Generalized Linear Models (GLM) for Time Series as specified by [1] was used to evaluate if Brazilian volume of
collaborative consumer applications between 2008 to 2018 might be explained by economic growth patterns, by changes in
consumer habits related to sustainability and by the internet access growth for this period. Results showed GPD and
Broadband connection as main driving forces behind collaborative consumption in Brazil.
Keywords- Sharing economy, collaborative consumption, Brazil, Technology, Environment and Recession.
I. INTRODUCTION
Consuming is one of the frequent habits of mankind,
a habit which is strictly associated with life itself.
According to [2] for a long period of time from the
beginning of our civilization the habit of consuming
was mainly aimed at the survival, needs and
protection of the human being. From the early dawn
of civilization to the modern era this habit has change
substantially, as [3] showed: average per capita
human consumption has substantially increased since
the beginning of twentieth century, revealing a much
broader range of consumptions goods and services
which now are demanded as part of the bundle of
basic needs of the human race. Despite limited
advances on reducing impacts of such broad level of
consumption on natural resources, in the 21st century
consumption comes in a more conscious way.
Scarcity of resources, whether financial and /or
natural has become an increasingly concern for
society, and it is in this context that the collaborative
economy (or the sharing economy) gains strength by
allowing individuals to connect through digital
platforms and carry out actions like sharing,
exchange, loans, donations or rents.
“The sharing economy nomenclature is used in the
US Federal Trade Commission (FTC, 2015a, 2015b,
2015c); OECD (OECD, 2015a, 2015b); and in
official documents of the European Commission
(European Commission, 2015a, 2015b), the European
Economic and Social Committee (EESC, 2014) and
European Parliament (European Parliament, 2014). In
the European Commission Document prepared in the
summer of 2015 for public consultation. On
platforms, however, sharing economics and
"collaborative economics" are used as synonyms (...).
([4], P.6)
According to [5] sharing economy is a new pattern of
consumption, characterized by the prioritization of
sharing goods in alternative to holding property.
According to the authors, the model in which
experience is more valuated than ownership is not so
innovative, but with the help of technology, it
definitely impacts consumer relations.
Together with technology innovation, sharing
economy has growing in importance in society. In
2016, according to the Statistical Business
Intelligence portal, there were 44.8 million people
using this type of service only in the US, and
forecasts indicated that by 2021 the number of users
will increase to 86.5 million. According to [6] it is
estimated that in Europe the transactions of these
markets may reach 570 billion euros by 2025,
compared to 28 billion euros in 2016. Studies
prepared in 2016 by the business school IE Business
School in partnership with the Inter-American
Development Bank (IDB) revealed that Brazil is the
leader in Latin America in collaborative economy
initiatives, having created 32% of companies of the
region.
In the past few years Brazil experience a severe
economic recession. According Brazilian Institute of
Geography and Statistics (IBGE) data, the country’s
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) fell by 3.8% in 2015
compared to 2014; and decreased by 3.6% in 2016
compared to the previous year. According to the
National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), the
average unemployment rate in the country increased
to 8.5% in 2015, after rising by 6.8% in 2014; two
years later, unemployment increased by 11.5%. The
recession environment was favorable to the
collaborative economy in Brazil, as people began to
look for ways to reduce their spending and / or
increase their income through new ways for trading
goods and services. By the same reason, recession
environment might have pushed vehicles and house
owners for making those property available for
providing services on collaborative platforms as a
form for increasing income.
Sharing Economy (Collaborative Consumption) in Brazil from 2008 To 2018
Proceedings of The IRES International Conference, Santiago, Chile, 16th-17th May 2019
9
Considering this general outlook, the article aims at
analyzing the Brazil’s insertion in the sharing
economy worldwide relations over the last ten years
and the factors that influenced this new style of
commerce and mode of consumption, more
consciously and with scarce resources. In section 2,
we will present a literature review in the context of
the fundamental concepts of the sharing economy,
some of the main works published in the area and the
forces that supported its emergence. Section 3 we will
discuss some of the references for the growth of the
collaborative economy and explain the way in which
collaborative consumption is taking/took over Brazil
in the studied period, through different sharing
initiatives. In section 4 we will use generalized linear
models for time series to show how the sharing
economy has grown, due to the main forces that
supported its emergence. Section 5 presents the
results obtained. And finally, in section 6 we will
present the main conclusions of the article.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
In 1978, Marcus Felson and Joe L. Spaeth published
the article “Community Structure and Collaborative
Consumption: A routine activity approach”.
