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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 5, May-2019 346
ISSN 2229-5518
IJSER © 2019
http://www.ijser.org
Development of Silicone Based Water-Resistant,
Chemical Resistant Moisture Absorbent and
Non - Ignitable Fabric
Dilan Vethandamoorthy, Eranda Mandawala, Wasana Bandara
Abstract— The focus of this study is on determining the optimum combination of components in coating material to obtain high water
resistance and moisture absorbent properties. Silicone caulk and Mineral spirit were used in thirteen different combinations to coat the
fabric along with one sample with one mixture for control. This method was discarded as water penetrated through the fabric under high
pressure. Silicone caulk with Acrylic Matt Topcoat was used in thirteen different combinations to coat the fabric along with one sample with
one mixture for control. Surface coated using a flat bottomed plastic rod and allowed 5 -6 hrs. for setting process. The fabric is a
combination of Polyester-cotton blend, Chemical layer and Airmesh in the inner. Two variants of the fabric were produced as Single coated
fabric and Double coated fabric. Single coated fabric was able to withstand Bundesmann Rainshower Test (ISO 9865:1991) and a
Hydrostatic pressure (ISO 811:1981) more than 1.9m. The Double coated fabric did not ignite in the Flammability Test. The selected Con.
Acids and Bases didn’t penetrate the fabric but made some changes to the color of the fabric. The Direct Coating method was modified
inorder to design the proposed fabric.
Index Terms— Silicone caulk, Mineral spirit, Acrylic matt topcoay, Bundesmann Rainshower Test, Hydrostatic pressure, Double coated
fabric, Flammability Test.
—————————— ——————————
1 INTRODUCTION
aterproof materials have an extraordinarily high use,
with products for everyday clothing, sportswear and
protective clothing for industrial or technical applica-
tions. Developing product’s water proofing property is an im-
portant value added process that can be helpful in wide range
of environmental conditions. The majority of the underwater
projects, semi- submerged aquatic settings and in general
weather protection services require waterproofing materials.
(Shishoo, [35])
A waterproof and breathable fabric incorporates two distinct
functions of ‘waterproofness’ and ‘breathability’. It should
basically provide protection from the rain, wind and cold but
also maintain a comfortable microclimate just below the fabric
layer. The idea of a waterproof fabric is not new; in very old
times, people were also in need of such fabrics. (Özek, H. [28])
Because of their many desirable qualities, Polyester fibres and
fabrics have many uses. Polyester is often used in outerwear
because of its high tenacity and durability. It is a strong fibre
and consequently can withstand strong and repetitive move-
ments. Its hydrophobic property makes it ideal for garments
and jackets that are to be used in wet or damp environments--
coating the fabric with a water-resistant finish intensify this
effect. (Polyester filament yarn, fiber and spun from quality
sources. [29])
Silicone based materials are applied over porous surface in
order to make it breathable and water – resistant. The most
common varieties include siloxane, silane, and silicone rubber,
which are appealing due to their effectiveness in penetrating
substrates without compromising porousness. In addition to
being silicon-based, these materials share a number of other
characteristics, including a high level of breathability and the
capacity for being applied to most products without noticea-
bly altering their appearance. But despite their similarities,
siloxane, silane, and silicone rubber products each have their
own distinct attributes that affect how they are manufactured
and used. (Waterproofing with Silicon-Based Materials. [41]).
Silicones exhibit many useful characteristics, including low
thermal conductivity, low chemical reactivity, low toxicity,
thermal stability (constancy of properties over a wide temper-
ature range of −100 to 250 °C), Does not support microbiologi-
cal growth and resistance to oxygen, ozone, and ultraviolet
(UV) light.( Silicone Basics - GT Products, Inc | Blvd Grape-
vine Texas. [36]).
It’s important to distinguish between water proofing
and water resistance before going in detail. Under much high-
er hydrostatic pressure water- proofing fabric are resistant to
the penetration of water moreover these fabrics have fewer
open pores and permit the passage of air or water vapor. Wa-
ter resistant fabric are resistant to penetration of water, air and
water vapor. Water resistant fabric is made by depositing a
hydrophobic chemical layer on the fiber’s surface. Water re-
sistance requires filling the tiny small pores of the fabric.
(Rowen, J., & Gagliardi, D. [30]).
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
This study will provide an assessment of the effects of varia-
tion in the amount of Silicone caulk and Acrylic Matt Topcoat
on water-resistant fabric.
Waterproofing breathable fabrics find applications in different
market segments from regular apparel and special high per-
formance apparel to technical textiles (G.Nalankilli, S. [12]).
Different end products require different specifications and
W
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properties. Waterproof properties can be achieved using dif-
ferent methods like high density tight weaving, micro porous
coating or lamination, and solid coating or lamination. How-
ever, use of solid polymer coatings has some advantages. For
example, due to the continuous solid layer on the structure,
there are no pores on the surface, which prevents the contami-
nation and provides better water resistance (Lomax, R.G. [24]).
