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Nursing dress code and perception of a nurse by patients

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Abstract

Introduction. Professional image of the nurse in the opinion of the patient community is conditioned by many variables, including professional attire. A worthy representation of the nurse profession is the responsibility of all those who care for the patient. Aim. Determining the impact of dress code on shaping the professional image of nurses in the opinion of patients. Material and methods. Non-systematic review method of the literature available. The data was obtained by searching online databases, such as: Google Scholar, PubMed, CINAHL Complete as well as electronic resources of nursing magazines. Results. In the perception of hospitalized patients, the nursing dress code affects the level of trust in those who care for patients, it also constitutes an important element in assessing their professionalism, knowledge or confidence when performing specific medical interventions. Adapted to the needs, a suitably selected style of professional attire of a nurse employed in a given health care facility enables her proper identification of them against the background of other members of the therapeutic team or administrative employees. In addition, the comfort of nurses is a significant factor for patients in dress code strategy planning; it often determines professionalism and quality of services provided. Conclusions. There is a relationship between the external appearance of nurses and their professional image and the patients’ perception of their professional skills as well as the level of their professionalism. Dress code in a health care facility may constitute a significant element of image policy for both a health care facility itself and a group of nurses.
Vol.18, Nr 1 (66)/2019 13
Nursing dress code and perception of a nurse
by patients
Pielęgniarski dress code a postrzeganie osoby pielęgniarki przez pacjentów
Piotr Pawłowski1, Paulina Mazurek1, Magdalena Zych1, Katarzyna Zuń2,
Beata Dobrowolska3
1Students’ Scientic Association, Department of Nursing Development, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin/
Studenckie Koło Naukowe przy Katedrze Rozwoju Pielęgniarstwa, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Lublinie
2Department of Pathology Infants University Children’s Hospital in Lublin/
Oddział Patologii Niemowląt, Uniwersytecki Szpital Dziecięcy w Lublinie
3Department of Nursing Development, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin/
Katedra Rozwoju Pielęgniarstwa, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Lublinie
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR/AUTOR DO KORESPONDENCJI:
Piotr Pawłowski
Studenckie Koło Naukowe przy Katedrze Rozwoju Pielęgniarstwa
Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Lublinie
ul. Staszica 4/6, 20-250 Lublin
e-mail: pawlowskipiotr56@gmail.com
STRESZCZENIE PIELĘGNIARSKI DRESS CODE A POSTRZEGANIE OSOBY PIELĘGNIARKI PRZEZ PACJENTÓW
Wprowadzenie. Wizerunek zawodowy pielęgniarki w opinii pacjentów uwarunkowany jest wieloma zmiennymi, w tym także
umundurowaniem zawodowym. Godne reprezentowanie profesji pielęgniarki jest powinnością osób sprawujących opiekę nad
pacjentem.
Cel pracy. Określenie wpływu dress code na kształtowanie wizerunku zawodowego pielęgniarek w opinii pacjentów.
Materiał i metodyka. W pracy posłużono się metodą niesystematycznego przeglądu dostępnego piśmiennictwa. Dane uzyskano
poprzez przeszukanie internetowych baz, takich jak: Google Scholar, PubMed, CINAHL Complete oraz elektronicznych zasobów
czasopism pielęgniarskich.
Wyniki. W percepcji hospitalizowanych pacjentów pielęgniarki dress code wpływa na poziom zaufania do osób sprawujących opiekę,
jest ważnym elementem oceny ich profesjonalizmu, wiedzy, czy pewności w wykonywaniu określonych interwencji medycznych.
Dostosowany do potrzeb, odpowiednio dobrany styl umundurowania zawodowego pielęgniarki umożliwia właściwą jej identykację
na tle pozostałych członków zespołu terapeutycznego, czy pracowników administracyjnych. Dodatkowo, komfort pielęgniarek jest dla
pacjentów istotną wartością w planowaniu strategii dress code, często determinuje on profesjonalizm oraz jakość świadczonych usług.
Wnioski. Istnieje związek między wyglądem zewnętrznym pielęgniarek, a ich wizerunkiem zawodowym oraz postrzeganiem przez
pacjentów kompetencji zawodowych i poziomu profesjonalizmu. Dress code w placówce opieki zdrowotnej może stanowić istotny
element polityki wizerunkowej zarówno placówki systemu ochrony zdrowia, jak i grupy zawodowej pielęgniarek.
Słowa kluczowe: mundur pielęgniarski, dress code, wizerunek zawodowy, prestiż zawodowy, zawody medyczne
ABSTRACT NURSING DRESS CODE AND PERCEPTION OF A NURSE BY PATIENTS
Introduction. Professional image of the nurse in the opinion of the patient community is conditioned by many variables, including
professional attire. A worthy representation of the nurse profession is the responsibility of all those who care for the patient.
Aim. Determining the impact of dress code on shaping the professional image of nurses in the opinion of patients.
Material and methods. Non-systematic review method of the literature available. The data was obtained by searching online
databases, such as: Google Scholar, PubMed, CINAHL Complete as well as electronic resources of nursing magazines.
Results. In the perception of hospitalized patients, the nursing dress code aects the level of trust in those who care for patients,
it also constitutes an important element in assessing their professionalism, knowledge or condence when performing specic
medical interventions. Adapted to the needs, a suitably selected style of professional attire of a nurse employed in a given health care
facility enables her proper identication of them against the background of other members of the therapeutic team or administrative
employees. In addition, the comfort of nurses is a signicant factor for patients in dress code strategy planning; it often determines
professionalism and quality of services provided.
Conclusions. There is a relationship between the external appearance of nurses and their professional image and the patients’
perception of their professional skills as well as the level of their professionalism. Dress code in a health care facility may constitute a
signicant element of image policy for both a health care facility itself and a group of nurses.
