OB3 media-rich documents with embedded discussions: lifting learning performance and engagement

Abstract

OB3 media-rich documents with embedded discussions TM are a development in educational practice that enables academic staff to prepare curriculum content and enhance student engagement in asynchronous discussions. This advancement lies in two innovations in interaction design. The first enables students and academic staff to author media-rich documents with even basic technological skills. The second facilitates the process of embedding discussions inside curriculum content. These innovations have lifted learning performance in three ways. Firstly; they remove the need for a technologist (e.g. course builder, multimedia consultant) for preparing media-rich documents. Secondly; students engage in asynchronous discussions with teachers inside a document. Thirdly; students engage in authoring curriculum topics or reflective practice as part of assignments. Two cases are presented to illustrate the innovations, which have also afforded the development of online active learning communities and transformed students into co-designers of learning.

Full text

: working paper series working paper #3, November 2018
!"##$%&$'()*&+&*,-.(/,0$12(/32(4+$55$-6+)72(832(4+9*$%2(:32(;$-%*-#&,-2(<32(=(>$&%,#5,"2(?3(@ABCDE3(OB3$media-rich$
documents$with$embedded$discussions:$lifting$learning$performance$and$engagement3(FGH(I,JK*-#(>+L$J(!$J*$%3(
8$%$+J)73(F)$+-GJ,M%$J2(:&'3(4"-$'*-2(N$M(O$+5+-'3(8$&J*$9$'(PJ,0(
7&&L%.QQMMM3,6H3*,QFGHRM,JK*-#RL+L$JR%$J*$%Q#,0$1$&+5RFGHM,JK*-#L+L$JRN,9$06$JABCD3L'P(
OB3 media-rich documents with embedded discussionsTM:
lifting learning performance and engagement
(
Gloria'Gomez(F)$+-6J,M%$J(:&'(=(S-*9$J%*&T(,P(!T'-$TU(Rea'Daellenbach(V8V(W-%&*&"&$(,P(?+-&$J6"JTU(Lorna'
Davies(V8V(W-%&*&"&$(,P(?+-&$J6"JTU(Mary'Kensington(V8V(W-%&*&"&$(,P(?+-&$J6"JTU(Con'Petsoglou(S-*9$J%*&T(,P(
!T'-$T(
FGH(0$'*+XJ*)7(',)"0$-&%(M*&7($06$''$'('*%)"%%*,-%Y<+J$(+('$9$5,L0$-&(*-($'")+&*,-+5(
LJ+)&*)$(&7+&($-+65$%(+)+'$0*)(%&+PP(&,(LJ$L+J$()"JJ*)"5"0(),-&$-&(+-'($-7+-)$(%&"'$-&(
$-#+#$0$-&(*-(+%T-)7J,-,"%('*%)"%%*,-%3(Y7*%(+'9+-)$0$-&(5*$%(*-(&M,(*--,9+&*,-%(*-(
*-&$J+)&*,-('$%*#-3(Y7$(P*J%&($-+65$%(%&"'$-&%(+-'(+)+'$0*)(%&+PP(&,(+"&7,J(0$'*+XJ*)7(
',)"0$-&%(M*&7($9$-(6+%*)(&$)7-,5,#*)+5(%K*55%3(Y7$(%$),-'(P+)*5*&+&$%(&7$(LJ,)$%%(,P($06$''*-#(
'*%)"%%*,-%(*-%*'$()"JJ*)"5"0(),-&$-&3(Y7$%$(*--,9+&*,-%(7+9$(5*P&$'(5$+J-*-#(L$JP,J0+-)$(*-(
&7J$$(M+T%3(Z*J%&5TU(&7$T(J$0,9$(&7$(-$$'(P,J(+(&$)7-,5,#*%&(@$3#3(),"J%$(6"*5'$J2(0"5&*0$'*+(
),-%"5&+-&E(P,J(LJ$L+J*-#(0$'*+XJ*)7(',)"0$-&%3(!$),-'5TU(%&"'$-&%($-#+#$(*-(+%T-)7J,-,"%(
'*%)"%%*,-%(M*&7(&$+)7$J%(*-%*'$(+(',)"0$-&3(Y7*J'5TU(%&"'$-&%($-#+#$(*-(+"&7,J*-#()"JJ*)"5"0(
&,L*)%(,J(J$P5$)&*9$(LJ+)&*)$(+%(L+J&(,P(+%%*#-0$-&%3(YM,()+%$%(+J$(LJ$%$-&$'(&,(*55"%&J+&$(&7$(
*--,9+&*,-%2(M7*)7(7+9$(+5%,(+PP,J'$'(&7$('$9$5,L0$-&(,P(,-5*-$(+)&*9$(5$+J-*-#(),00"-*&*$%(
+-'(&J+-%P,J0$'(%&"'$-&%(*-&,(),X'$%*#-$J%(,P(5$+J-*-#3(
Keywords:(*-&$J+)&*,-('$%*#-2(0$'*+XJ*)7(',)"0$-&%2($06$''$'('*%)"%%*,-%2(J$P5$)&*9$(LJ+)&*)$2(
),X'$%*#-$J%(,P(5$+J-*-#2(LJ,[$)&X6+%$'(),55+6,J+&*,-2(),00"-*&*$%(,P(LJ+)&*)$2(+)&*9$(5$+J-*-#((
Figure 1: two types of media-rich documents with embedded discussions (zoom in for details) or also review
(G. Gomez, Daellenbach, Kensington, Davies, & Petsoglou, 2017)