To achieve the required specifications and properties like high
water vapour transmission, high water resistance, greater
strength, improved flexibility, and better durability, it is nec-
essary to use an optimized combination of components in the
coating. (Holmes, [18]).
This study will focus on establishing an optimum combination
of Silicone caulk (hydrophobic) and Acrylic Matt Topcoat
components to achieve the highest water-resistant properties.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• What are the raw materials to be added?
• What are the steps to be followed during the
production of the water resistant fabric?
• How to determine the water-resistant property?
• How to determine the moisture absorbent property?
• How to design a method of application?
1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Main objective:
• To determine the effect of the amount of Silicone mix-
ture application on water resistant properties of the fabric.
I. Sub- objectives:
I. To determination of the raw materials required.
II. To determination of the steps involved.
III. To determine optimum combination of chemicals
IV. To study the water-resistant properties of the fabric
V. To design method of application.
1.5 BENEFITS OF THE STUDY
This study helps to determine the effective concentra-
tion and application of the Silicon mixture in order to produce
water resistant fabric. This is a moderate cost production pro-
cess. Silicone, because of its inherent composition, is used in
making fabrics and is combined with fabrics to enhance the
fabric’s functional quality. Silicone does make a fabric more
water / repellent which brings it quite close to being water
proof. It also brings a kind of roughness, structure and more
age to the garment in addition to being also heat resistant.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Clothing innovation is an important modern behavior
that contributed to the successful expansion of humans into
higher latitudes and various climates. According to the previ-
ous researches clothing was originated long ago though there
are some archaeological, fossil or genetic evidences to support
more specific estimates. As clothing evolved from the older
ages, it was adopted by humans; the emergence of clothing
may provide more specific estimates of the origin of clothing
use. Bayesian coalescent modelling is a method for estimating
past population dynamics through time from a sample of mo-
lecular sequences without dependence on a pre-specified par-
ametric model of demographic history. This modelling ap-
proach was used to estimate that clothing lice diverged from
head louse ancestors at least by 83,000 and possibly as early as
170,000 years ago. This analysis suggests that the use of cloth-
ing likely originated with anatomically modern humans in
Africa and reinforces a broad trend of modern human devel-
opments in Africa during the Middle to Late Pleistocene.
(Toups, Kitchen, Light, & Reed, [39]).
The first real textile, as opposed to skins sewn togeth-
er, was probably felt. Surviving examples of Nålebinding, an-
other early textile method, date from 6500 BC. The knowledge
of ancient textiles and clothing has expanded in the recent past
due to modern technological developments. The knowledge of
cultures varies greatly with the climatic conditions to which
archaeological deposits are exposed; the Middle East and the
arid fringes of China have provided many very early samples
in good condition, but the early development of textiles in the
Indian subcontinent, sub-Saharan Africa and other moist parts
of the world remains unclear. (Barber, Elizabeth Wayland [4])
From pre-history through the early middle ages, for
most of Europe, the Near East and North Africa, two main
types of loom dominate textile production. These are the
warp-weighted loom and the two-beam loom. The length of
the cloth beam determined the width of the cloth woven upon
it, and could be as wide as 2–3 meters. The second loom type
is the two-beam loom. Early woven clothing was often made
of full loom widths draped, tied, or pinned in place. (Barber,
Elizabeth Wayland [4])
Protective clothing is needed for working at tempera-
tures below 4ºc. The selection of proper clothing should be
made according to the conditions such as temperature, weath-
er, the kind of activity performed and its duration. The use of
shape memory polymers with their thermally sensitive re-
sponse characteristics and phase change materials with their
quick phase change responses to the environmental changes is
being widely discussed with regard to the cold weather cloth-
ing. (Scott, R. A. [32])
Protective clothes are produced to protect the wearer
against hazardous environments and/or chemical, biological,
nuclear or similar threats. Protective clothes such as thermal
protective clothes, active sportswear, military clothes, medical
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clothes and chemical protective clothes are expected to show
some functional properties like fire resistance, resistance to
certain chemicals, antibacterial properties etc. according to
their individual end uses (Zhou, Reddy and Yang, [43]). In
addition, one of the important shared characteristics of most of
these clothes is waterproofness. Possessing waterproofness,
these clothes serve as a barrier against rain or pressurized wa-
ter, hazardous liquid chemicals and blood and other metabolic
liquids which can cause infection, so they prevent these liq-
uids to contact with the skin. For this purpose, waterproof or
waterproof breathable coated and laminated fabrics are used
insteadof classical fabrics. These fabrics have high water-
proofness however when they are cut and sewn together to
form a cloth, their waterproofness shows discontinuities at the
seams. (Zhou, Reddy, & Yang,[43])
The fabric was vulnerable to changes in the weather,
becoming stiffer in the cold and stickier in the heat. It was not
especially good with wool, either, because that fabric's natural
oil caused the rubber cement to deteriorate. Nevertheless, the
waterproofing process was essentially sound and was im-
proved and refined over time. It was considered effective
enough to be used in outfitting an Arctic expedition led by
19th-century explorer Sir John Franklin. Although he enjoyed
his greatest success and lasting fame for his waterproofing
process, Macintosh was no one-trick pony. In his capacity as a
chemist, he helped devise a hot-blast process for producing
high-quality cast iron. (The Return of Mac: Reinvention of
Mackintosh, [38]) It lacked the property of comfort in many
ways. Comfort is defined as “A state of physical ease and
freedom from pain or constraint” (Oxford dictionaries, [27]).