Key words: nurse attire, dress code, professional image, professional prestige, medical professions
DOI: 10.2478/pielxxiw-2019-0008
© 2019 Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie. Artykuł jest udostępniony w systemie Open Access na podstawie licencji otwartej Creative Commons (CC-BY-NC-ND)
14 Pielęgniarstwo XXI wieku
Nursing dres s code and perception of a nurse by pa tients
INTRODUCTION
e professional image of nurses is shaped by many
determinants. One of them is the so-called dress code,
and therefore, the style of professional attire. e exter-
nal appearance is directly related to the concept of com-
fort, occupational health and safety, as well as the issue
of identifying nurses against the background of other
members of the therapeutic team or administrative sta of
a given medical facility. The external appearance also
shapes a positive or negative image of the representati-
ves of a given profession, thus aecting the professional
prestige of a group of professionals in question. e visual
appearance of each group of professionals involves all
kinds of beliefs, opinions and stereotypes prevailing in
society. e patient’s very rst impressions of the doctor
and nurse signicantly inuence the creation of an appro-
priate therapeutic relationship, essential to the proper
implementation of the holistic process of nursing the
patients, regardless of the place of their treatment. e aim
of this paper is to analyze the impact of the style of pro-
fessional attire on the perception of a nurse by a patient.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
e non-systematic review and analysis of the Polish-
and English-language scientic literature were conducted.
The electronic databases i.e. Google Scholar, PubMed,
CINAHL Complete and electronic resources of nursing
magazines covering the past 20 years have been searched.
e search was conducted according to the combination of
keywords in Polish and English such as nurse attire, nur-
se’s prestige, professional image. e number of 11 papers
dealing with the subject of nursing dress code was analy-
zed. e papers were of a study type coming from Western
countries, mainly the United States. e respondents of the
study were patients of dierent ages, gender and reasons for
hospitalization, and the subject concerned the perception of
nurses by patients depending on the nurse attire as well as
its role in shaping the professional image. e basic metho-
dological data of the selected papers is presented in Table 1.
e role of the color scheme of professional attire as well as
wearing jewelry and make-up were highlighted in creating
an appropriate therapeutic relationship with the patient
being the subjected to medical care. Also, an important
issue in the analysis of the literature has become the identi-
cation of members of the nursing team compared to other
employees of medical facilities. Occupational health and
safety, epidemiological aspects and comfort also constitute
the factors evaluated by patients in the analyzed studies.
RESULTS
Problems with the identication of a nurse
among the other medical employees
Over the years, the nursing dress code has changed.
In the 20th century, the nurse was obliged to wear a white
coat, and above all a nurses cap, as a symbol of her profes-
sion. In the course of the evolution of the nursing ethos
and the abolition of the tradition of uniform attire, the
problem of identifying nurses against the background
of the other members of the therapeutic team or admi-
nistrative employees of health care institutions has appe-
ared. Studies show that patients are confused. ey have
diculties in distinguishing a nurse, a medical caretaker,
or administrative sta of a hospital or other facility in the
health care system. Elderly people accustomed to traditio-
nal nurse attire, in which a nurse’s cap was the basis for
identication, have the most diculty in adapting to the
present state, in which there is absolute freedom in nurse
attire and the only way to indicate is the ID [1].
Studies conducted in the United Kingdom drew atten-
tion to the disturbing process undergoing in society. An
elderly patient who saw a nurse in a dierent uniform than
a traditional one with a cap on their head, oen questio-
ned the knowledge, skills, competence, commitment, care
and, hence, professionalism of a nurse. ese conclusions
prompted the authors to broaden their studies. e NIS
- Nursing Incivility Scale was developed, with the help
of which studiers found that informal nurse attire does
not represent her professional identity clearly. It was also
proven that the concept of nursing dress code is directly
related to the aspect of perception of a nurse as a quali-
fied, competent person to perform activities related to
the chosen profession. Patients who are nursing care reci-
pients oen look for evidence of competence, honesty and
care in non-verbal messages sent by a nurse. ese inc-
lude, inter alia, her style of professional attire, appearance,
possession of tattoos, earrings and even the length of hair.
A common phenomenon in patients admitted to a hospi-
tal ward is the fear of hospitalization. e patient expects
clues, clear signs, oen even the evidence, assuring him of
the authority, a high level of professional ethics, and above
all, the professionalism of the people who care for him/her.
Numerous studies on the perception of nurses by patients
show that the level of their competence and professiona-
lism in the eyes of patients is based on the rst impression,
projecting in the future on the level of their trust in those
who care for them, and thus the creation of a high-quality
therapeutic relationship [2].
Color scheme of nurse attire - inuence on the
patient’s opinion
e color scheme of the nurse attire is an important
element in creating an opinion about the person of a nurse
in the perception of the patient and their family. Küçük L.
et al. created a catalog of 8 patterns of nurse attire, varied
in terms of color scheme and fabric texture, by means of
which the preferences of patients with mental disorders
regarding nurse attire were examined. When it comes to
31% of the respondents of this study, they prefer white as
a color characteristic of employees of health care institu-
tions. e authors, as the reason for this state, argue that
white attire, in the perception of the patient, indicates the
nurses professionalism as well as having adequate know-
ledge and experience, which translate into eectiveness
in action and a high level of self-condence. In addition,
white is identied with cleanliness and hygiene, which
aects the high sense of epidemiological safety of the care
Vol.18, Nr 1 (66)/2019 15
Piotr Pawłowski, Paulin a Mazurek, Magdalena Zych, Katarz yna Zuń, Beata Dobrowolska
provider. Moreover, in all religions and religious move-
ments, white is identied with purity, gentleness, and even
sanctity, which enables the nurse to provide holistic care,
based on trust and proper communication involving the
spiritual aspect of care. Also, an interesting fact is that in
the study as many as 15% of respondents indicated the
preference for the civilian outfit of nurses, motivating
their choice with communication barriers, disrupting the
relationship between the patient and members of the nur-
sing team [3].