According to [2], the article presents a more focused
view on group consumption, where people with
family ties or similar connections tend to get involved
in this type of dynamic.
"The shared economy originated in the 1990s in the
United States, driven by the technological advances
that led to costs reduction on online peer-to-peer
transactions (Shirky, 2012) and enabled the creation
of new business models based in the exchange and
sharing of goods and services between unknown
people (Schor, 2014). "([2], 2016, P.3)
The article "Sharing", published by [7] in 2009,
addresses the sharing activities that involves the
participation of people who enjoys benefits from
shared resource, with separation limits between those
involved. For [7] sharing dissolves interpersonal
boundaries posed by materialism and attachment to
ownership behaviors.
According to [2] the articles cited above are two
seminal works related to sharing behaviors and
patterns, focusing on individuals’ perspectives.
According to the authors, from 2012 ahead there have
been annual publications in the area of sharing
economy. According to [8], Belk's articles published
in 2007 and 2009, titled "Why Not Share Rather than
Own?" and "Sharing" were embryonic when
discussing the "sharing economy".
In 2011, [9] published the article “O favorecimento
do consumo colaborativo pela geração Y nas redes
sociais” (The collaborative consumption fostering by
generation Y in social networks). In the article the
author approaches the collaborative consumption and
the form it’s assumes in internet environment
currently. For the author, the technological
innovations in the communication and information
sectors over the last years contributed to the changes
in the society habits, in the way of thinking and
acting. With these changes, there are forms of
consumption of goods and services closely linked to
the growth of Internet access, one of these forms of
consumption is the collaborative consumption.
Reference [10] explored the aspects that are involved
in collaborative consumption in Brazil. Based on
qualitative and exploratory research composed of
semi-structured interviews with managers from
organizations and users of different systems, it was
observed that although the sharing economy is at
initial stages in the country, there is a positive
scenario for the development of collective practices.
The connection between theological advances and
collective consumption practices is also emphasized
by [11]. In his article, [11] studied the connection
between collaborative consumption and technology,
focusing on the internet, smartphones devices, and
social networks. Based on the analysis of 63 articles
on shared economy, he argued that such an economy
is built as a high technology phenomenon.
In 2015, [12] wrote "The Business Model for the
SME Sharing Economy", which addresses the
difficulties of introducing the sharing economy,
presenting a business model that is necessary in the
introduction and operation of this activity among the
SMEs. In the same year, [31] published the doctoral
thesis "Business Models in Shared Economy: A
Multi-Case Investigation" that addresses
technological development as a factor of innovation
in the shared economy.
Reference [5] addressed sharing economics as a new
trend which emerged to meet the diverse needs of
consumers, who may want to access the products and
pay for the experience of having them temporarily,
rather than purchasing them.
[13] attempts to frame the boundaries of the sharing
economy, outlining the related driving forces, their
central characteristics and issues such as taxation,
evasion, and regulation. The work also explored the
social side of the sharing economy, which is central
to the most effective understanding of the diversity of
services focused on the group’s interest.
III. THE MAIN FORCES BEHIND THE
EMERGENCE OF SHARING ECONOMY
Collaborating, exchanging, sharing, renting are forms
of interaction that have always existed, but now these
old forms of consumption are undergoing a
reinvention process by the adoption of new
technologies. According to [14] in the past there was
a direct trade of goods and services, people
exchanged things they had for things they needed,
that old way of consumption was shelved during the
Sharing Economy (Collaborative Consumption) in Brazil from 2008 To 2018
Proceedings of The IRES International Conference, Santiago, Chile, 16th-17th May 2019
10
period of consumerism in the twentieth century, but it
was reinvented through of a new dynamic and since
2010, through network technologies, has been
practiced again. The internet has given the
opportunity to create a market which matches
people’s needs and resources, despite physical
location and distance.
According to [13] it is possible to distinguish four
major driving forces that supported the emergence of
the sharing economy: technology, environmental
concerns, global recessions, and the community.