: working paper series working paper #3, November 2018
!"##$%&$'()*&+&*,-.(/,0$12(/32(4+$55$-6+)72(832(4+9*$%2(:32(;$-%*-#&,-2(<32(=(>$&%,#5,"2(?3(@ABCDE3(OB3$media-rich$
documents$with$embedded$discussions:$lifting$learning$performance$and$engagement3(FGH(I,JK*-#(>+L$J(!$J*$%3(
8$%$+J)73(F)$+-GJ,M%$J2(:&'3(4"-$'*-2(N$M(O$+5+-'3(8$&J*$9$'(PJ,0(
7&&L%.QQMMM3,6H3*,QFGHRM,JK*-#RL+L$JR%$J*$%Q#,0$1$&+5RFGHM,JK*-#L+L$JRN,9$06$JABCD3L'P(
2
Background
FGH(0$'*+(J*)7(',)"0$-&%(M*&7($06$''$'('*%)"%%*,-%Y<(M$J$('$9$5,L$'(+%(+(J$%L,-%$(&,(&M,(-$$'%(M$(
*'$-&*P*$'(&7J,"#7(M,JK*-#(M*&7(,"J("%$J%3(Y7$(-$$'%(M$J$(7$5L*-#(+)+'$0*)(%&+PP(&,("-'$J&+K$(&*0$5T("L'+&$%(
,P(%&"'T(),-&$-&(&,(K$$L(%&"'$-&%($-#+#$'(M*&7()"JJ*)"5"0(),-&$-&2(+-'($-7+-)*-#(%&"'$-&(L+J&*)*L+&*,-(*-(
'*%)"%%*,-(P,J"0%3(G$&M$$-(ABB\(+-'(ABCC(6+%$'(,-('$0+-'(PJ,0(*-*&*+5("%$J%(+()J,%%XL5+&P,J0('$%K&,L(
+LL5*)+&*,-(M+%('$9$5,L$'(&,(%"LL,J&('*%&J*6"&*-#($-)JTL&$'(),"J%$(0+&$J*+5%(9*+(4]43(W-(ABB^(M$(-,&*)$'(&7+&(
&7*%(P,J0+&(,P(),"J%$('$5*9$JT(M+%(-,(5,-#$J(L$JP,J0*-#(P,J(&7J$$(J$+%,-%3(Z*J%&2(5$)&"J$(-,&$%(M$J$(-,&(
"L'+&$'(+%(,P&$-(+%(-$$'$'(P,J(5,#*%&*)+5(J$+%,-%3(?,-%$_"$-&5T2(%&"'$-&%(),-%*'$J$'(0+-T(,P(&7$(5$)&"J$(
-,&$%(&,(6$(,"&(,P('+&$2(+-'(*-(&"J-(J$%,J&$'(&,(%&"'T*-#(M*&7(+5&$J-+&*9$(W-&$J-$&(J$%,"J)$%3(!$),-'2(
'*%)"%%*,-(P,J"0%(M$J$("%$'(,-5T(P,J(%7+J*-#(*-P,J0+&*,-(P,J($`+0(LJ$L+J+&*,-3(:$)&"J$J%(+-'(%&"'$-&%(M$J$(
-,&(),0*-#(&,#$&7$J(&,(7+9$(+(5*9$5T(+%T-)7J,-,"%('*%)"%%*,-(,P(%&"'T(0+&$J*+5%3(Y7*J'2(&7$(LJ,)$%%(,P(0+K*-#(+(
4]4(M+%(&*0$X),-%"0*-#(+-'(6$),0*-#('*PP*)"5&(&,(0$$&(%$0$%&$J(%&+J&('$+'5*-$%3(:$)&"J$(-,&$%(LJ$L+J$'(*-(
I,J'(M$J$(),-9$J&$'(*-&,(M$6L+#$%(&7+&(*-)5"'$'(5*-K%(&,([,"J-+5(+J&*)5$%2(9*'$,%(+-'(>,M$J>,*-&(
LJ$%$-&+&*,-%3(W-(ABBD(&7$($+J5T(L5+--*-#(,P(,"J(-$M(&$)7-,5,#T(FGH(6$#+-2('J+M*-#(,-(P$$'6+)K(PJ,0("%$J%2(
+-'(PJ,0(+(,-$X'+T(%$0*-+J($9$-&(&7$(),0L+-T(J+-(+&(+()5*$-&("-*9$J%*&T3(Y7J,"#7(&7$%$(*-*&*+5(+)&*9*&*$%(M$(
*'$-&*P*$'(&7$(-$M(LJ,'")&(-$$'$'(&,(6$(M$6X6+%$'2(M*&7(P$+&"J$%(+55,M*-#(),-&$-&(&,(6$(+"&7,J$'(+-'(
0+-+#$'(6T(,"J()5*$-&%(M*&7,"&(0$'*+&*,-(,P(+(&$)7-,5,#*%&(@$3#3(%,P&M+J$('$9$5,L$J(,J(0"5&*0$'*+(
),-%"5&+-&E2(+-'(%"LL,J&*-#($06$''*-#('*%)"%%*,-%(+-TM7$J$(M*&7*-(+(5$)&"J$(',)"0$-&3((
(
Interaction design with Bridging Design Prototypes
Y7*%(M$6X6+%$'(&$)7-,5,#T2(FGH2($0$J#$'(PJ,0(+(LJ,[$)&(P,)"%$'(*-(J$%$+J)7(+-'('$9$5,L0$-&(@8=4E(&,(
%"LL,J&(+)&*9*&*$%(*-(,-5*-$(+)+'$0*)(%&"'T(&7+&(J$5+&$(&,(J$9*$M*-#()"JJ*)"5"0(0+&$J*+5%(*-(9+J*$'(P,J0+&%(,J(
MJ*&&$-(+%%*#-0$-&%3(Y7*%(LJ,[$)&(M+%("-'$JL*--$'(6T(+(%,)*+5(*-&$J+)&*,-('$%*#-(0$&7,',5,#T(&7+&(*%('$P*-$'(
+%(ab(&7$(%&"'T(+-'($`L5,J+&*,-(,P(7,M(L$,L5$(J$5+&$(&,(,&7$J(L$,L5$(&7J,"#7(&7$(0$'*+&*-#(*-P5"$-)$(,P(
LJ,'")&%333c(@G")7+-+-2(ABBd2(L3(dE3(W-(,"J()+%$2(&7$(%&"'*$%(+-'($`L5,J+&*,-%(7$5L$'("-'$J%&+-'*-#(7,M(
+)+'$0*)(+-'(%"LL,J&(%&+PP(J$5+&$'(&,(%&"'$-&%(&7J,"#7(&7$(0$'*+&*-#(*-P5"$-)$(,P(+-($'")+&*,-+5(&$)7-,5,#T3(
Y7*%(0$&7,',5,#T(M+%(L"&(*-&,(+)&*,-(9*+(&7$(GJ*'#*-#(4$%*#-(>J,&,&TL$(0$&7,'(@/5,J*+(/,0$12(ABB^2(ABBeU(
/5,J*+(/,0$1(=(?J,06*$2(ABCfE2(M7*)7(P+)*5*&+&$%(&7$(LJ,)$%%(,P("-'$J&+K*-#(J$%$+J)7(,P(-,9$5($'")+&*,-+5(
LJ,'")&%(*-(-+&"J+5(%$&&*-#%("%*-#(J+L*'(P"-)&*,-+5(LJ,&,&TL$%3(S%$J(),00"-*&*$%(+))$L&(&,(*-),JL,J+&$(&7$%$(
LJ,&,&TL$%(*-(&7$*J(-+&"J+5(%$&&*-#%(M7*5$(&7$(8=4(&$+0("%$%(&7$0(&,(5$+J-(+6,"&(&7$(),-&$`&2(&7$(),00"-*&T2(