Nurses themselves also prefer white as a color scheme
characteristic of employees of the health care system,
which also allows their easy and quick identication from
among the other employees of medical facilities [3].
Lehna et al. in a qualitative study, using the free inte-
rview method with 12 nurses and 1 patient, proved the
relationship between white uniforms and the ease of iden-
tication. e female patient who was the respondent of
the study was confused when the nurses were not wearing
the clothing facilitating their identication. Nurses parti-
cipating in the study also recognized the professional uni-
form as an important aspect of their identication [4].
Porr C. et al. conducted a study to illustrate how the
nursing dress code aects the professionalism and per-
ception of the nurse. e study involved 449 patients of
all ages. As a study tool, a Modied Nurse Image Scale
was used with 10 features influencing professiona-
lism, including: confidence, competence, mindfulness,
Tab. 1. Description of the selected papers analyzed
No. Authors Title Year of
publication Aim Study
method Study tools Study group
1.
Lehna C., Pfoutz S.,
Peterson TG., Degner K.,
Grubaugh K.,Lorenz L,
Mastropietro S., Rogers LS.,
Schoettle B, Seck LL.
Nurse attire: indicators of
professionalism. 1999
Impact study on the way
the current nurse's attire,
aects the image of the
nurse profession.
Interview Interview form,
dictaphone
12 nurses,
1 student of 1st level,
1 adult patient
2. Skorupski VJ.,
Rea RE.
Patient perceptions of today’s
nurse attire: Exploring dual
images
2006
Dening the image of a
nurse depending on her
attire.
Diagnostic
survey
13-point author's
questionnaire form
180 adult
patients of the
Pacic Northwest
Hospital
3. Albert NM., Wocial L.,
Meyer KH., Trochelman K.
Impact of nurses' uniforms
on patient and family
perceptions of nurse
professionalism.
2008
Evaluation of nurse's
professional level
depending on her uniform.
Diagnostic
survey
Nurse Image Scale
(NIS), Nurse Image
Scale (NIS)
390 adult
patients, their
adult visitors,
109 pediatric
patients
4.
Guidroz AM.,
Burneld-Geimer JL.
Clark O., Schwetschenau
HM. Jex SM.
The Nursing Incivility Scale:
Development and Validation
of an Occupation-Specic
Measure
2010
Evaluation of the
development of Nursing
Incivility Scale, its validity
and applications.
Diagnostic
survey, scale
validation
Nursing Incivility
Scale (NIS) 163 nurses
5. Castledine G. Uniformity in uniform 2011
The author's reections
on uniformity in nursing
professional attire
Literature
overview - -
6. Sharkey V. Uniform approach 2012 Analysis of the nursing
professional attire
Literature
overview - -
7.
Albert NM., Burke J.,
Bena JF. Morrison SM.
Forney J. Krajewski S.
Nurses' Uniform Color
scheme and Feelings/Emot-
ions in School-Aged Children
Receiving Health Care
2013
Analysis of the emotional
response of pediatric
patients depending on the
color scheme of professional
attire.
Diagnostic
survey
Author’s questionnaire
form
233 pediatric
patients
8. Clavelle JT.,
Goodwin M., Tivis LJ.
Nursing Professional Attire
Probing Patient Preferences
to Inform Implementa-tion
2013
Broadening the knowledge
of the perception of
a professional image
of nurses regarding
professional attire.
Diagnostic
survey
Modied Penn
Interactive Peer Play
Scale (PIPPS) with one
open question.
350 adult
patients
9. Hoeve tY, Jansen G.,
Roodbol P.
The nursing profession:
public image, self-concept
and professional identity. A
discussion paper.
2013
Discussing the actual
image of nurses. Analysis
of other factors inuencing
the development of self-
assessment of nurses and
professional identity.
Systematic
review of
available
literature
-
1216 articles have
been qualied,
18 of them meet
the inclusion
criteria for
analysis.
10.
Porr C., Dawe D.,
Lewis N., Meadus RJ.,
Snow N., Didham P.
Patient perception of
contemporary nurse attire:
A pilot study
2014 Analysis of patients'
opinions on the nurse attire
Diagnostic
survey
(a pilot study)
Modied Nurse Image
Scale (MNIS)
46 adult surgical
patients
11.
Küçüka L. Çömeza T.,
Kaçarb S., Sümelib F.,
Taşkıran Ö.
Psychiatric Patients'
Perspective: Nursing
Uniforms.
2015
Examination of the
inuence of the color
scheme of a professional
nurse attire on a
psychiatrically hospitalized
patient
Diagnos-tic
survey (cross-
sectional
studies)
Nursing Uniform
Catalog
257 adult
patients treated
psychiatrically
16 Pielęgniarstwo XXI wieku
Nursing dres s code and perception of a nurse by pa tients
approachability, reliability, professionalism, ability to
cooperate and empathy. Each of the respondents was
presented with a photograph, which was then to be asses-
sed according to the abovementioned scale. e analy-
sis of the conducted study showed some dependencies,
between the color schemes, the texture of the uniforms,
and the level of 10 features related to the professionalism
of the nurse profession. e highest results were obtained
by shades of white. Relatively high results in the level of
the relevant features were obtained by uniform attire in
shades of blue, also identied with a person who is highly
trusted. e lowest results were obtained by attire having
of varied colorful texture [1, 5].
Age as a variable determining preferences in
the nursing dress code
Study by Skorupski et al. shows the relationship
between age and preferences regarding a professional
attire of the nurse. Based on the obtained empirical data,
it was concluded that people from the baby boomers
generation and seniors identify nurses with a white uni-
form. However, younger people identify nurses by reading
name tags or badges placed on their attire in the United
Kingdom and the United States. In addition, this study
also assessed selected nurse attire using the NIS (Nur-
sing Incivility Scale) modied by S. Mangum. Its modi-
cation enabled to indicate the dependencies of how the
texture and color scheme of attire aect the features that
the patient, who is the subject of nursing care, receives
in their perception. e received numerical data led to the
conclusion that the attire the least desirable by patients is plain
one without any texture, and colors other than white [2, 6].