With technological advancements, including mainly
the internet and electronic payments, the sharing
economy is breaking new frontiers as it opens new
avenues of business achievement. By facilitating the
sharing of global goods and services, technology
today acts as a platform for people around the world
to advertise, share, rent, and resell their goods and
services.
For [15] technology is now part of our lives. Internet,
computers, smartphones devices and tablets have
revolutionized the way we consume. Technology
offers a new style of collaborative business and
consumption. According to [16] technology plays a
key role in the sharing economy because it provides
speed for contract closure dealings. The authors
emphasize that technology accelerated and facilitated
the emergence of the shared economy allowing gains
of scale.
For [17] sharing economy is a more sustainable form
of consumption and a path to a decentralized,
equitable and sustainable economy. According to [18]
Daunorienė et al. (2015), it provides an ideal lens to
explore and contribute to the nature of sustainable
development.
According to [19] the technological evolution
together with its impacts on the media had great
influence in the construction of new types of
entertainment and consumption experiences. For [20]
digital technologies enabled a new dimension of
products, file transmission and access to information,
changing the economic, political and social scenarios.
According to [21] the speed with which technology
evolves in the world imposes a new reality on
economies in which the technological platform serves
as the basis for new ways of distributing knowledge
and new business practices between companies and
clients.
The volume of Internet access via Total Mobile Band
provided by ANATEL (National
Telecommunications Agency) was used as proxy
variable to represent the advancement of technology
in the country. Mobile Broadband allows access to
the internet and other computing resources through
mobile devices such as cellphones, notebooks,
tablets, among others platforms. According to [22]
the increase in connections resulting from mobile
technology in the country has provided different
opportunities and challenges to social habits and the
boundaries between public and private spaces.
For [23] increasing access to broadband networks, the
diffusion of Internet-connected devices, the evolution
of regulatory apparatuses and the presence of national
broadband plans in most countries, which seek not
only to expand but also to improve the quality of
connections are among the main factor for
disseminate sharing practices. They also contribute to
some cultural changes that tend to reduce the
resistance to the practice of sharing by the population,
as well as demographic changes, mainly the
increasing incorporation in the consumer market of
people who were born or grew up in an environment
in which access to the virtual world is trivial.
For the collaborative consumption is a concept that is
in perfect harmony with the main tendencies of the
beginning of 21st century, such as growing concerns
with socio-environmental issues, the valorization of
more sustainable habits and lifestyle. According to
[13] Selloni (2017), sharing and sustainability are
related concepts; people who decide to adopt sharing
practices consider their choices to be "the best for the
environment." According to the author, in times of
scarcity, sharing resources means collaborating for
more sustainable ways of life.
"Because of a fundamentally different ways of
creating and capturing value, sustainable use of
resources is among the benefits of sharing economy."
([18]). Sharing economy has great potential for
offering ecological benefits through more sustainable
lifestyles. According to [25] sharing economy not
only reduces the need for property, but also the desire
to reduce consumption, by building a community and
destroying “consumer” label identity. The potential
benefits are: reduced demand for new goods and
infrastructure, reduced pressures on natural resources
and emissions and waste.
According to [26] sharing economy can lead to
significant environmental benefits in the form of
increased resource efficiency and reduced
environmental impacts. In the transport sector alone,
there is potential for reducing CO2 emissions and
impacts on local air pollution, noise, traffic
congestion, etc. In the case of accommodation on
private property through AirBnb and similar
initiatives, it can lead to lower CO2 emissions, once
these properties can generate lower emissions than
hotels: traditional accommodation services often have
more energy-intensive facilities such as bars,
restaurants and swimming pools. It is also possible
that AirBnb guests water usage and waste to be
smaller compared to hotel guests.
According to [10] the Corporate Sustainability Index
(ISE) is one of the indexes that is part of B3, the
current trading platform of Brazil. Since its release,
ISE is gaining audience since it prioritizes not only
economic issues but also environmental, social and
corporate governance issues, making it advantageous
for companies and investors to improve internal
practices and reputation. ISE seeks to create an
investment environment compatible with the
Sharing Economy (Collaborative Consumption) in Brazil from 2008 To 2018
Proceedings of The IRES International Conference, Santiago, Chile, 16th-17th May 2019
11
demands of sustainable development of contemporary
society and to stimulate corporate ethical
responsibility. Reference [27] describers the set of
requirements for companies to be part of ISE index, a
group of seven dimensions and their criteria, namely:
environmental; social issues; economic-financial;
general (position of the company before global
agreements and disclosure of balance sheets); (such
as possible damages and risks for consumer’s health
associated with consumption/use of the company's
products), Corporate Governance and climate change.