However, it can also be categorised as mechanical and
thermal comfort. Thermal comfort can be assessed by the air
permeability of fabric as well as its permeability to water and
heat. Mechanical comfort can be evaluated by its handle, rigid-
ity, tensile properties, and smoothness (Behera & Hari, [5]).
Mechanical and surface properties were determined
for polyester, cotton, and polyester/cotton blend knit fabrics.
The polyester fabric showed a higher resistance to tensile de-
formation than the cotton fabric, while the blend fabrics
showed an intermediate resistance in accordance with the
blend level. This behaviour was due to better packing efficien-
cy of polyester fibres, resulting in a yarn with a higher modu-
lus. In contrast, the trend was reversed in bending and lateral
deformation behaviour. This is postulated to be related to
higher residual stress in the fabrics due to the different creep
behaviour of cotton fibres. The compression behaviour, fric-
tion behaviour, and contacting surface fibre counts all point to
increasing numbers of surface fibres with increasing cotton
content in the fabrics; however, the 50/50 polyester/cotton
blend fabric showed almost an identical behaviour to the 100%
cotton fabric, as was the case with transport properties. (Yoon,
Sawyer, & Buckley, [42])
A waterproof and breathable fabric incorporates two
distinct functions of ‘waterproofness’ and ‘breathability’. It
should basically provide protection from the rain, wind and
cold but also maintain a comfortable microclimate just below
the fabric layer. The idea of a waterproof fabric is not new; in
very old times, people were also in need of such fabrics. Wa-
terproof clothes and covering were needed for outdoor en-
deavours of all kinds from farming to sailing, for riding and
for the military, as well as for various sports. (Özek, H. [28])
The definition of breathability is often being confused
with water- permeability, wind penetration or clothing’s abil-
ity to wick liquid water away from the skin; all of these pro-
cesses are also referred to as breathability but they depend on
entirely different fabric properties. The water- permeability is
a critical factor of wear comfort, especially in conditions that
involve sweating. This property allows the fabrics to be water-
permeable, to have protection against wind and to be water-
proof. The water- permeability of breathable-coated fabrics
can be measured in several different methods determining
with sweating guarded hotplate (skin model), cup method or
inverted cup method. In several research works the above
mentioned test methods have been compared. In these works
it was concluded that the water- permeability measured with
different methods can’t be compared directly due to different
testing conditions, measurement parameters and units of
measurements. Breathability is very important as it prevents
the accumulation of water or sweat near the body. Core body
temperature required for the wellbeing of individuals is ap-
proximately 37 oC (Sen, [34]). Perspiration is produced when
the body temperature exceeds the standard temperature of
37oC. This temperature is balanced by secretion of sweat. It is
important that the garments help in passage of sweat from
body to atmosphere. This is because, if a person is in a cold
climate performing high activity wearing non-breathable
clothing, he may suffer from hypothermia, and if he is in a hot
and humid climate, he may suffer from heat stress (Scott R. A.,
[33]).
Based on their length, fibres can be divided into fila-
ments or staples. Natural fibres generally have an uneven
physical structure both in staple and filament form. The fine-
ness, cross-sectional shape, mechanical properties and even
the colour are different and vary from fibre to fibre. The varia-
bility among the fibres and their non-homogeneity are distin-
guishing features that provide unique properties to natural
fibres. Even man-made fibres are now being produced with
properties similar to natural fibres by using techniques such as
texturalization.
The following part describes the researches and stud-
ies that have been conducted to address the challenges of de-
veloping waterproofing fabric.