Albert N. M. et al. conducted studies on the impact
of professional nurse attire style on patients’ opinions.
Respondents of the study comprised adults and children.
Age constituted an independent variable, by means of
which the dierence in the perception of nurses shown in
photographs was presented [7]. Among adults, the highest
score (25%) was obtained by white attire of nurses, while
the lowest score was obtained by the attire where one
could see clearly the texture of the fabric. Dierent results
were obtained in the group of pediatric patients, the
highest score (22%) was obtained by a textured top with
white or blue trousers [7, 8].
Other important aspects of the nurse’s image
aecting their perception in the eyes of the
hospitalized patient
In the study conducted by Clavelle J. et al., with parti-
cipation of 350 patients, a diagnostic survey was used. e
study tool was a questionnaire form containing 13 items
from PIPPS (Penn Interactive Peer Play Scale) where 4
of them refer to the nurses professionalism, 5 of them
address the issue of patients’ preferences regarding the
style of attire. Each of the 13 items in the questionnaire
was rated by a respondent with the use of the Likert scale
from 1 to 10, where 1 meant „I strongly disagree” and 10
- „I strongly agree. In addition, the questionnaire inclu-
ded one open question: „Do you think there is anything
else that should be considered when assessing the nurse
attire?” The aim of the study was to show whether the
nurse attire influenced the patients perception of the
nurse as a professional. Aer analyzing the results gene-
ral conclusions were drawn. Patients pay a lot more atten-
tion to many other features than the color scheme of the
attire, namely, the neatness of the appearance of nurses,
referring to ironed, uncreased attire and clean shoes. An
important aspect has become the length of hair, which
according to patients should not exceed the shoulder
length. Nurses wearing strong make-up, body piercing,
tattoos, long nails, intense perfume and lots of jewelry
were perceived as less empathetic, impatient, possessing a
lower level of skills and competence, although the above-
-mentioned elements of external appearance were not very
popular among nurses. e analyzed study has shown that
the comfort of nurses is an important value for patients
in dress code strategy planning, because its level directly
aects the quality of services provided [9].
DISCUSSION
e introduction of dress code in Western Europe and
the United States led to many controversies in the past.
Until now the strategies of unied professional nurse attire
have both their supporters and opponents. e main pro-
blem with the introduction of the nursing dress code,
quoted in the literature, is the necessity of updating it.
It is important for the nurse attire to follow trends and
broadly understand fashion, and above all to be practical,
not to hinder movements, to ensure the safety of both the
patients and the nurses themselves. Another argument of
the opponents of introducing uniform nurse attire is the
opinion that nursing is the profession encompassing care,
requiring interdisciplinary skills in the eld of medicine
and social sciences from its professionals, and the fact of
wearing the proper attire does not aect the possession of
the skills in question [10].
e introduction of dress code policy for nurses is also
associated with additional, high costs of purchasing new
uniform attire. Finding additional funds for this purpose
would be possible only with the support of the employ-
ers and the state. Currently, nurses in Western countries
such as the United Kingdom, receive their uniforms from
an employer themselves in the form of 5 tunics or jackets
and 3 pairs of trousers. ey are entitled to deduct all the
costs of their maintenance, including the cost of mainta-
ining their attire clean, from the income tax withheld in
the annual tax return [11,12].
e issue of nurse attire is a current problem for nursing
leaders. Many organizational units of the healthcare system
are still considering the introduction of dress code policy
applicable to all representatives of medical professions,
and thus facilitating their identication. e right choice
of nurse attire can positively inuence the social welfare of
a given health care facility, nurses and leaders, managing
teams of professionals. Considering the above, it is crucial
that the strategy introducing changes to the attire bears the
features of an organized process which is thoughtful and
consistent [13].
Pielęgniarski dress code a postrzeganie osoby pielęgniarki przez pacjentów
Vol.18, Nr 1 (66)/2019 17
Piotr Pawłowski, Paulin a Mazurek, Magdalena Zych, Katarz yna Zuń, Beata Dobrowolska
CONCLUSIONS
1.
There is a relationship between the external appe-
arance of nurses at work and their professional image.
What matters, is the style of the attire, its color scheme,
aesthetics and uniformity in a health care facility.
2.
ere is also a relationship between the external appe-
arance of the nurse at work and the patients’ perception
of their professional skills as well as the level of their
professionalism.
3.
Nurse attire in a health care facility may constitute
a signicant element of image policy for both a health
care facility itself and a group of nurses in question.
Pielęgniarski dress code a postrzeganie osoby pielęgniarki
przez pacjentów
WPROWADZENIE
Wizerunek zawodowy pielęgniarek kształtowany
jest przez wiele determinantów. Jednym z nich jest tzw.
dress code, a więc styl umundurowania zawodowego.
Z wyglądem zewnętrznym bezpośrednio wiążą się poję-
cie wygody, bezpieczeństwa i higieny pracy, a także pro-
blematyka identykacji pielęgniarek na tle pozostałych
członków zespołu terapeutycznego, czy pracowników
administracyjnych danej placówki medycznej. Wygląd
zewnętrzny kształtuje również pozytywny bądź negatywny
obraz reprezentantów określonej profesji, wpływając tym
samym na prestiż zawodowy tej grupy profesjonalistów.