For [13] the great benefit of sharing economics is
saving money. This is crucial in times of economic
crisis (with effects for both market and governments,
and thus on social welfare), where purchasing power
losses occurs with raise awareness about consumer
decisions. However, the idea of "saving money" is
not the opposite of doing something "good for society
and the environment," these two principles are
important for people who decide to adopt sharing
goods and service practices.
In this context of difficulties many were forced to
new ways to acquire the resources necessary to avoid
foreclosure and bankruptcy. Others simply shared
their assets in their communities or sold their skills in
the marketplace. [28] discuss the Brazilian crisis and
its effects. According to the authors:
"After a period of expansion (2004-2013) in which
the Brazilian economy average growth rate was 4.0%
pa, followed by a process of improvement in income
distribution and poverty reduction indicators, abruptly
contracted from 2014, experiencing a strong and
prolonged recession in 2015-2016, with a negative
average GDP growth rate of 3.7%, followed by a
worsening of various social indicators. "([28] P.1)
As described, the sharing economy is driven by a
variety of factors. According to [29] in first place,
due to the economic crisis. In crises periods
unemployment rates rise and consumer purchase
power declines. Therefore, people need to make
money and look for ways of saving money by cutting
parts of daily expenditures. For the authors, financial
constraints make people more receptive to lending or
sharing. According to [30] sharing can create a sense
of community among strangers, which helps to foster
mutual trust and social inclusion. According to [13]
the network paradigm can be seen as a reedition of
the old concept of community. What is happening is
that online connectivity also facilitates offline sharing
and social activities, allowing direct contact between
people who live in the same area and who did not
interact before.
IV. COLLABORATIVE ECONOMICS IN
BRAZIL
Collaborative consumption in Brazil is already part of
the daily lives in Brazilians cities. According to [31]
sharing economy is getting shape through practices
such as bicycles, work spaces and hosting sharing, as
well as the growth of exchange sites and financing
platforms and collective production. This new way of
consuming experience, which allows consumption
without buying, unites economy, sustainable
awareness and stimulates the creation of networks of
social interaction that facilitate the access to objects
for loan or rent.
For [32] collaborative consumption is getting shape
in Brazil through the rapid expansion of business
models aimed at sharing products and services. On
the other hand, [33] analysis that collaborative
consumption begins to gain space in the country,
presenting a new way to consume goods and services,
ranging from cars and toys to clothes. This new
modality, which allows consuming without
necessarily buying, combines economy, sustainable
awareness and stimulates the creation of networks for
social interaction that facilitate the access to objects
for loan or rent. Among the services offered are
shared car rental, monthly rotating toys, community
bikes, free loan sites and rental of objects. In addition,
there are emerging trade shows of sophisticated
clothing, conquering mainly women on upper income
families.
The research by [34] with managers from
organizations of collaborative consumption systems
reveals that the understanding of the concept and the
perspectives of sharing in Brazil does not only
involve collectivity, but also some changes in relation
to the attachment and possession of material goods.
The growth on sharing relies on the degree of
confidence among stakeholders as long as
commitment, cooperation and transparency on the
activities, which can benefit from comments on social
networks.
For [35] sharing economy is gaining strength in
Brazil through businesses created by Brazilians, such
is the case Unicaronas, a system that creates a bridge
between university students who do not own a car
and those who have empty seats in the vehicle, as
well as groups created on social networks with the
intention of exchanging clothes.
According to [36] AirBnb debut in Brazil in 2013 has
made sharing economy more popular in the country.
Survey conducted by the Credit Protection Service
(SPC Brazil) and the National Confederation of Store
Owners (CNDL) in 2017 shows that the most popular
collaborative consumption platforms in the country
are rent of houses and apartments in direct contact
with the owner (40%), rides for work or college
(39%) and rental of clothing (31%) and bicycles
(17%) ([37]).
V. GENERALIZED LINEAR MODELS FOR
TIME SERIES
The generalized linear models (GLM) developed by
[38] were adapted for time series by [1]. In this
version, both the response series and the covariate
series are random and statistically dependent.