&7$(LJ+)&*)$%3(G+)K(*-(ABBe(%&"'$-&%(+-'(5$)&"J$J%(@+55(0$'*)+5(LJ,P$%%*,-+5%E(+-'(%"LL,J&(%&+PP(),0LJ*%$'(,"J(
"%$J(),00"-*&T3(Y7$T(M$J$('*%&J*6"&$'(#5,6+55T2(,P&$-(7+'(6+%*)(5$9$5%(,P(&$)7-,5,#*)+5(%K*55%2(+-'(5*&&5$(,J(-,(
&*0$(&,(5$+J-(-$M(%K*55%3(G+%$'(,-(J$9*$M%(,P(',)"0$-&$'(+)&*9*&*$%2(,6%$J9+&*,-%2(+-'(),-9$J%+&*,-%(M*&7(
"%$J%(+6,"&(&7$*J(*%%"$%(%&"'T*-#(,-5*-$2(#"*'$5*-$%(+-'(J$_"*J$0$-&%(M$J$(L"&(&,#$&7$J(&,(*-P,J0(P$+&"J$(
),-)$L&"+5*1+&*,-(+-'('$%*#-3(4+&+(+-+5T%*%('J$M(&7$,J$&*)+5(),-)$L&%(PJ,0(9+J*,"%(%,"J)$%(*-)5"'*-#.(CE(
$'")+&*,-+5('$%*#-(&7+&(%"LL,J&%(&7$($PP*)*$-&("%$(,P(%&"'T(%K*55%(&7+&(),-&J*6"&$(&,(+)+'$0*)(%"))$%%(@G+-'"J+2(
CeDfEU(AE(#,,'(9*%"+5('$%*#-(&7+&(P+)*5*&+&$%(5$+J-*-#2(*%(),#-*&*9$5T($PP$)&*9$2(+-'(7$5L%("%(0+-+#$(,"J(M,JK(+-'(
&7,"#7&(@;*J%72(ABBdEU(+-'(HE(-$&M,JK$'(5$+J-*-#(*-(M7*)7(*-P,J0+&*,-(+-'(),00"-*)+&*,-(&$)7-,5,#T(@W?YE(*%(
"%$'(&,(LJ,0,&$(),--$)&*,-%(6$&M$$-(L$,L5$(@/,,'T$+J2(G+-K%2(g,'#%,-2(=(<)?,--$552(ABB\E3(YM,('$)*%*,-%(
*-(*-&$J+)&*,-('$%*#-(J+'*)+55T()7+-#$'(&7$(M+T(,"J("%$J%(%&"'T(,-5*-$(+-'(5*P&$'(&7$*J(L$JP,J0+-)$3(((
(
First change in interaction design: a unique interface for authoring content with familiar skills
h+J5T(J$%$+J)7(,"&),0$%(%7,M$'(&7+&(&7$$development$of$a$unique$interface$for$students$and$staff(),"5'(
$-7+-)$(L+J&*)*L+&*,-(*-(),-&$-&(+"&7,J*-#(6T('$X$0L7+%*%*-#(+'0*-*%&J+&*,-(+-'($0L7+%*%*-#(%"LL,J&(P,J(
%&"'T(P$+&"J$%3(Z,J($`+0L5$U(J$L,J&*-#(,-(0+JK*-#(J$%$+J)72(g$*-J*)7(+-'(),55$+#"$%(%"##$%&$'(&7+&(
+'0*-*%&J+&*9$(&+%K%(%7,"5'(6$(&+J#$&$'(P*J%&(6T(&$)7-,5,#*$%(P,J($5$+J-*-#2(a&,(PJ$$("L(&*0$(&7+&()+-(6$(6$&&$J(
*-9$%&$'(*-($'")+&*,-+55T(0,J$(6$-$P*)*+5(M+T%(P,J(&7$($-#+#$0$-&(M*&7(%&"'$-&(M,JK(+-'(&7$(LJ,9*%*,-(,P(
7*#7(_"+5*&T(P$$'6+)Kbc(@ABBe2(L3(\^DE3(I7*5$(<$757,J-(+-'(),55$+#"$%2(+P&$J(),0L+J*-#(&M,(&$)7-,5,#*$%(P,J(
$-7+-)*-#(,-5*-$()5+%%$%2(),-)5"'$'(&7+&(+-($5$+J-*-#(&$)7-,5,#T(),"5'(6$(_"*)K5T(+',L&$'(*P(&7*%(*%(ab$+%T(&,(
,L$J+&$(P,J(&7$(P+)"5&T(0$06$Jb(i&j7$(5$+J-*-#()"J9$(b(*%(0*-*0"02(+-'(0,%&()+-(6$(&+"#7&(7,M(&,("%$(i*&jc(
@ABBf2(L3(dE3(
(
!*-)$(,"J("%$J%(,J#+-*%$'(%&"'T(+J,"-'(&7$('$9$5,L0$-&(+-'(J$9*$M(,P()"JJ*)"5"0(0+&$J*+5%(,J(MJ*&&$-(

: working paper series working paper #3, November 2018
!"##$%&$'()*&+&*,-.(/,0$12(/32(4+$55$-6+)72(832(4+9*$%2(:32(;$-%*-#&,-2(<32(=(>$&%,#5,"2(?3(@ABCDE3(OB3$media-rich$
documents$with$embedded$discussions:$lifting$learning$performance$and$engagement3(FGH(I,JK*-#(>+L$J(!$J*$%3(
8$%$+J)73(F)$+-GJ,M%$J2(:&'3(4"-$'*-2(N$M(O$+5+-'3(8$&J*$9$'(PJ,0(
7&&L%.QQMMM3,6H3*,QFGHRM,JK*-#RL+L$JR%$J*$%Q#,0$1$&+5RFGHM,JK*-#L+L$JRN,9$06$JABCD3L'P(
3
+%%*#-0$-&%2(the$new$features$scaffold$the$authoring$of$media-rich$documents$with$familiar$technological$skills$
&7+&()+L*&+5*%$(,-(K-,M*-#(7,M(&,("%$(<!(I,J'2(&7$(W-&$J-$&2(+-'($0+*53(Z"J&7$J0,J$2(&7*%(K*-'(,P(+"&7,J*-#(
P$+&"J$%(%"LL,J&(&7$($PP*)*$-&("%$(,P("-*9$J%*&T(%&"'T(%K*55%2(*-(L+J&*)"5+J2(&7$(%&J+&$#*$%(,P($5+6,J+&*,-2(
,J#+-*%+&*,-2(+-'(J$7$+J%+52(M7*)7(),-&J*6"&$(&,(+)+'$0*)(L$JP,J0+-)$2(+)),J'*-#(&,(G+-'"J+(@CeDfE3(Y7$(
L$JP,J0+-)$(,P(&7$%$(%&J+&$#*$%(*-(,-5*-$(5$+J-*-#()+-(6$($-7+-)$'(&7J,"#7(#,,'(9*%"+5('$%*#-(+-'(
0$&+),#-*&*,-3(;*J%7(@ABBdE(%+T%2(&7$("%$(,P(#,,'(L$'+#,#T(*-(&7$('$%*#-(,P(,-5*-$(5$+J-*-#($-9*J,-0$-&%(
0*#7&((6$(+65$(&,(&J*##$J(,J(*0LJ,9$(0$&+),#-*&*,-(X(+-(+'+L&*9$(5$+J-*-#(6$7+9*,J(ab(&7$(0+--$J(,P(