1. Methods of developing waterproof breathable fabrics
• Different types of waterproof breathable fabric
• Advantages of coating over lamination
• Mechanism of transmission from fabric to
atmosphere
• Methods of application of coating
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2. Methods of evaluation of waterproof and breathable proper
ties
3. Factors affecting properties of waterproof breathable fabrics
2.2 METHODS OF DEVELOPING WATERPROOF
BREATHABLE FABRICS
The initial introduction of the waterproofing fabric to
the market were in the form of raincoats which were fabrics
coated with crude rubber. This was introduced by Macintosh
(Fan & Hunter, 2009). Since then waterproofing fabric has
gone through lots of changes, one of the latest being incorpo-
ration of breathability for giving comfort and flexibility. Wa-
terproofing breathable fabrics are divided into various catego-
ries based on the method of manufacturing. The following list
contains different types of waterproof breathable fabrics based
on the methods of development,
a. Tightly woven fabrics
b. Micro porous membranes or coatings
c. Solid membranes or coatings
d. Combination micro porous and solid coatings
e. Smart breathable fabrics
f. Incorporation of retro-reflective micro beads
g. Fabric based on biomimetic
a. Tightly woven fabrics
Tightly-woven fabrics and micro porous polymer
membranes transmit water predominantly by a diffusion-
controlled mechanism similar to air permeability. Apparently
solid (i.e. non-micro porous) polymer films and fabric coatings
which have much lower air permeability can also be designed
with good water permeability. The hydrophilic mechanism
involved is a combination of a physical process involving
permanent or transient pores in the molecular structure, and
an absorption-diffusion-desorption process which depends on
the chemical composition of the polymer and is specific for
water . (Lomax, R. G. [23]). This ensures that there are mini-
mum pores in the fabric. When this fabric is inserted into wa-
ter, the cotton fibres swell transversely and further reduce the
pore size. Very high pressure of water is required to penetrate
such fabric. The density of yarns is very high in such fabrics.
Synthetic filament yarns can also be used in a similar way by
using fibres that have inherent water repellent properties.
However, they do not swell when inserted in water, and hence
further coatings are required to obtain desirable results
(Holmes,[18]).
b. Micro porous membranes or coatings
They have pores with diameter 1 micron. These types
of membranes are having hydrophobic properties.
(Kannekens, A. [20]). One example of microporous membrane
is Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). PTFE membranes are also
widely known by their trade name Gore-Tex (Brzeziński, Ma-
linowska, Nowak, Schmidt, Marcinkowska, & Kaleta, [6]).
The application the PTFE membrane on fabric creates about
1.4 billion tiny holes per square centimeter of the fabric. Actu-
ally these holes are smaller than raindrops but much larger
than water molecule (Holmes, [18]). Following are the various
methods adopted inorder to develop microporous coating and
membrane,
• Wet coagulation
• Solvent extraction
• Melt blown technology
• Point bonding technology
• Radio frequency beam radiation
c. Solid membranes or coatings
These coatings usually produce thin hydrophilic films
with no pores or holes. Modified polymers in them diffuse by
molecular diffusion or by adsorption diffusion- desorption
process (Fan, J., & Hunter, L. [11]). By combining hydrophobic
and hydrophilic components solid membranes and coatings
can be developed to obtain better properties (Lomax, R. G.
[23]). One of the researchers has suggested that hydrophilic
coatings and membranes can be developed using a combina-
tion of hydrophilic and hydrophobic urethane components to
obtain better properties while maintaining other physical
properties (Krishnan, [22]).
d. Combination micro porous and solid coatings
Combining the micro porous and hydrophilic mem-
branes and coatings is the other method for developing the
waterproof breathable fabrics. Here, the micro porous mesh or
material is imbued with a hydrophilic material like polyure-
thane. In the case of coatings, hydrophilic finishes are applied
over micro porous films that have been attached to the fabric.
This ensures enhanced waterproofing capacity while not alter-
ing the breathability. (Roey, 1992) in the atmosphere get
transmitted from the fabric to the atmosphere by following
methods, (Das, B., Das, A., Kothari, V., Fanguiero [8])
1. Absorption, transmission, and desorption
2. Diffusion
3. Adsorption and transmission
4. Convection
The main advantage of coating over lamination is
lamination both hydrophilic and micro porous shows low ad-
herence to the fabric surface compared to coatings. These hy-
drophilic films have lower transmission ability (Krishnan, S.
[22]).
The disadvantage of using lamination is they are
more expensive and require experience to obtain accurate con-
trol over web tension (Kannekens, A. [20]). The waterproof
breathable properties of the fabric can be altered by changing
the number of layers of coating, thickness of the layer, and the
type of coating. Coatings also impart better handle and drapa-
bility to the fabric, compared to the laminations (Kramar, L.
[21]).
2.3 METHODS OF APPLICATION TO DEVELOP
WATERPROOF BREATHABLE FABRIC.
There are several methods developed in order to ap-
ply coating for fabrics. The correct method is selected based on
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availability of equipment, end use, cost, and efficiency. Fol-
lowing are the methods that can be used to apply coating for
the fabric, (Singha, K. [37]),
1. Direct coating
2. Transfer coating
3. Hot melt extrusion coating
4. Calendar coating
5. Rotary Screen coating
6. Foamed and crushed foam coating
2.3.1 Direct coating
The liquid coating is applied to the fabric while being
run at tension under a floating knife blade, the distance be-
tween the fabric and the knife blade determines the thickness
of the coating. The blade can be angled and have different pro-
files to affect the coverage. For this process to be effective the
liquid coating must be quite viscous in order to prevent it
soaking through the fabric, the coating is then dried or cured.