Generali
z
linear r
e
variable
(2010),
indepen
d
Z
explanat
o
may co
n
generate
d
Y,Y
represen
t
varY|
p
ast data
The Ge
n
defined
w
systemat
i
compon
e
from the
Where θ
αφ
and ω
i
weight).
The Sys
t
compose
used in t
h
Z
′β
(5)
Y rep
r
created
volume
Z
the pe
r
sustaina
b
The wa
s
goodnes
s
b
etween
adjusted
residues
written a
Residue
s
fitted
m
distribut
i
only tho
s
covariab
l
absence
o
The the
o
and appl
i
VI. RES
The pr
e
p
rogress
,
environ
m
the adv
a
P
z
ed Linear
M
e
gression m
o
to be non-
n
le
t
YY,
d
ent observat
i
Z,…,
Z
o
ry variables
n
tain lags;
d
by all
,…,Z,Z
t
s the cond
i
the con
d
.
n
eralized Lin
e
w
ith three el
e
i
c componen
t
e
nt is compo
exponential
d
is the natur
a
φ/ω, whe
r
i
s a known
t
ematics com
p
d of the exp
h
e model.
βYβ
Z
r
esents the
v
in period
t
-
of Internet
a
represents t
h
r
iod
t
-1 a
n
b
ility index fo
r
s
te of a mo
d
s
of fit. Th
e
the observ
e
values μ,
of the Gen
e
s follows:
s
are used t
o
m
odel with r
e
i
on. Thus, we
s
e aspects s
u
l
es, homosc
e
o
f serial corr
e
o
ry of GLMs
i
cation can b
e
ULTS
e
sent article
,
economic
m
ental sustai
n
a
ncement of
t
Sharing Eco
n
roceedings of T
h
M
odels are a
n
o
dels which
n
ormal. Acc
o
...,Y a t
i
i
ons of a res
p
Z
′ a
v
(independen
t
σ repr
e
the variabl
e
,…,
i
tional expe
c
d
itional varia
n
e
ar Model f
o
e
ments, a ran
d
t
and link fun
c
sed of a res
d
istribution fa
m
a
l parameter
(
r
e φ is the di
s
parameter
p
onent is the
lanatory vari
a
Z
v
olume of sh
-
1, Z
a
ccess via
m
h
e Gross Do
m
n
d Z
r
the same pe
r
d
el is used
e
se measure
e
d values Y
...,μ. Let
e
ralized Line
a
o
explore the
e
spect to th
e
will be inter
e
u
ch absence
o
e
dasticity, a
n
e
lation.
and the mai
n
e
found in [38
]
investigates
growth an
d
n
ability were
t
he sharing e
n
omy (Collabora
t
h
e IRES Internati
o
n
extension o
allow depe
n
o
rding to B
o
i
me series
o
p
onse variab
l
v
ector conta
i
t
variables),
w
e
sents the al
g
e
s in the
μEY|
c
tation and
σ
n
ce consideri
n
o
r Time Seri
d
om compon
e
c
tion. The ra
n
ponse variab
m
ily:
(
or canonical
)
s
persion para
m
(weight or
part of the
m
a
bles that w
i
βZ
aring applic
a
represent
s
m
obile band
w
m
estic Prod
u
re
p
resents
r
iod
t
-1.
in evaluatin
g
the discrepa
n
,...,Y an
d
μμβ
;
a
r Models c
a
(6)
adequacy o
f
e
choice of
e
sted in evalu
o
f correlation
n
d especiall
y
n
results of t
h
]
, [1] and [39
]
if technol
o
d
concern
driving force
conomy in
B
t
ive Consumptio
n
o
nal Conference,
12
f the
n
dent
o
rges
o
f n
l
e Y;
i
ning
w
hich
g
ebra
past
σ
n
g all
es is
e
nt, a
n
dom
le Y
(1
)
)
and
m
eter
prior
m
odel
i
ll be
An
d
link
The
line
a
exp
e
In a
Lin
e
thro
Wh
e
spe
c
syst
res
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dat
a
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whi
c
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a
The
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r
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tions
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ct in
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n be
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m
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16
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and g will
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by all infor
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lude the pre
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′β fr
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(5)
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e
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ries. The v
o
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tions EC (
A
s Domestic
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(ANEEL).