'*%L5+T*-#()"$%2(LJ,0L&%2(*-'*)+&,J%i2(7*-&%2(+-'(J$0*-'$J%(&,(%&"'$-&%j(7+%(+-($PP$)&(,-(7,M(+-'(M7$-(
%&"'$-&%(-,&*)$(&7$02(#,,'('$%*#-$J%(-$$'(&,(LJ$%$-&(&7,%$()"$%(*-(),#-*&*9$5T($PP$)&*9$(P+%7*,-3(Y7$T(-$$'(&,(
%7+L$(&7$(+PP,J'+-)$(5+-'%)+L$c(@L3(CBE3(WP(0+&$J*+5%(+J$('*%L5+T$'(&+%&$P"55T(+-'(+LLJ,LJ*+&$(9*%"+5()"$%(+J$(
"%$'(&,('*PP$J$-&*+&$(7$+'*-#%2(%"67$+'*-#%2(_",&$%2(6,'T(&$`&2(9*'$,%(+-'(*0+#$%2(,-5*-$(%&"'T(0*#7&(6$),0$(
0,J$($PP$)&*9$(+-'(0,&*9+&*-#3(Z*#"J$(C(%7,M%(&7$(LJ,)$%%(,P(+"&7,J*-#(),-&$-&3(I*&7*-(0*-"&$%(%&"'$-&%(+-'(
%&+PP()+-.(+"&7,J2(%7+J$2('*%)"%%2(+-'(+--,&+&$(0$'*+XJ*)7(',)"0$-&%(6T(&TL*-#2(),LT*-#(,J(*-%$J&*-#(&$`&U(
+"'*,(J$),J'*-#U("L5,+'*-#(P*5$%2(L7,&,%(,J(9*'$,%U(L+%&*-#(),-&$-&(PJ,0('$%K&,L(+-'(M$6%*&$%U(+-'2()J$+&*-#(
',)"0$-&%2(P,5'$J%(,J(),"J%$%3(Y7$(+LL(*-(&"J-(LJ,'")$%(6$+"&*P"52(7*#75T(J$+'+65$2(%)+5+65$2(%&J")&"J$'(0$'*+X
J*)7(',)"0$-&%3(V-,&7$J('$%*#-(J$_"*J$0$-&(M+%(&,(automate$interactions$irrelevant$to$study,$but$important$
to$technology$performance.(Y,(*0LJ,9$(M,JK($PP*)*$-)T2(+)&*9*&*$%(M$J$(+"&,0+&$'(%")7(+%(',)"0$-&(%+9*-#2(
&J+-%),'*-#(0$'*+(%&T5$(P,J0+&&*-#2(J$),#-*&*,-(+-'()J$+&*,-(,P(7TL$J5*-K%(&,(M$6%*&$%(+-'(&+65$(,P(),-&$-&%(
)J$+&*,-3(
(
Second change in interaction design: embedding discussions inside lecture documents
h06$''$'('*%)"%%*,-%()+-(6$(%&+J&$'(*-(+-T($5$0$-&(,P(+(0$'*+XJ*)7(',)"0$-&(&7+&(*%(+(7$+'*-#2(+(L+J+#J+L72(
+(_",&$2(+-(*0+#$2(+(9*'$,2(+-(+"'*,J$),J'*-#2(+-'Q,J(&+65$3(?,-&J*6"&*,-%(&,('*%)"%%*,-%()+-(6$(+5%,(0+'$(*-(
&7$(P,J0(,P(&$`&2(*0+#$%2(9*'$,%(,J(+"'*,J$),J'*-#%(@Z*#"J$(CE3(Y7*%('$%*#-()7+-#$(*%(6+%$'(,-($+J5T(M,JK(*-(
-$&M,JK(5$+J-*-#3(V)),J'*-#(&,(/,,'T$+J(+-'(),55$+#"$%(@ABB\2(L3(CE2(-$&M,JK$'(5$+J-*-#(*%(5$+J-*-#(*-(M7*)7(
*-P,J0+&*,-(+-'(),00"-*)+&*,-(&$)7-,5,#T(@W?YE(*%("%$'(&,(LJ,0,&$(),--$)&*,-%.(6$&M$$-(,-$(5$+J-$J2(
+-,&7$J(5$+J-$J(+-'(&"&,J%U(6$&M$$-(+(5$+J-*-#(),00"-*&T(+-'(&7$*J(5$+J-*-#(J$%,"J)$%3(W-(+-($+J5*$J(%&"'T(
&7$%$(+"&7,J%(J$P$J(&,(&7*%(),-)$L&(+%(a%7+J$+65$(J$LJ$%$-&+&*,-%(,P(LJ+)&*)$c3(Y7$(%"##$%&*,-(&7$-(M+%(&,.(
(
G"*5'(&$)7-,5,#T(+J,"-'(J$+5("%$J(-$$'%(J+&7$J(&7+-(+-(*'$+5*%$'(0+-+#$J%(9*$M(,P(M7+&(*%(-$$'$'b(iY7*%(
L7*5,%,L7*)+5(+LLJ,+)7j(%7,"5'(%"*&(0,%&(+J$+%(,P(7*#7$JQP"&"J$($'")+&*,-b(I$(-$$'(&,("-'$J%&+-'(7,M(&7$(
0$06$J%(,P(+('*%&J*6"&$'(),00"-*&T(,P(LJ+)&*)$($-#+#$(*-(i,-5*-$(5$+J-*-#j2(+-'(7,M(&7$*J($`*%&*-#(
&$)7-,5,#*$%(%7+L$%(+-'(5*0*&%(M7+&(&7$T(',2(%,(&7+&(M$()+-("-'$J%&+-'(7,M(&,(*0LJ,9$(&7$(&$)7-,5,#T(+&(
&7$*J('*%L,%+5b(@/,,'T$+J(=(!&$$L5$%2(-3'32(L3(DE(
(
V&(&7$(&*0$2(&7*%(M,JK(9+5*'+&$'(,"J('$%*#-(+%%"0L&*,-3(Y7$(&$)7-,5,#T(M+%(6"*5&(+J,"-'(+("%$J(),00"-*&Tk%(
-$$'%(,P(6$),0*-#(+)&*9$(*-(&7$(+"&7,J*-#(+-'(%7+J*-#(,P(,-5*-$($'")+&*,-+5(J$%,"J)$%2(+-'(P,%&$J*-#(
+%T-)7J,-,"%(),55+6,J+&*,-(*-(M7*)7(),-9$J%+&*,-%(7+LL$-(*-%*'$(&7$()"JJ*)"5"0(),-&$-&2(-,&(%$L+J+&$(PJ,0(
*&3(Y7$(P,55,M*-#(&M,()+%$%(J$L,J&(,-(+)&*9*&T(%-+L%7,&%(,P(7,M(0$'*+XJ*)7(',)"0$-&%(M*&7($06$''$'(
'*%)"%%*,-%(+J$(5*P&*-#(L$JP,J0+-)$(+-'($-#+#$0$-&(*-(&7$*J(J$%L$)&*9$(+)+'$0*)(LJ,#J+00$%3((
(
Case 1: a masters degree medical programme in Ophthalmic Basic Science
Y7*%(0+%&$J%(),"J%$(7+%(6$$-('$5*9$J$'(+)J,%%(&M,(S-*9$J%*&*$%(*-(V"%&J+5*+(+-'(N$M(O$+5+-'(P,J(&7$(5+%&(Cd(
T$+J%3(Y7$(LJ,#J+00$(7+%(DA($-J,55$'(P"55(,J(L+J&X&*0$(L,%&#J+'"+&$(0$'*)+5(%&"'$-&%(*-(ABC^3(W&(7+%(+55,M$'(
P,J(&7$(*-),JL,J+&*,-(,P(-$M(*--,9+&*,-%(M*&7*-(&7$(%+0$($'")+&*,-+5(L5+&P,J0(&,(0$$&(&7$()7+-#*-#(