Z wizualną prezencją każdej grupy zawodowej wiążą się
wszelkiego rodzaju przekonania, opinie, stereotypy panu-
jące w społeczeństwie. Pierwsze odczucia pacjenta wobec
osoby lekarza, pielęgniarki znacząco wpływają na wytwo-
rzenie stosownej relacji terapeutycznej, niezbędnej do wła-
ściwego realizowania holistycznego procesu pielęgnowa-
nia pacjenta, niezależnie od miejsca jego leczenia. Celem
niniejszej pracy jest analiza wpływu stylu umundurowania
zawodowego na postrzeganie pielęgniarki przez pacjenta.
MATERIAŁ I METODYKA
Dokonano niesystematycznego przeglądu i analizy
piśmiennictwa naukowego polsko- i anglojęzycznego.
Przeszukano elektroniczne bazy danych tj.: Google Scho-
lar, PubMed, CINAHL Complete oraz elektroniczne
zasoby czasopism pielęgniarskich z ostatnich 20 lat. Prze-
szukiwanie przeprowadzono według kombinacji słów
kluczowych w języku polskim i angielskim: mundur
pielęgniarski, prestiż pielęgniarki, wizerunek zawodowy.
Przeanalizowano 11 artykułów poruszających tematykę
pielęgniarskiego dress code. Prace te miały charakter
prac badawczych, pochodzących z krajów zachodnich,
głównie Stanów Zjednoczonych. Respondentami badań
byli pacjenci zróżnicowani pod względem wiekowym,
płci oraz powodu hospitalizacji, ich przedmiot nato-
miast dotyczył postrzegania pielęgniarek przez pacjentów
w zależności od ich umundurowania, a także jego roli
w kształtowaniu wizerunku zawodowego. Podstawowe
dane metodologiczne wyszukanych prac przedstawiono
w Tabeli 1. Zwrócono uwagę na rolę kolorystyki umundu-
rowania zawodowego, posiadania biżuterii oraz makijażu
w tworzeniu stosownej relacji terapeutycznej z pacjen-
tem będącym podmiotem opieki. Ważnym zagadnieniem
w analizie piśmiennictwa stała się także identyfikacja
członków zespołu pielęgniarskiego na tle innych pracow-
ników placówek medycznych. Bezpieczeństwo i higiena
pracy, aspekty epidemiologiczne, wygoda, to czynniki
także oceniane przez pacjentów w analizowanych bada-
niach.
WYNIKI
Problemy z identykacją pielęgniarki wśród
innych pracowników medycznych
Na przestrzeni lat pielęgniarski dress code ulegał zmia-
nie. W XX wieku pielęgniarka miała obowiązek noszenia
białego fartucha, a przede wszystkim czepka pielęgniar-
skiego, jako symbolu jej profesji. W toku ewolucji etosu
pielęgniarskiego i zniesienia tradycji jednolitego umun-
durowania pojawił się problem identykacji pielęgnia-
rek na tle innych członków zespołu terapeutycznego, czy
pracowników administracyjnych placówek ochrony zdro-
wia. Badania pokazują, iż pacjenci są zdezorientowani.
Mają trudności w rozróżnianiu pielęgniarki, od opiekuna
medycznego, czy pracowników administracyjnych szpi-
tala, czy innej placówki systemu. Osoby starsze, przyzwy-
czajone do tradycyjnego stroju pielęgniarskiego, w którym
to czepek pielęgniarski był podstawą identykacji, mają
największe trudności z adaptacją do stanu teraźniejszego,
w którym obowiązuje zupełna dowolność w umunduro-
waniu zawodowym pielęgniarki, a jedynym sposobem jej
wskazania jest identykator [1].
Badania przeprowadzone na terenie Wielkiej Bry-
tanii zwróciły uwagę na niepokojący proces zacho-
dzący w społeczeństwie. Pacjent w podeszłym wieku
widzący pielęgniarkę w innym stroju niż tradycyjny z
czepkiem na głowie, często kwestionował posiadaną
przez pielęgniarkę wiedzę, umiejętności, kompeten-
cję, zaangażowanie, troskę, a co za tym idzie jej profe-
sjonalizm. Wnioski te skłoniły autorów do pogłębie-
nia swoich badań. Powstała skala obrazowania pielę-
gniarek (NIS - Nursing Incivility Scale), za pomocą
której badacze stwierdzili, że nieformalny strój zawo-
dowy pielęgniarki nie przedstawia jej wyraźnej tożsa-
mości zawodowej. Udowodniono także, iż z pojęciem
18 Pielęgniarstwo XXI wieku
Nursing dres s code and perception of a nurse by pa tients
pielęgniarskiego dress code wiąże się bezpośrednio
aspekt postrzegania osoby pielęgniarki jako wykwaliko-
wanej, kompetentnej do wykonywania czynności związa-
nych z wybraną profesją. Pacjenci będący podmiotem pie-
lęgniarskiej opieki często szukają dowodów potwierdzają-
cych kompetencję, uczciwość oraz troskę w niewerbalnych
komunikatach wysyłanych przez osobę pielęgniarki. Są
to między innymi jej styl umundurowania zawodowego,
aparycja, posiadanie tatuaży, kolczyków, a nawet długość
włosów. Powszechnym zjawiskiem u pacjentów przyjmo-
wanych na oddział szpitalny jest lęk przed hospitalizacją.
Pacjent oczekuje wskazówek, jawnych znaków, często
wręcz dowodów, zapewniających go o autorytecie, wyso-
kim poziomie etyki zawodowej, a przede wszystkim pro-
fesjonalizmie osób sprawujących nad nim opiekę. Liczne
badania dotyczące postrzegania pielęgniarek przez pacjen-
tów, dowodzą, iż poziom ich kompetencji i profesjonali-
zmu w oczach pacjentów opiera się na pierwszym wraże-
niu, rzutującym w przyszłości na poziom jego zaufania do
osób sprawujących opiekę, a co za tym idzie wytworzenie
wysokojakościowej relacji terapeutycznej [2].