There are various techniques in which this mechanism can be
used (Hall, M. E. [16]):
• Knife over roller
• Knife on air
• Knife over table
• Knife over rubber blanket
Direct coating is usually carried on tightly woven fabrics with
smooth surfaces (Lomax, R. G. [23]).
Figure 1: Direct Coating Method of Application (Lomax.[23])
2.3.2 Transfer coating
Transfer coated products are commonly called vinyls,
or artificial leathers, the most common uses being in the furni-
ture industry, general upholstery, and automotive interior
trims.
The different qualities are measured and differentiated by
their mass per square meter, measured in grams per square
meter (gsm). Another differentiating factor in many transfer
coated products is the thickness of the product, measured in
microns. (Lomax, [23]).
2.3.3 Hot melt extrusion coating
In this method, only thermoplastic polymers can be
used. Polymer granules are fed between heated rollers. When
heated, the granules melt and spread onto the substrate (Hall,
M. E. [16]).
2.3.4 Calendar coating
Calendar coating involves the fabric passing through
a set of heated rollers to singe off any surface fibres, and af-
terwards will successfully add luster and smoothness to the
fabric. Calendar coating is similar in principle to previously
mentioned fabric coating processes, as the fabric passes
through heated rollers. However, with this process, the coat-
ing is applied simultaneously to both sides of the fabric, with
the thickness of the coating determined by the width of the nip
between the rollers. If a thinner coating is more preferable,
additional rollers should be used. (Singha, K. [37])
2.3.5 Rotary Screen coating
In this method, a screen consisting of perforated holes
is used. The polymers are spread across the centre of the
screen and then pressurized through the holes by a rotary
blade (Hall, M. E. [16]).
2.3.6 Foamed and crushed foam coating:
Foam finishing was developed as a more environ-
mentally friendly version of the pad-dry-cure coating system,
as the chemical coating solution applied requires fewer prod-
ucts concerning weight, but equates to a high surface area.
Foam Finishing Coating also ensures less wetting takes place,
which will obviously require less drying. Furthermore, this
coating process reduces waste pertaining to residual liquor.
Foam Finishing Coating is useful when coating heavy fabrics,
such as carpets, and can be used to effectively coat only one
side of a fabric material. (Singha, K. [37]).
2.4 DEVELOPMENT OF WATERPROOF BREATHABLE
FABRICS
The development of the waterproof breathable fabrics
helps to understand the role or the different parameters on the
performance of the product in different conditions. In order to
evaluate the various aspects of waterproofing and breathable
properties various methods were adopted. During coating
mechanical properties of the fabric is altered. (Sen, [34]).
Following are the different methods adopted to evaluate the
waterproofing property of fabric.
1. Bundesmann rain tester (Holmes, [18])
2. AATCC 22 – Spray test (Ozen, 2012)
3. AATCC 127 – Hydrostatic Pressure Test (Ozen, 2012)
4. Contact angle – Using drop method [Goniometer] (Wang,
Li, Jiang, Fang, & Tian, 2007; Rowen & Gagliardi, [30]).
Figure 2: Schematic representation of water droplet on micro
porous membrane (Gohlke & Tanner, 1976)
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These are the different test methods which can measure the
breathable property of fabric,
1. Evaporative dish method – ASTM E96-80 (Gretton, J. C.,
Brook, D. B., Dyson, H. M., & Harlock, S. C. [15])
2. Guarded Sweating Hot Plate method – ASTM F1868
(Huang, J., & Qian, X. [19]).
The different mechanical properties that can be measured in
fabric,(Desai, V. M., & Athawale, V. D. [9]):
1. Tensile strength
2. Elongation at break
3. Stiffness
4. Abrasion resistance
2.5 FACTORS AFFECTING PROPERTIES OF
WATERPROOF BREATHABLE FABRICS
Depending on the mechanism used to develop water-
proofing fabric the properties of them differ. Some factors like
yarn, type of fibre used and -modulus can affect the mechani-
cal properties of the fabric. (Adler, M. M.,& Walsh, W. K. [2]).
The construction of fabric and method of coating application
has an effect on the breathable property of the fabric. (Lomax,
[23])
Direct coating can be applied for nylon or polyester
filament yarns. Cotton-polyester blends shows higher amount
of transmission than nylon and polyester. The fibres under the
coating also display hydrophilicity (Lomax, [23]). Importance
of combining hydrophilic and hydrophobic components: In
case of coatings and laminations, it is important to use the op-
timized combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic materi-
als. Hydrophobic components tend to lower the breathability
of fabrics, however, showing excellent waterproof properties.
On the other hand, hydrophilic components increase the
breathability but are water soluble and hence non-durable.