J$_"*J$0$-&%(,P(%&"'$-&%(+-'(5$)&"J$J%(@P*J%&(M*&7(iFGAj(4]4X6+%$'(),"J%$M+J$2(&7$-(FGH(PJ,0(ABCCE3(Y7$(
L5+&P,J0(%"LL,J&%(+(65$-'$'(5$+J-*-#(0,'$5(M$55(M*&7(%&"'$-&%(6$*-#($-#+#$'(M*&7*-($+)7("-*&(,P(%&"'T3(FGH(
M+%()7,%$-('"$(&,(%$9$J+5(*0L,J&+-&(+'9+-&+#$%(,9$J(,&7$J($'")+&*,-+5(&$)7-,5,#*$%.(
• !&J+*#7&P,JM+J'(*-&"*&*9$('$%*#-(+55,M*-#($+%$(,P("%$(6T(5$)&"J$J%(+-'(%&+PP(,P&$-(-,&(P+0*5*+J(M*&7(
&$)7-,5,#T2(+-'(%&"'$-&%(M7$-("%*-#(%7+J$'(',)"0$-&%(+-'(+%T-)7J,-,"%(5$+J-*-#(
• ?,55+6,J+&*9$('$9$5,L0$-&(0,'$5(&,(%7+L$(&7$(L5+&P,J0(&,(%"LL,J&(*--,9+&*,-(*-(&$+)7*-#(
• V55,M$'(P,J(*-&$J-+&*,-+5(P+)"5&*$%(&,(),,J'*-+&$(&$+)7*-#(,-(&7$(%+0$(L5+&P,J0(J+&7$J(&7+-(&JT*-#(&,(
"%$(&7$(*-'*9*'"+5('*PP$J*-#("-*9$J%*&T(%,P&M+J$3(
• V55,M$'(P,J(+(%*-#5$($'")+&*,-+5(L5+&P,J0(P,J(),-&$-&('$5*9$JT(+-'(P,%&$J(*-&$J+)&*,-%(6$&M$$-(

: working paper series working paper #3, November 2018
!"##$%&$'()*&+&*,-.(/,0$12(/32(4+$55$-6+)72(832(4+9*$%2(:32(;$-%*-#&,-2(<32(=(>$&%,#5,"2(?3(@ABCDE3(OB3$media-rich$
documents$with$embedded$discussions:$lifting$learning$performance$and$engagement3(FGH(I,JK*-#(>+L$J(!$J*$%3(
8$%$+J)73(F)$+-GJ,M%$J2(:&'3(4"-$'*-2(N$M(O$+5+-'3(8$&J*$9$'(PJ,0(
7&&L%.QQMMM3,6H3*,QFGHRM,JK*-#RL+L$JR%$J*$%Q#,0$1$&+5RFGHM,JK*-#L+L$JRN,9$06$JABCD3L'P(
4
%&"'$-&%(&7$0%$59$%(+-'(%&"'$-&%(+-'(M*&7(&7$(+)+'$0*)(%&+PP3((
• W-&$#J+&*,-(M*&7(*-%&*&"&*,-+5(:<!(&,(%*0L5*PT(%&"'$-&(5,#*-(+-'(J$'")$(),"J%$(+'0*-*%&J+&*,-(
(
Y7$("%$%(*-)5"'$(5$)&"J$J(,J(&"&,JX5$'(+)&*9*&*$%(*-(M7*)7(5$)&"J$(-,&$%(+J$(%7+J$'(M*&7(%&"'$-&%(P,J(J$9*$M3(
!&"'$-&X5$'(+%%*#-0$-&%(&+K$(&7$(P,J0(,P(M*K*(L+#$(+%%*#-0$-&%(+-'([,"J-+5(+J&*)5$(%"00+J*$%3(?,"J%$(
L+J&*)*L+-&%(#$-$J+&$'(dAf(L,%&%(PJ,0(V"#(AA2(ABC^(&,(l+-(A\2(ABCD3(C\(&TL$%(,P($06$''$'('*%)"%%*,-%(
,))"JJ$'(*-(&7*%(L$J*,'3(Y+65$(C(%7,M%(&7$(+)&*9*&T(*-(&7$(&,L(d3(h06$''$'('*%)"%%*,-%(*-(%&"'$-&X5$'(+)&*9*&*$%(
#$-$J+&$'(&7$(5+J#$%&(-"06$J(,P(L,%&%2(M7*)7(+J$(l,"J-+5()5"6('*%)"%%*,-%(M*&7(Hf\(L,%&%(+-'(FL&*KX*(L+#$%(
M*&7(^f(L,%&%3(Y7$(,&7$J(e(),-9$J%+&*,-(&TL$%(),-&+*-$'(%*-#5$(-"06$J%(,P($06$''$'('*%)"%%*,-%(0+*-5T(,-(
&,L*)%(J$5+&$'(&,(),"J%$(+)&*9*&*$%2(%)7$'"5*-#(,J(5,#*%&*)%3((
Table 1 – student-led activities with the most embedded discussions
(
Case 2: an undergraduate Midwifery programme
Y7$(G+)7$5,J(,P(<*'M*P$JT(7+%(+LLJ,`3(eBXCBB(%&"'$-&%(*-(+(LJ,#J+00$(&7+&(*%(dBm(&7$,JT(7,"J%(+-'(dBm(
LJ+)&*)$(7,"J%3(V(65$-'$'()"JJ*)"5"0(M+%(*-%&*&"&$'(*-(ABBe(&,(*-)J$+%$(&7$(-"06$J(,P(0*'M*P$JT(%&"'$-&%(*-(
J"J+5(+-'(LJ,9*-)*+5(+J$+%(6$*-#(+65$(&,(+))$%%(&7$(LJ,#J+00$3(SJ6+-(%&"'$-&%(+5%,(L+J&*)*L+&$(*-(&7$(%+0$(
65$-'$'(LJ,#J+00$3(W-(ABCH2(FGH(M+%()7,%$-(&,('$5*9$J(&7$(&7$,J$&*)+5(),0L,-$-&(,P(&7$(LJ,#J+00$(*-(
J$%L,-%$(&,(%&"'$-&($9+5"+&*,-%(,P(&7$(LJ$9*,"%(&$)7-,5,#T(L5+&P,J02(*-(M7*)7(%&"'$-&%(),-%*%&$-&5T(*'$-&*P*$'(
P$$5*-#(*%,5+&$'(+-'("-%"J$(,P(7,M(&7$T(M$J$(LJ,#J$%%*-#(M*&7(&7$*J(5$+J-*-#3(
(
Y7$('J+M()+J'(,P(FGH(M+%(&7$(+6*5*&T(&,(7+9$(+%T-)7J,-,"%('*%)"%%*,-(M*&7*-(&7$(,-5*-$(),-&$-&3(Y7$(
%"6%$_"$-&($9+5"+&*,-%(7+9$(P,"-'(&7+&(+50,%&(+55(%&"'$-&%(P*-'(&7$%$('*%)"%%*,-%(9+5"+65$(P,J(&7$*J(5$+J-*-#2(
+-'(+5%,(P$$5(0,J$(),--$)&$'(&,(,&7$J(%&"'$-&%(*-(&7$*J(),"J%$%3(Y7$(5$)&"J$J%(7+9$(6$$-('$9$5,L*-#(%K*55%(*-(
LJ,0L&*-#(+-'($-),"J+#*-#(%&"'$-&%(&,(),-&J*6"&$2(&,(&7*-K(0,J$()J*&*)+55T2(+-'(*-&$#J+&$(&7$,JT(+-'(LJ+)&*)$3(