Tab. 1. Opis wyszukanych prac poddanych analizie
Lp. Autorzy Tytuł Rok
publikacji Cel badań Metoda
badawcza Narzędzia badawcze Grupa badana
1.
Lehna C., Pfoutz S.,
Peterson TG., Degner K.,
Grubaugh K.,Lorenz L,
Mastropietro S., Rogers LS.,
Schoettle B, Seck LL.
Nurse attire: indicators of
professionalism. 1999
Zbadanie jak obecny
strój pielęgniarki wpływa
na wizerunek zawodu
pielęgniarskiego.
Wywiad Kwestionariusz
wywiadu, dyktafon
12 pielęgniarek,
1 student I st.,
1 dorosły pacjent
2. Skorupski VJ.,
Rea RE.
Patient perceptions of today’s
nurse attire: Exploring dual
images
2006
Określenie obrazu osoby
pielęgniarki w zależności od
jej umundurowania
Sondaż
diagnostyczny
13. punktowy autorski
kwestionariusz ankiety
180 dorosłych
pacjentów
szpitala Pacic
Northwes
3. Albert NM., Wocial L.,
Meyer KH., Trochelman K.
Impact of nurses' uniforms
on patient and family
perceptions of nurse
professionalism.
2008
Ocena poziomu
profesjonalizmu
pielęgniarki w zależności
od jej stroju.
Sondaż
diagnostyczny
Nurse Image Scale
(NIS), Nurse Image
Scale (NIS)
390 dorosłych
pacjentów,
ich dorosłych
odwiedzających,
109 pacjentów
pediatrycznych
4.
Guidroz AM.,
Burneld-Geimer JL.
Clark O., Schwetschenau
HM. Jex SM.
The Nursing Incivility Scale:
Development and Validation
of an Occupation-Specic
Measure
2010
Ocena rozwoju Nursing
Incivility Scale, jej
aktualności oraz
zastosowania.
Sondaż
diagnostyczny,
walidacja skali
Nursing Incivility Scale
(NIS) 163 pielęgniarki
5. Castledine G. Uniformity in uniform 2011
Analiza jednolitości
w umundurowaniu
zawodowym pielęgniarek
Przegląd
literatury - -
6. Sharkey V. Uniform approach 2012 Analiza umundurowania
zawodowego pielęgniarek
Przegląd
literatury - -
7.
Albert NM., Burke J.,
Bena JF. Morrison SM.
Forney J. Krajewski S.
Nurses' Uniform Color
scheme and Feelings/Emot-
ions in School-Aged Children
Receiving Health Care
2013
Analiza reakcji emocjonalnej
pacjentów pediatrycznych
w zależności od kolorystki
umundurowania
zawodowego.
Sondaż
diagnostyczny
Autorski
kwestionariusz
ankiety
233 pacjentów
pediatrycznych
8. Clavelle JT.,
Goodwin M., Tivis LJ.
Nursing Professional Attire
Probing Patient Preferences
to Inform Implementa-tion
2013
Pogłębienie wiedzy na
temat postrzegania
profesjonalnego wizerunku
pielęgniarki w kontekście
umundurowania
zawodowego.
Sondaż
diagnostyczny
Zmodykowana Penn
Interactive Peer Play
Scale (PIPPS) z jednym
pytaniem otwartym.
350 dorosłych
pacjentów
9. Hoeve tY, Jansen G.,
Roodbol P.
The nursing profession:
public image, self-concept
and professional identity. A
discussion paper.
2013
Omówienie faktycznego
wizerunku pielęgniarek.
Analiza innych czynników,
mających wpływ na rozwój
samooceny pielęgniarek
i tożsamości zawodowej.
Przegląd
systematyczny
dostępnej
literatury
-
1216 artykułów
zakwalikowano,
18 z nich
spełniło kryteria
włączenia do
analizy.
10.
Porr C., Dawe D.,
Lewis N., Meadus RJ.,
Snow N., Didham P.
Patient perception of
contemporary nurse attire:
A pilot study
2014 Analiza opinii pacjentów
dot. munduru pielęgniarki
Sondaż
diagnostyczny
(badania
pilotażowe)
Modicated Nurse
Image Scale (MNIS)
46 adult surgical
patients
11.
Küçüka L. Çömeza T.,
Kaçarb S., Sümelib F.,
Taşkıran Ö.
Psychiatric Patients'
Perspective: Nursing
Uniforms.
2015
Badanie wpływu
kolorystki umundurowania
zawodowego
pielęgniarki na pacjenta
hospitalizowanego
psychiatrycznie
Sondaż
diagnostyczny
(badania
przekrojowe)
Nursing Uniform
Catalog
257 dorosłych
pacjentów
leczonych
psychiatrycznie
Pielęgniarski dress code a postrzeganie osoby pielęgniarki przez pacjentów
Vol.18, Nr 1 (66)/2019 19
Piotr Pawłowski, Paulin a Mazurek, Magdalena Zych, Katarz yna Zuń, Beata Dobrowolska
Kolorystyka umundurowania pielęgniarskiego
– wpływ na opinię pacjenta
Kolorystyka umundurowania pielęgniarskiego jest
ważnym elementem w kreowaniu opinii odnośnie osoby
pielęgniarki w percepcji pacjenta oraz jego rodziny.