Hence the combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic com-
ponents is used to obtain desired water transmission and
proper protection (Save, Jassal, & Aggarwal, 2005).
The experiment conducted by Wang and Yasuda, it was found
that when the different fabric types were coated using hydro-
philic and hydrophobic components, the fabrics with better
wicking ability showed better water flux (Wang, C. X., Li, M.,
Jiang, G. W., Fang, K. J., & Tian, A. L. [40]). Quicker absorption
of water and sweat from the body is observed when inclusion
of hydrophilic fibres into fabric. In an experiment performed
by Das et al., it was inferred that the use of certain proportions
of viscose along with polyester led to quick absorption of
sweat. However, as the proportion of viscose increased, the
transmission of liquid from fabric to atmosphere decreased
and the fabric was clogged with liquid (Das, Das, Kothari,
Fanguiero, & Araujo [8]). Hence the proportion of hydrophilic
component in the material should be optimum so that proper
results are derived.
2.6 Test Methods
Various kinds of tests were performed to judge the
waterproof, breathable, and mechanical properties of the coat-
ed fabric.
2.6.1 Spray Test (AATCC – 22) :
In this test, water was poured on the fabric in the
form of a shower, and the water proofness of fabric was tested.
A nozzle with two concentric rings of tiny holes was used 21
to create the spray. The outer ring had a 21-mm diameter and
contained 12 holes. The inner ring had a 10-mm diameter and
contained 6 holes; there was a hole at the center of the rings as
well. The diameter of all the holes was 0.86mm each. A funnel
with the nozzle attached to it was mounted on a stand. A plate
was placed at a 45o angle at the bottom of the stand at a 150-
mm distance from the nozzle. The fabric was attached in an
embroidery hoop of 6-in diameter, such that there were no
wrinkles on it. 250 ml of distilled water was poured through
the funnel in about 25-30 s. The fabric was then compared to
the chart (AATCC Standards [1], and ratings were given ac-
cordingly.
2.6.2 Contact Angle Test:
A goniometer was used to measure the contact angle
between water droplet and fabric surface. The results were
measured and recorded digitally. A clean syringe was filled
with distilled water and mounted on the assembly that insert-
ed pressure on the needle to release one water droplet at a
time. This assembly helped in applying constant pressure in
constant time to avoid any bias. The name of the machine and
software was FTA 32. This was a video-based contact angle
measuring system. The software was used to control and rec-
ord the results. A fabric strip of about 1.5 to 2 in long and
about 0.25 in wide was mounted below the needle assembly
on a block that was positioned such that the drop fell exactly
on the desired area of the fabric. Using the software, the sy-
ringe was “pushed” until it released the water droplet. This
process was monitored on the computer screen.
The software captured about 50 picture frames of the
water dropping on the fabric. The picture in which the water
droplet was most stable was selected for analysis. The soft-
ware then calculated the contact angle in that particular in-
stance by drawing an arc over the droplet. Five readings were
taken on each fabric strip.
2.6.3 Comfort Test:
The comfort test was one of the most important tests
in this experiment. It helped to determine the and thermal
resistance of the fabric. ASTM F1868-02 standard method was
followed for this test (ASTM method F1868). The details of the
machine are:
Make: MTNW incorporation
Serial No.: 223-21
Chamber: TPS Lunaire Climatic chamber
Chamber model: CEO 910-4
Fabric sample size required: 12 in x 12 in
This machine consists of a guarded sweating hot plate
with pores and behaves like skin under dry and wet condi-
tions. The plate is placed inside a chamber which maintains
constant relative humidity (RH) and a constant temperature of
65% RH and 25°C. The sweating plate is maintained at body
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temperature 35 ± 5°C. Heat flows from the test plate to the
sweating plate across through the fabric material and across to
the test environment. This heat flow is measured in terms of
thermal resistance values, that is, “clo” value, and also in
terms of “m2 Pa/W” units.
First the thermal resistance that is dry test was per-
formed. Initially, the bare plate thermal resistance was record-
ed and then the sample was mounted on the test plate to rec-
ord the results. The sensors were securely connected to the
controller for proper result recording. The wind sensor had to
be at a 7-mm distance from the fabric sample. The height of
the sensor could be adjusted by raising or lowering the ple-
num.
After the dry test, a wet test was performed. Distilled
water was stored in a resource tank and was supplied to the
test area through a small pipe. The test plate was wetted by
pushing water through all the holes in it by pressing the
pump. Mylar paper was also wetted and mounted on the
sweating plate. The Mylar paper was secured using rubber
tube on all four sides and by applying painter’s tape on it. Ex-
tra water was removed using a sponge. Water gradually
seeped through the topmost plate to the Mylar paper, stimu-
lating sweating phenomenon. Bare plate resistance was first
recorded. After that, fabric was mounted on top of the Mylar
paper and secured using tape. The wind sensor was again ad-
justed to be at a distance of 7 mm from the fabric, and re-
sistance of the fabric is recorded in terms of Ret (m2 Pa/W).