FGH(*%(*-&$#J+&$'(M*&7(&7$(*-%&*&"&*,-k%(:$+J-*-#(<+-+#$0$-&(!T%&$0(+-'(&7"%(&7$(J$%,"J)$%(+J$(L+%%M,J'(
LJ,&$)&$'3(W&(*%($+%T(&,(),-&J,5(M7+&(5$9$5(,P(+))$%%(J*#7&%(%&"'$-&%(+-'(5$)&"J$J%(7+9$(*-(&$J0%(,P(9*$M*-#2(
'*%)"%%*-#2($'*&*-#(+-'(+"&7,J*-#(,P(',)"0$-&%3(
(
Table 2 – teacher-led activity with the most embedded discussions
Media-rich'document'type'
Embedded'
discussion'type'
Topic''
&7+&(&,,K(L5+)$(PJ,0(!$L(H(&,(Cd2(ABC^(
#'Posts'
Sep'3-15'
Course'in'first'year:'C(5$)&"J$J(*%(*-9,59$'(J$%L,-'*-#(&,(&7$('*%)"%%*,-%(PJ,0(Ae(%&"'$-&%(
?"JJ*)"5"0(),-&$-&((
n=V(
H3(>+J&-$J%7*L(*-(&7$(<*'M*P$JT(8$5+&*,-%7*L(
fD(
?"JJ*)"5"0(),-&$-&((
n=V(
\3(h`L$J*$-)$%(,P(<+&$J-*&T(?+J$(
dC(
?"JJ*)"5"0(),-&$-&((
n=V(
A3(?,-&*-"*&T(,P(?+J$(*-(&7$(<*'M*P$JT(8$5+&*,-%7*L(
dB(
Course'in'second'year:'H(5$)&"J$J%(+J$(*-9,59$'(*-(J$%L,-'*-#(&,(&7$('*%)"%%*,-%(PJ,0(AB(%&"'$-&%(
?"JJ*)"5"0(),-&$-&((
n=V(
A3(!7,"5'$J(4T%&,)*+(
^f(
?"JJ*)"5"0(),-&$-&((
n(=V(
d3(4*%%$0*-+&$'(W-&J+9+%)"5+J(?,+#"5+&*,-((
fH(
?"JJ*)"5"0(),-&$-&((
n=V(
f3(8$&+*-$'(>5+)$-&+(
de(
?"JJ*)"5"0(),-&$-&((
n=V(
\3(S&$J*-$(W-9$J%*,-(=(S&$J*-$(8"L&"J$(
dD(
?"JJ*)"5"0(),-&$-&((
n=V(
C3(?,J'(>J,5+L%$(+-'(?,J'(>J$%$-&+&*,-(
df(
'
'
Subtotal'
481'
?"JJ*)"5"0(),-&$-&((
n=V(
d(&,L*)%(M*&7(CB(&,(dB(L,%&%(
ef(
Embedded'Discussion'Type''
&7+&(&,,K(L5+)$(PJ,0(F)&(AXCH2(ABC^(
Quantity'all'
semester'
C3 >$$J(J$9*$M%(+-'(&$+)7$J(P$$'6+)K(*-(l,"J-+5(?5"6('*%)"%%*,-%(
Hf\(
A3 >$$J(J$9*$M%(+-'(&$+)7$J(P$$'6+)K(*-(L+#$%(P,J(FL&*KX*((@&7$($-)T)5,L+$'*)(J$%,"J)$(+6,"&(
FL&*)%E(
^f(
H3 FL7&7+50,5,#T(5$)&"J$%((
H\(
\3 V%%*#-0$-&%(&,L*)%((
C\(
d3 /$-$J+5()7+&((
CC(
Subtotal'
499'
F&7$J(e(&TL$%(
A^(
Total'
526'

: working paper series working paper #3, November 2018
!"##$%&$'()*&+&*,-.(/,0$12(/32(4+$55$-6+)72(832(4+9*$%2(:32(;$-%*-#&,-2(<32(=(>$&%,#5,"2(?3(@ABCDE3(OB3$media-rich$
documents$with$embedded$discussions:$lifting$learning$performance$and$engagement3(FGH(I,JK*-#(>+L$J(!$J*$%3(
8$%$+J)73(F)$+-GJ,M%$J2(:&'3(4"-$'*-2(N$M(O$+5+-'3(8$&J*$9$'(PJ,0(
7&&L%.QQMMM3,6H3*,QFGHRM,JK*-#RL+L$JR%$J*$%Q#,0$1$&+5RFGHM,JK*-#L+L$JRN,9$06$JABCD3L'P(
5
?"JJ*)"5"0(),-&$-&(
n=V(
C^(&,L*)%(M*&7(%*-#5$('*#*&(L,%&%(
\e(
(
(
Subtotal(
626(
!&"'$-&X5$'(+%%*#-0$-&%(
>$$J(J$9*$M%(,J(
&$+)7$J(P$$'6+)K(
C\(&,L*)%((
fe(
(
(
Total'
695'
(
Y7$("%$%(*-)5"'$(+(5$)&"J$J(,J(&"&,JX5$'(+)&*9*&T(*-(M7*)7()"JJ*)"5"0(),-&$-&(M*&7(n=V(LJ,0L&%(%&"'$-&%(&,(
),--$)&(&7$,JT(&,(LJ+)&*)$3(!&"'$-&X5$'(+%%*#-0$-&%(&+K$(&7$(P,J0(,P()"JJ*)"5"0(&,L*)%2(#$-$J+5('*%)"%%*,-%(,P(
LJ+)&*)$($`L$J*$-)$2('*%)"%%*,-(,-()7,%$-(LJ+)&*)$(&,L*)2(+-'([,"J-+5(+J&*)5$(%"00+J*$%3(?,"J%$(L+J&*)*L+-&%(
#$-$J+&$'(H2d\C(L,%&%(PJ,0(V"#(AA(&,(N,9(AB2(ABC^3(ZJ,0(!$L&$06$J(H(&,(Cd2(%&"'$-&%(+-'(+)+'$0*)(%&+PP(
#$-$J+&$'(fed(L,%&%3(F-$(&$+)7$JX5$'(+)&*9*&T(),0LJ*%*-#(HB(',)"0$-&%(M*&7()"JJ*)"5"0(),-&$-&(),-&+*-%(fAf(
L,%&%(,J($06$''$'('*%)"%%*,-%3(I7*5$(&7J$$(%&"'$-&X5$'(+)&*9*&*$%(),0LJ*%*-#(C\(',)"0$-&%(+55(&,#$&7$J(
),-&+*-(fe(L,%&%3(Y+65$(A(%7,M%(+(%-+L%7,&(,P(&7$(&$+)7$JX5$'(+)&*9*&T(M*&7(&7$(0,%&($06$''$'('*%)"%%*,-%3(
Y7$(&,L(D()"JJ*)"5"0(),-&$-&(',)"0$-&%(),-&+*-*-#(dBo(L,%&%(7+9$(\DC(L,%&%(*-(&,&+53(Y7$(5+J#$%&(*%(a!7,"5'$J(
4T%&,)*+c(M*&7(^f(L,%&%3(
(
Discussion and conclusion
Y7$(*-&$J+)&*,-('$%*#-()7+-#$(,P(+("-*_"$(*-&$JP+)$(P,J(+"&7,J*-#(+-'(%7+J*-#(),-&$-&(lifts$performance$by$
reducing$time$in$the$preparation$to$study$materials3(Y7$(+"&7,J*-#(P$+&"J$%($-+65$("%$J%(&,('$9$5,L(),-&$-&(+&(