Küçük L. i wsp. stworzył katalog 8 wzorów mundurów
pielęgniarskich, różnorodnych pod względem kolorystyki
oraz tekstury tkaniny, za pomocą którego badano prefe-
rencje pacjentów z zaburzeniami psychicznymi odnośnie
umundurowania pielęgniarskiego. Blisko jedna trzecia
respondentów (31%) badania preferuje biel jako kolor
charakterystyczny dla pracowników placówek ochrony
zdrowia. Autorzy jako przyczynę tego stanu przytaczają
argumenty, iż biały mundur w odbiorze pacjenta świadczy
o profesjonalizmie pielęgniarki, a także posiadaniu przez
nią adekwatnej wiedzy i doświadczenia, przekładającego
się na skuteczność w działaniu oraz wysoki poziom pew-
ności siebie. Ponadto biel identykowana jest z czystością
oraz higieną, co wpływa na wysokie poczucie epidemio-
logicznego bezpieczeństwa podmiotu opieki. Co więcej,
we wszystkich wyznaniach i ruchach wyznaniowych biel
utożsamiana jest z czystością, łagodnością, wręcz święto-
ścią, co umożliwia pielęgniarce sprawowanie opieki holi-
stycznej, opartej na zaufaniu oraz właściwej komunika-
cji, uwzględniającej duchowy aspekt opieki. Interesujący
jest także fakt, iż w przeprowadzonym badaniu aż 15%
respondentów wskazało preferencję ubioru cywilnego pie-
lęgniarek, motywując swój wybór barierami komunikacyj-
nymi, zakłócającymi powstanie relacji między pacjentem
a członkami zespołu pielęgniarskiego [3].
Same pielęgniarki również preferują biel jako kolor
charakterystyczny dla pracowników systemu ochrony
zdrowia, pozwalający także na ich łatwą i szybką identy-
kacje spośród innych pracowników placówek medycznych
[3].
Lehna i wsp. w badaniu jakościowym, wykorzystu-
cym metodę wywiadu swobodnego z 12 pielęgniarkami
i 1 pacjentem, udowodnili zależność między białym umun-
durowaniem a łatwością identykacji. Pacjentka będąca
respondentem badania była zdezorientowana, kiedy pielę-
gniarki nie posiadały odzieży ułatwiającej ich identykacje.
Również pielęgniarki biorące udział w badaniu uznały strój
zawodowy za ważny aspekt ich identykacji [4].
Porr C. i wsp. przeprowadzili badania mające na celu
określenie jak pielęgniarski dress code wpływa na profe-
sjonalizm oraz postrzeganie osoby pielęgniarki. W bada-
niu wzięło 449 pacjentów w różnym wieku. Jako narzędzie
badawcze zastosowano zmodykowaną skalę obrazowania
pielęgniarek (Modied Nurse Image Scale) z 10 cechami
wpływającymi na profesjonalizm, wśród których znala-
zły się: pewność, kompetentność, uważność, sprawność,
troska, przystępność, rzetelność, profesjonalizm, zdolność
do współpracy, empatyczność. Każdemu z responden-
tów zaprezentowano fotograę, którą następnie należało
ocenić według zastosowanej wyżej wymienionej skali.
Analiza przeprowadzonych badań ukazała pewne zależno-
ści, między kolorystyką, teksturą umundurowania, pozio-
mem 10 cech związanych z profesjonalizmem zawodu
pielęgniarki. Najwyższe wyniki uzyskały odcienie bieli.
Stosunkowo wysokie wyniki w poziomie odpowiednich
cech uzyskał jednolity mundur w odcieniach niebieskiego
identykowany również z osobą budzącą duże zaufanie.
Najniższe wyniki uzyskały mundury mające różnorodną,
kolorową teksturę [1, 5]
Wiek jako zmienna determinująca preferencje
w pielęgniarskim dress code
Badania Skorupski i wsp. pokazują zależności między
wiekiem a preferencjami co do umundurowania zawo-
dowego pielęgniarki. Na podstawie uzyskanych danych
empirycznych wyciągnięto wniosek, iż osoby z pokole-
nia baby boomers oraz seniorzy utożsamiają pielęgniarki
z białym strojem. Ludzie młodsi natomiast w celu roz-
poznania pielęgniarek korzystają z identykatorów bądź
odznaczeń znajdujących się na ich mundurach w Wiel-
kiej Brytanii oraz Stanach Zjednoczonych. Ponadto
w badaniu tym dokonano także oceny wybranych mundu-
rów pielęgniarskich wykorzystując zmodykowaną przez
S. Mangum, skalę NIS (Nursing Incivility Scale). Jej
modykacja pozwoliła wskazać zależności, w jaki sposób
tekstura oraz barwa umundurowania wpływa na cechy,
jakie odbiera w swej percepcji pacjent, będący podmiotem
pielęgniarskiej opieki. Z otrzymanych danych liczbowych
wywnioskowano, że najmniej pożądanym przez pacjentów
mundurem jest mundur jednolity, bez jakiejkolwiek tek-
stury, w kolorze innym niż biel [2, 6].
Albert N. M. i wsp. przeprowadzili badania odnośnie
wpływu stylu umundurowania zawodowego pielęgniarek
na opinie pacjentów. Respondentami badania byli doro-
śli oraz dzieci. Wiek stanowił zmienną niezależną, za
pomocą, której przedstawiono różnicę w percepcji pielę-
gniarek przedstawionych na fotograach [7]. Wśród doro-
słych najwyższy wynik (25%) uzyskało białe umunduro-
wanie pielęgniarek, najniższy wynik natomiast mundur, na
którym można dostrzec wyraźny wzór tkaniny. Odmienne
wyniki uzyskano w grupie pacjentów pediatrycznych,
w których najwyższy wynik (22%) uzyskał wzorzysty top
z białymi bądź niebieskimi spodniami [7, 8].