During the whole process it was made sure that the RH and
temperature were maintained at standard conditions.
2.6.4 Tensile Test:
The tensile strength test was performed to determine
the breaking strength, or the amount of load a sample can
withstand before breaking. This test was performed to review
whether the coating and the coating process altered any of the
mechanical or physical properties of the fabric. ASTM stand-
ard method D5035-95 method was used for this test. Accord-
ing to this test (ASTM method D5035), 4 samples each were
cut in weft and warp directions from the fabric. The sample
size was 9 in x 1 in. The sample was mounted in between the
jaws, which were 6 in apart from one another. MTS software
was used to control and record the results. The following are
the machine and set-up details used:
Machine – MTS Tensile Tester
Principle – CRE (Constant Rate of Extension)
Software – MTS Test works
Distance between jaws – 6 in
Jaw speed – 12 in/min
Width – 1 in
The machine was calibrated at zero reading before begin-
ning the test. With the help of the software, the machine was
prompted to start the test. After the test was complete, the
breaking force and elongation at break were recorded.
2.6.5 Stiffness Test:
The stiffness test was performed to check whether the
samples gained undesirable rigidity after coating. A Taber
Stiffness Tester was used to perform the test with ASTM
standard method D 5342-97 (ASTM method D5342). Fabric
samples of size 1.5 in x 2.75 in were used for the test. The stiff-
ness tester had a dial, a pendulum, and a unit scale with mark-
ings in terms of angle. Initially the zero reading on the dial,
unit scale, and pendulum were matched by adjusting the ma-
chine using screws at the bottom of the machine stand. The
fabric was mounted between the clasps, carefully making sure
that the clasps were at an equal distance from the center. The
dial, unit scale, and pendulum were checked again for a zero
reading.
The machine was turned on and the handle was rotated to
the left side first until the 15-degree mark on the dial coincid-
ed with the zero reading on the unit scale. After that, the read-
ing was taken at the mark where the pendulum pointed on the
unit scale. After the left side reading was obtained, the handle
was brought back to the center, and zero readings on all three
components were adjusted to coincide. The handle was moved
to the right, and readings were obtained in the same manner
as for the left side.
All readings were measured in Taber stiffness units. Five read-
ings each were taken for both left and right side for each sam-
ple.
2.6.6 Thickness Test:
The thickness test was performed to determine how
many layers of thickness were added to the fabric due to coat-
ing. The thickness test also helped in measuring the evenness
of the coating. If the thickness in one area is much greater than
in another area of the coated material, it means that the coat-
ing is uneven and the other test results will be skewed. An
electronic thickness tester, “Elektrophysik – MiniTest 600B”
with standard 526 μm ± 1% plate, was used for this test. This
tester had a display which showed the reading and a probe
which had sensors. The probe was placed on the fabric sample
and slightly pressed.
The display then showed the reading in terms of “μm.” Ten
readings were recorded on each fabric sample in different are-
as. It had to be made sure that the readings were taken in dif-
ferent areas of the fabric as it would eliminate bias and would
help to determine if the thickness was uneven.
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3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1.1 Design of the Research
Figure 3: Research Design
3.1.2 Development of Silicone based water resistant mois-
ture absorbent fabric
3.1.2.1 Materials
The following material was used to conduct the experiment:
• Fabric: Polyester (3.5inch X 3.5inch)
• Fabric composition: 60% cotton – 40% polyester
Polyester is one of the most commonly used fabrics in reg-
ular-wear apparel. Polyester has inherent hydrophobic prop-
erties and usually cannot absorb easily (Chaudhari, Chitmis, &
Ramkrishnan, [7]).
The following chemicals were used in preparation of coating
material:
1. Silicone Caulk – 100% RTV
Figure 4: Structure of Silicone cailk(Beijing XinDeRuiJia
PlasticCo,2016)
2. Surfactant – Mineral Spirit
White spirit or mineral spirits also known as mineral
turpentine is a petroleum-derived clear liquid used as a com-
mon organic solvent in painting. (European Standards [10])
3. Washing powder
Laundry detergent, or washing powder, is a type of
detergent (cleaning agent) that is added for cleaning laundry,
commonly mixtures of chemical compounds including al-
kylbenzenesulfonates, which are similar to soap but are less
affected by hard water. (Marek Lichtarowicz [26])
4. Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the
formula H2O2. In its pure form, it is a pale blue, clear liquid,
slightly more viscous than water. Hydrogen peroxide is the
simplest peroxide. (Hill, C. N. [17])
The components were used in varying percentages in
the composition. In a research study carried out by Mukho-
padhyay and Midha, various compositions of polymers were
noted. The compositions contained the waterproof breathable
component in the range of 15% to 45%. Hence, the below
compositions were developed to derive the composition with
optimum results. A total of 8 variations were selected based
on both the previous studies and the probability of error that
could occur.