+(%"*&+65$(&*0$2($9$-(M*&7*-(0*-"&$%(6$P,J$(5$)&"J$(,J(+%%*#-0$-&('$5*9$JT3(W-()+%$%(C(+-'(A2(%&"'$-&%(+-'(%&+PP(
LJ$L+J$'()"JJ*)"5"0(),-&$-&(,J(+%%*#-0$-&%(+%(L+J&(,P(&$+)7$J(,J(%&"'$-&X5$'(+)&*9*&*$%3(V%%*#-0$-&%(LJ,9*'$'(
&7$(,LL,J&"-*&T(&,(*-)5"'$(%&"'$-&%(*-(&7$(LJ,)$%%(,P("L'+&*-#(+-'(J$PJ$%7*-#(&7$()"JJ*)"5"0(),-&$-&3(Y7*%(
&$)7-,5,#T(J$'")$'(&7$(-$$'(P,J(&$)7-,5,#*%&(%"LL,J&('"J*-#()"JJ*)"5"0('$9$5,L0$-&2(P,%&$J$'(&7$(%$5PX
),-P*'$-)$(,P(%&"'$-&%(+-'(+)+'$0*)(%&+PP2(+-'($-+65$'(),-&*-"$'(%7+J*-#(,P(J$%,"J)$%(M*&7(+5"0-*3(V-,&7$J(
)7+-#$(6$-$P*&(M+%(&7+&(&7$(&*0$X),-%"0*-#(+-'(5$-#&7T(LJ,)$%%(,P(),-9$J&*-#()"JJ*)"5"0(),-&$-&(LJ$L+J$'(*-(
<!(I,J'(*-&,(M$6(L+#$%2(+-'(4]4('$5*9$JT(M+%($5*0*-+&$'3(4$%*J+6*5*&T(,P(,-5*-$(5$+J-*-#(&$)7-,5,#*$%(*-(
$'")+&*,-+5(LJ,#J+00$%(%")7(+%(,"J()+%$(%&"'*$%(*-(7$+5&7(*%(0,&*9+&$'(6T(%7,M*-#(9+5"$(*-(LJ,9*'*-#(P$+&"J$%(
P,J($PP$)&*9$(%&"'T2(),"L5$'(M*&7($+%$(,P("%$3(F"J("%$J%(LJ$P$J(&,()J$+&$(7*#7(_"+5*&T(,-5*-$($'")+&*,-(,PP$J*-#%(
M*&7(&$)7-,5,#*$%(&7+&(7+9$(+(5,M(5$+J-*-#()"J9$2()+L*&+5*%$(,-(P+0*5*+J(%K*55%2(+-'(+LLJ$)*+&$(&7$*J(&*0$XLJ$%%$'(
%)7$'"5$3(Y7$%$(P*-'*-#%(+J$(%&J$-#&7$-$'(6T(+(<,,'5$(%&"'T(),-)5"%*,-2(ab(i&$)7-,5,#*$%(%7,"5'j(P,%&$J("%$J(
%$5PX),-P*'$-)$(%,(&7$T(%$$(i*&(+%j($+%T(&,("%$b(V'"5&%(0,J$(&7+-(T,"-#(L$,L5$(P$+J(&7$("-K-,M-(+-'(+J$(
LJ,-$(&,b(LJ$["'*)$(+#+*-%&(-$M(&$)7-,5,#T(&7+&(,P&$-(7+%(-,(6+%*%(*-(J$+5*&T3(WP("%$J%(7+9$('*PP*)"5&T("%*-#(+(
%T%&$02(&7$T(0*#7&(6$5*$9$(&7+&(i*&j(*%(&,,('*PP*)"5&(&,("%$(+-'(&7$(6$-$P*&%(&7$T(M*55(#+*-(+J$(-,&(M,J&7(&7$(
$PP,J&c(@VJ&$+#+(!p-)7$1(=(4"+J&$(g"$J,%2(ABCB2(L3(DE3(
(
Y7$(%$),-'(*-&$J+)&*,-('$%*#-()7+-#$(,P($06$''*-#('*%)"%%*,-%(*-%*'$(&7$()"JJ*)"5"0(),-&$-&(lifts$
performance$through$enhancing$student$engagement$and$participation.$Y7$%$(),--$)&*,-%$+J$(,P(&7$(K*-'%(
%"##$%&$'(6T(/,,'T$+J(+-'(),55$+#"$%(@ABB\E3(Y7$T(7+9$(LJ,0,&$'('*PP$J$-&(K*-'%(,P(a%7+J$+65$(
J$LJ$%$-&+&*,-(,P(LJ+)&*)$c(@%$$(&TL$%(*-()+%$%(C(+-'(AE(&7+&(+J$(-,&(,-5T(0$+-*-#P"5('"J*-#(&7$(%$0$%&$J2(6"&(
+5%,(P,J(5*P$5,-#(5$+J-*-#2(+%(&7$(%&"'$-&%(M*55(),-&*-"$(+))$%%*-#(&7$%$(+%(+5"0-*3(V)+'$0*)(%&+PP(,P()+%$(A(
@4+$55$-6+)72(4+9*$%2(;$-%*-#&,-2(=(Y+065T-2(ABC\E(J$L,J&$'(,-(7,M(&7*%(&$)7-,5,#T(7+%($-7+-)$'(
$-#+#$0$-&2(J$'")$'(*%,5+&*,-2(+-'(#*9$-(&$+)7$J%(+(%$-%$(,P(7,M(%&"'$-&%(+J$(J$%L,-'*-#(&,(&$+)7*-#(
0+&$J*+5%3(W-(),-)5"%*,-2(FGH(0$'*+XJ*)7(',)"0$-&%(M*&7($06$''$'('*%)"%%*,-%Y<(+J$(+-(*--,9+&*,-(*-(
LJ+)&*)$(*-(&7$("%$(,P($'")+&*,-+5(&$)7-,5,#*$%(*-(7*#7$J($'")+&*,-3(Y7$T(LJ$%$-&(+(P"-'+0$-&+5(%7*P&(,-(7,M(
),-&$-&(*%(LJ$L+J$'(+-'(%7+J$'(6$&M$$-(+)+'$0*)(%&+PP(+-'(%&"'$-&%3(Y7$%$(-$M(%&"'T(*-&$J+)&*,-%(7+9$(
J$%"5&$'(*-(&7$(,J#+-*)('$9$5,L0$-&(,P(,-5*-$(+)&*9$(5$+J-*-#(),00"-*&*$%(*-(M7*)7(%&"'$-&%(6$),0$(),X
'$%*#-$J%(,P(5$+J-*-#(+-'(&$+)7$J%(P+)*5*&+&,J%(,P(5$+J-*-#3((
(
References
VJ&$+#+(!p-)7$12(832(=(4"+J&$(g"$J,%2(V3(@ABCBE3(<,&*9+&*,-+5(P+)&,J%(&7+&(*-P5"$-)$(&7$(+))$L&+-)$(,P(<,,'5$(
"%*-#(YV<3(Computers$in$Human$Behaviour,$26$CfHAXCf\B3((
G+-'"J+2(V3(@CeDfE3(Social$foundations$of$thought$and$action:$A$social$cognitive$theory3(h-#5$M,,'(?5*PP%2(Nl.(
>J$-&*)$(g+553(

: working paper series working paper #3, November 2018
!"##$%&$'()*&+&*,-.(/,0$12(/32(4+$55$-6+)72(832(4+9*$%2(:32(;$-%*-#&,-2(<32(=(>$&%,#5,"2(?3(@ABCDE3(OB3$media-rich$