Inne ważne aspekty wizerunku pielęgniarki
rzutujące na jej postrzeganie w oczach
hospitalizowanego pacjenta
W badaniu przeprowadzonym przez Clavelle J. i wsp.,
w którym udział wzięło 350 pacjentów, wykorzystano
metodą sondażu diagnostycznego. Narzędziem badaw-
czym stał się kwestionariusz ankiety zawierający 13 pozy-
cji z PIPPS (Penn Interactive Peer Play Scale) gdzie 4
z nich odnoszą się do profesjonalizmu pielęgniarki,
5 z nich porusza problematykę preferencji pacjentów
odnośnie stylu ubioru. Każdą z 13 pozycji kwestionariu-
sza respondent oceniał w skali Likerta od 1 do 10, gdzie 1
oznaczało „zdecydowanie się nie zgadzam, a 10 – „zdecy-
dowanie się zgadzam. Ponadto w kwestionariuszu ankiety
umieszczono jedno pytanie otwarte: „Czy według Pana/
Pani jest coś jeszcze, na co należy zwrócić uwagę przy
ocenie stroju pielęgniarek?” Celem badań było ukazanie
czy strój pielęgniarki wpływa na jej postrzeganie w per-
cepcji pacjenta jako profesjonalisty. Po przeanalizowaniu
wyników wyciągnięto ogólne wnioski. Pacjenci ponad
kolorystykę umundurowania, stawiają wiele innych cech,
20 Pielęgniarstwo XXI wieku
Nursing dres s code and perception of a nurse by pa tients
koncentrując się na schludności wyglądu pielęgniarek,
odnoszącej się do wyprasowanego, niepomiętego mun-
duru, a także czystego obuwia. Ważnym aspektem stała
się długość włosów, która według pacjentów nie powinna
przekraczać poziomu ramion. Pielęgniarki posiadające
mocny makijaż, piercing ciała, tatuaże, długie paznokcie,
stosujące mocne perfumy oraz duża ilość biżuterii postrze-
gane były jako mniej empatyczne, niecierpliwe, posiada-
jące niższy poziom umiejętności oraz kompetencji, choć
wyżej wymienione elementy wyglądu zewnętrznego nie
były zbyt popularne wśród badanych pielęgniarek. Ana-
lizowane badania pokazały, iż komfort pielęgniarek jest
dla pacjentów istotną wartością w planowaniu strategii
dress code, ponieważ jego poziom bezpośrednio rzutuje
na jakość świadczonych usług [9].
OMÓWIENIE
W krajach Europy Zachodniej oraz w Stanach Zjed-
noczonych wprowadzenie zasad dress code wiązało się
w przeszłości z wieloma kontrowersjami. Do chwili obec-
nej strategie jednolitego umundurowania zawodowego
pielęgniarek mają swoich zwolenników jak i przeciw-
ników. Jako główny problem we wprowadzeniu pielę-
gniarskiego dress code, przytaczanym w literaturze jest
konieczność jego aktualizacji. Ważne jest, aby mundur
pielęgniarski podążał za trendami, szeroko rozumia
modą, a przede wszystkim był praktyczny, nie ograni-
czający ruchów, zapewniający bezpieczeństwo zarówno
pacjentowi jak i samej pielęgniarce. Drugim z argumentów
przeciwników wprowadzenia ujednoliconego umunduro-
wania pielęgniarek jest opinia, iż pielęgniarstwo to zawód
opiekuńczy, wymagający od osób go wykonujących inter-
dyscyplinarnych umiejętności z zakresu nauk medycznych
oraz społecznych, a sam fakt posiadania odpowiedniego
munduru nie wpływa na posiadanie tych umiejętności [10].
Wprowadzenie zasad dress code pielęgniarek wiąże się
także z dodatkowymi, wysokimi kosztami zakupu nowych
ujednoliconych strojów. Znalezienie dodatkowych fun-
duszy na ten cel byłoby możliwe jedynie przy wsparciu
pracodawcy oraz rządu. Aktualnie pielęgniarki w kra-
jach zachodnich, takich jak na przykład Wielka Bryta-
nia umundurowanie otrzymują właśnie od pracodawcy,
w postaci 5 tunik bądź bluz medycznych oraz 3 par
spodni. Wszelkie koszty jego utrzymania, w tym także
koszt utrzymania munduru w czystości, mają prawo odli-
czyć od podatku dochodowego, potrąconego w rocznym
zeznaniu podatkowym [11,12]
Kwestia umundurowania pielęgniarek jest aktualnym
problemem liderów pielęgniarstwa. Wiele placówek orga-
nizacyjnych systemu opieki zdrowotnej wciąż zastanawia
się nad wprowadzaniem zasad dress code obowiązujących
wszystkich przedstawicieli zawodów medycznych, uła-
twiając tym samy ich identykacje. Wybór pielęgniarskich
strojów może pozytywnie wpłynąć na poważanie spo-
łeczne danej placówki, postrzeganie pielęgniarek i liderów
zarządzających zespołami profesjonalistów. W związku
z powyższym ważne jest, aby strategia wprowadzenia
zmian w umundurowaniu posiadała cechy procesu zorga-
nizowanego, była przemyślana i konsekwentna [13].
WNIOSKI
1. Istnieje związek między wyglądem zewnętrznym pielę-
gniarek w pracy a ich wizerunkiem zawodowym. Zna-
czenie ma styl umundurowania, jego kolorystyka, este-
tyka i jednolitość umundurowania w placówce opieki
zdrowotnej.
2.
Istnieje także zależność między wyglądem zewnętrz-
nym pielęgniarki w pracy a postrzeganiem przez
pacjentów jej kompetencji zawodowych i poziomu pro-
fesjonalizmu.
3.
Umundurowanie pielęgniarek w placówce opieki zdro-
wotnej może stanowić istotny element polityki wize-
runkowej zarówno tej placówki systemu ochrony zdro-
wia jak i samej grupy pielęgniarek.
REFERENCES/PIŚMIENNICTWO
1. Porr C, et al. Pat ient perceptio n of contemporar y nurse att ire: A pilot stud y. Int J Nurs
Pract 2014; 20: 149–155.
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Manuscript received/Praca zgłoszona do czasopisma:
18.02.2019
Manuscript accepted/Praca zaakceptowana druku:
11.03.2019
Translation/Tłumaczenie: Beata Chrust
Pielęgniarski dress code a postrzeganie osoby pielęgniarki przez pacjentów
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