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o
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ween the
n
se to the
e
neralized
s
defined
)
e
d by the
n
ent, the
function,
d
ing to the
m
entioned,
b
le at
t
-1,
t
ion when
r
epresents
f
:
e
use four
l
aborative
n
d Google
B
GE), the
o
f mobile
a
nd their
As can
applicati
o
analyze
d
also sh
o
Sustaina
b
p
attern
i
showed
term tre
variatio
n
were ap
p
were sta
t
stationar
i
emphasi
z
investig
a
sharing
e
variatio
n
that if th
e
T
e
v
a
v
o
c
o
v
o
a
c
G
S
u
Accordi
n
significa
n
hypothe
s
causalit
y
[40] we
b
etween
p
recede
n
Table 2.
As can
b
at the si
g
causalit
y
Collabor
a
Sustaina
b
level o
f
P
Figure
1
be observ
e
o
ns/sites pre
d
period. Mo
b
o
wed subst
a
b
ility Index a
n
i
n the perio
d
a greater va
r
nd). The la
s
n
of the four
s
p
lied in the
s
t
ionary (Rej
e
i
ty) as the da
t
z
ed that the
o
a
te the possibl
e
conomy. W
h
n
s of the seri
e
e
growth rate
s
Table
1
e
s
t
: Dickey-F
u
a
riables
o
lume of
c
o
nsumer appl
i
o
lume of m
o
c
cess
ross Domesti
c
u
stainability I
n
n
g to the P-v
a
n
ce level of
s
is. With th
i
y
test betwee
n
can identify
variables wh
e
n
ce between t
h
Table
b
e seen in Ta
b
g
nificance le
v
y
hypothesi
s
a
tive Consu
m
b
ility Index.
f
confidence
Sharing Eco
n
roceedings of T
h
1
: selected varia
b
e
d, the vo
l
sented stron
g
b
ile broadba
n
a
ntial growt
h
n
d the GDP
p
d
, the grow
t
r
iability (osci
l
s
t graph sh
o
s
eries. The te
s
s
eries of var
i
e
ct the null
h
t
a in Table 1
s
o
bjective of
t
e driving for
c
h
en the mode
l
e
s what we a
r
s
of the varia
b
1
: Stationarity T
u
ller augmen
t
c
ollaborative
i
cations
o
bile internet
c
Produc
t
n
dex
a
lue presente
d
5%, we acce
p
i
s result w
e
n
the variab
l
a cause and
e
n there is a r
e
h
em. The test
2: Causality Te
s
b
le 2, accordi
n
v
el of 10%,
w
s
between
m
ption, GD
P
It should be
the causal
i
n
omy (Collabora
t
h
e IRES Internati
o
b
les
l
ume of sh
a
g
growth i
n
n
d Internet a
c
h
. Although
p
resented the
s
t
h they pres
e
l
lation aroun
d
o
ws the tri
m
s
ts and the m
o
i
ations, since
h
ypothesis of
s
how. It shou
t
his article a
n
c
es that suppo
r
l
is applied t
o
r
e investigati
n
b
les are relate
d
est
t
e
d
P-value
0,000227
0,0335
0,01
0,01
d
in Table 1,
a
p
t the statio
n
e
can apply
l
es. Accordi
n
effect relatio
n
e
lation of tem
p
result is sho
w
s
t
n
g to the P-v
a
w
e accept H_
1
the vari
a
P
, Broadband
noted that a
t
i
ty hypothes
i
t
ive Consumptio
n
o
nal Conference,
13
a
ring
n
the
c
cess
the
s
ame
e
nted
d
the
m
ester
o
dels
data
non-
ld be
n
d to
r
t the
o
the
n
g is
d
.
a
t the
n
arity
the
n
g to
n
ship
p
oral
w
n in
a
lues,
1
, the
a
bles:
and
t
5%
i
s is
reje
c
cor
r
the
tec
h
dri
v
sha
r
Aft
e
vari
the
tri
m
nor
m
for
S
v
As
c
vari
Co
n
of
dep
e
Lin
e
the
m
list
e
Acc
mo
d
stu
d
Tab
can
βi
s
con
s
app
l
ana
l
n
) in Brazil from
Santiago, Chile,
c
ted for the
r
oborates the
a
author pre
s
h
nology and
v
ing forces t
h
r
ing economy
.
e
r testing the
ables we can
advance of
m
ester. The fi
r
m
al distributi
o
S
hapiro-Wilk
.