documents$with$embedded$discussions:$lifting$learning$performance$and$engagement3(FGH(I,JK*-#(>+L$J(!$J*$%3(
8$%$+J)73(F)$+-GJ,M%$J2(:&'3(4"-$'*-2(N$M(O$+5+-'3(8$&J*$9$'(PJ,0(
7&&L%.QQMMM3,6H3*,QFGHRM,JK*-#RL+L$JR%$J*$%Q#,0$1$&+5RFGHM,JK*-#L+L$JRN,9$06$JABCD3L'P(
6
G")7+-+-2(83(@ABBdE3(4$%*#-(+%(*-_"*JT.(&7$(),00,-2(P"&"J$(+-'()"JJ$-&(#J,"-'(,P('$%*#-3(W-(Futureground$
Proceedings$of$the$Design$Research$Society$Conference$2004$@LL3(ACE3(<$56,"J-$2(V"%&J+5*+.(<,-+%7(
S-*9$J%*&T3(
4+$55$-6+)72(43(832(4+9*$%2(:32(;$-%*-#&,-2(<32(=(Y+065T-2(83(@ABC\E3(Fostering$online$student$interaction$using$
the$OB3$web$application$for$online$study3(>+L$J(LJ$%$-&$'(+&(&7$(V!?W:WYh(ABC\.(87$&,J*)(+-'(8$+5*&T(X(
?J*&*)+5(>$J%L$)&*9$%(,-(h'")+&*,-+5(Y$)7-,5,#T2(4"-$'*-2(N$M(O$+5+-'3(
7&&L.QQ+%)*5*&$ABC\3,&+#,3+)3-1QP*5$%Q),-)*%$L+L$J%QC^eX4+$55$-6+)73L'P(
/,0$12(/3(@ABB^2(VLJ*5(ADX<+T(HE3(A$Bridging$Design$Prototype$for$investigating$concept$mapping$in$the$
preschool$community.(>+L$J(LJ$%$-&$'(+&(&7$(?gW(ABB^.(?,-P$J$-)$(,-(g"0+-(Z+)&,J%(*-(?,0L"&*-#(
!T%&$0%(!+-(l,%$2(?+5*P,J-*+2(S!V3(
/,0$12(/3(@ABBe2(l"5T(f(X^E3(Gaining$entry$to$real$settings$with$a$bridging$design$prototype.(>+L$J(LJ$%$-&$'(+&(
&7$(CB&7(W-&$J-+&*,-+5(?,-P$J$-)$(NO(?7+L&$J(,P(&7$(V?<q%(!L$)*+5(W-&$J$%&(/J,"L(,-(g"0+-X
?,0L"&$J(W-&$J+)&*,-2(V")K5+-'2(N$M(O$+5+-'3(
/,0$12(/32(=(?J,06*$2(43(@ABCf2(!$L&$06$J(^XeE3(Bridging$Design$Prototypes$in$the$Development$of$Games$for$
Formal$Learning$Environments.(>+L$J(LJ$%$-&$'(+&(&7$(D&7(W-&$J-+&*,-+5(?,-P$J$-)$(,-(/+0$%(+-'(
]*J&"+5(I,J5'%(P,J(!$J*,"%(VLL5*)+&*,-%(@]!X/+0$%E2(G+J)$5,-+2(!L+*-3(
/,0$12(/32(4+$55$-6+)72(832(;$-%*-#&,-2(<32(4+9*$%2(:32(=(>$&%,#5,"2(?3(@ABC^E3(G$-$P*&%(,P($-+65*-#(5$)&"J$J%(
+-'(%&"'$-&%(&,(+"&7,J2(%7+J$(+-'('*%)"%%(0$'*+XJ*)7(',)"0$-&%(P,J(,-5*-$(%&"'T3(Digital$poster$
presented$at$ASCILITE$2017$at$34th$International$Conference$on$Innovation,$Practice$and$Research$in$
the$Use$of$Educational$Technologies$in$Tertiary$Education3(8$&J*$9$'(PJ,0(
7&&L.QQABC^),-P$J$-)$3+%)*5*&$3,J#QLJ,#J+0Q6$-$P*&%X,PX$-+65*-#X5$)&"J$J%X+-'X%&"'$-&%X&,X+"&7,JX
%7+J$X+-'X'*%)"%%X0$'*+XJ*)7X',)"0$-&%XP,JX,-5*-$X%&"'TXAQ(
/,,'T$+J2(>32(G+-K%2(!32(g,'#%,-2(]32(=(<)?,--$552(43(@ABB\E3(8$%$+J)7(,-(-$&M,JK$'(5$+J-*-#.(V-(,9$J9*$M3(W-(
>3(/,,'T$+J2(!3(G+-K%2(]3(g,'#%,-2(=(43(<)?,--$55(@h'%3E2(Advances$in$Research$on$Networked$
Learning(@LL3(CXeE3(G,%&,-.(;5"M$J(V)+'$0*)(>"65*%7$J%3(
/,,'T$+J2(>32(=(!&$$L5$%2(?3(@-3'3E3(Shareable$representations$of$practice:$asynchronous$multimedia$
conferencing$in$continuing$professional$development3(4J+P&(V:YX?eD(>+L$J3(?$-&J$(P,J(!&"'*$%(*-(
V'9+-)$'(:$+J-*-#(Y$)7-,5,#T(@?!V:YE2(:+-)+%&$J(S-*9$J%*&T2(:+-)+%&$J2(:VC(\r:2(h-#5+-'3(((
g$*-J*)72(h32(<*5-$2(l32(8+0%+T2(V32(=(<,JJ*%,-2(43(@ABBeE3(8$),00$-'+&*,-%(P,J(&7$("%$(,P($X&,,5%(P,J(*0LJ,9$0$-&%(
+J,"-'(+%%*#-0$-&(0+JK*-#(_"+5*&T3(Assessment$&$Evaluation$in$Higher$Education,$34@\E2(\feX\^e3((
;*J%72(43(@ABBdE3(<$&+),#-*&*,-2('*%&J*6"&$'(),#-*&*,-2(+-'(9*%"+5('$%*#-3(W-(>3(/sJ'$-P,J%(=(>3(l,7+-%%,-(
@h'%3E2(Cognition,$Education$and$Communication$Technology(@LL3(C\^XC^eE3(<+7M+72(N3l3(U(:,-',-(
:+MJ$-)$(hJ56+"02(>"65*%7$J%3(
<$757,J-2(l3(h32(G"J)7+02(Y3(N32(=(!0+J&&2(>3(@ABBfE3(Using$Voice$Annotation$to$Enhance$Successful$Student$
Learnign$in$Online$Courses3(>+L$J(LJ$%$-&$'(+&(&7$(Z,%&$J*-#(!"))$%%P"5(:$+J-*-#.(*-%&J")&*,-+5(
&$)7-,5,#T(),-P$J$-)$2(<*''5$(Y$--$%%$$(!&+&$(S-*9$J%*&T3((
'