Ta
b
Test
D
V
a
volume o
f
consum
e
v
olume of mo
b
Gross Do
m
Sustain
a
c
an be observ
ables do not
n
sidering this
r
the linear
r
e
ndent variab
l
e
ar Models.
T
m
odel that b
e
e
d in the table
Tab
ording to the
d
el that best
f
d
ent distributi
o
l
e 5 presents
be observed
s
nonzero, th
a
s
idered irrele
v
l
ications/sites
l
yzed period.
Table
5
2008 To 2018
16
th
-17
th
May 2
0
Sustainabili
t
ar
ticle by [13
]
s
ents the e
environment
a
h
at supported
.
hypothesis
o
apply a stat
i
the sharing
r
st step is to
o
n. Table 3 s
.
b
le 3: Norm
a
D
icke
y
-Fuller
a
riables
f
collaborativ
e
e
r application
s
b
ile internet
a
m
estic Produ
c
a
bility Index
ed, the test in
have normal
r
esult, we ch
o
r
egression m
o
l
e to be non-
n
T
he AIC crit
e
e
st suited the
below.
ele 4: Informati
o
AIC and BI
C
f
its the datab
a
o
n and two d
e
the estimates
, it is reject
e
a
t is, the sust
a
v
ant for the f
o
of the sha
r
5
: estimates of t
h
0
19
t
y Index. T
h
]
. As mentio
n
conomic co
n
a
l concern a
s
the emerge
n
o
f causality
a
i
stical model
economy in
check if th
e
hows the res
u
a
lit
y
Test
augmented
P-
v
e
s
0,0
0
a
ccess 0,
0
ct
0
,
0
,
n
dicates that a
l
distribution
(
o
ose to use an
o
dels that
a
n
ormal, the G
e
e
ria was use
d
database. Th
e
o
n Criteria
C
evaluation c
r
a
se is the GL
M
e
grees of free
d
of the coeffi
c
e
d the hypot
h
a
inability ind
o
recast of the
v
r
ing econom
y
h
e coefficients
h
is result
n
ed above,
n
juncture,
s
possible
n
ce of the
a
mong the
to predict
the next
e
data has
u
lt of this
v
alue
0
0227
0
335
,
01
,
01
l
l selected
(
p <0.05).
extension
a
llow the
e
neralized
d
to select
e
result is
r
iteria, the
M
with
t
-
d
om.
c
ients. As
h
esis that
ex can be
v
olume of
y
for the
Sharing Economy (Collaborative Consumption) in Brazil from 2008 To 2018
Proceedings of The IRES International Conference, Santiago, Chile, 16th-17th May 2019
14
Table 6: Residuals tests.
Tests
P-value
Kolmogorov-Smirnov 0,025
Anderson-Darling 0,039
Box-Pierce 0,579
Box-Pierce (Square series) 0,920
heteroskedasticity (Test F) 0,939
For the validation of the model we will be interested
in aspects such as the absence of correlation with
covariables, homoscedasticity, and especially the
absence of serial correlation. As can be seen in Table
6, residuals from the proposed model can be
considered, at a significance level of 5%, as
uncorrelated with the explanatory variables
(covariables), and that do not have a serial
autocorrelation and are homoscedastic.
CONCLUSION
In Brazil, collaborative consumption is already part of
the lives of thousands of people. According to [36]
from 2013 onward a phase of increasing
popularization of this activity in the country is
identified. The purpose of this study was to show the
expansion of the sharing economy in Brazil between
2008 and 2018 in conjunction with the exposure of
some variables that are associated with this growth.
Technological evolution along with its impacts on the
media certainly contributed to the diffusion of the
collaborative economy. With the technological
advances and the advent of the internet, computers,
smartphones and tablets have connected people from
all over the world in a fraction of a second, enabling
transactions between these individuals.
The economic environment was favorable to the
sharing economy in the world and especially in
Brazil, as people began to look for ways to reduce
their spending or increase their income through the
sharing of goods and services.
The insertion of Brazil in the technological era,
together with a recession environment and growing
awareness on environmental issues have certainly
been some of the levers for the growth of
collaborative consumption in the country in the last
10 years.
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