5. Acrylic water base matt Topcoat
A novel acrylate-based copolymer containing keto-
carbonyl, amide and carboxyl groups was prepared by emul-
sion polymerization (Gies, T. [14]). Polyurethanes are a class of
versatile materials with great potential for use in different ap-
plications, especially based on their structure-property rela-
tionships. Their specific mechanical, physical, biological, and
chemical properties are attracting significant research atten-
tion to tailoring for use in different applications. Enhancement
of the properties and performance of PU-based materials may
be achieved through changes to the production process or the
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raw materials used in their fabrication or via the use of ad-
vanced characterization techniques. (Akindoyo J, Beg, M.,
Ghazali, S., Islam, M., Jeyaratnam, N. and Yuvaraj, A.[3])
Figure 6: Formation of Polyurethane
The tough film provided by the top coat gives a long lasting
protection from household stains, chemicals, abrasion and
rain. This is odorless and environmentally friendly; these can
be safely utilized in laboratory environments.
6. Air Mesh Fabric (Polyester)
Fabric polyester is made by the chemical synthetic fi-
bre, it belongs to polyester system. Mesh polyester has ad-
vantage of solvent resistance, high temperature resistance,
water resistance, chemical resistance. Although when the pol-
yester mesh suffers much bigger external pressure, its physical
performance is stable and stretchability is low. Compared
with nylon mesh, it has poor wear resistance.
This can absorb the liquid and particulate from the
environment into its tiny porous mesh membrane. This has a
light texture so convenient to wash and sterilize good rebound
elasticity and providing cushioning perfection, easy to wash
and quick drying, non-toxic, moisture proof and mould proof
and recyclable.
Figure 7: Air mesh Fabric (Polyester)
3.1.2.2 Research Instruments
• Volumetric flasks
• Measuring cylinder
• Plastic dishes
• Weighing scale
• Stirring rods
• Flat bottomed plastic rod
• Digital measuring scale (upto 0.01g)
• Thermocol sheet
• Pins
• Plastic beaker
3.1.2.3 Method - 01
3.1.2.3.1 Sample Preparation
A sample size of 3.5inch x 3.5inch Polyester fabric was
made.
Digital measuring scale was calibrated properly before
measuring the samples. Specified weight of Silicone caulk and
the volume of and Mineral spirit were measured and before
performing each trial. Mineral spirit was measured by using
50ml measuring cylinder.
After the application the fabric was placed in a flat ther-
mocol sheet and attached with pins. Clean dust free environ-
ment was chosen inorder to prevent trapping of particulate
matter during application of chemicals.
3.1.2.3.2 Cleaning
Washing powder was mixed in hot water and few
drops of hydrogen peroxide were added and stirred well. The
sample fabric was dipped in the hot water for several minutes.
3.1.2.3.3 Methodology
Totally 13 trials were performed in order to identify
the optimum concentration required to resist the water pene-
tration. Different combinations of Silicone caulk and Mineral
spirit were combined by changing the weight of Silicone while
keeping the volume of Mineral spirit constant.
The final mixture was applied on one surface of the fab-
ric gently by using a flat bottomed plastic rod.
After application samples were placed in a clean dry en-
vironment for 6 -12 hrs of time for the setting process at stand-
ard atmospheric temperature (25oc).
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Figure 8: Flow chart for method 01
Stage 01 – Identification of optimum combination
Table 1: Combination of Trials
Trial
Silicone Caulk
Mineral spirit
13
8.0g
15ml
12
7.5g
15ml
11
7.0g
15ml
10
6.5g
15ml
9
6.0g
15ml
8
5.5g
15ml
7
5.0g
15ml
6
4.5g
15ml
5
4.0g
15ml
4
3.5g
15ml
3
3.0g
15ml
2
2.5g
15ml
1
2.0g
15ml
Fabric with all 13 combinations was tested inorder to meet
the water repellence and resistance properties in certain dis-
tricts of Srilanka. Jaffna and Badulla districts were chosen for
the above procedure. Each fabric was tested for 7 days in a
time interval of 8am-12am in the morning and 2pm – 8pm in
the evening. A small drop of water droplet was dropped with-
in a specific time interval to test the water repellence and re-
sistance according to different environmental conditions.
3.1.2.4 Method – 02
3.1.2.4.1 Sample Preparation
A sample size of 3.5inch x 3.5inch Polyester fabric was
made.
Digital measuring scale was calibrated properly before
measuring the samples. Specified weight of the Silicone caulk
and the Co –polymer complex were measured and obtained
before performing the each trial.
After the application the fabric was placed in a flat thermo-
col sheet and attached with pins. Clean dust free environment
was chosen inorder to prevent trapping of particulate matter
during application of chemicals.
3.1.2.4.2 Methodology
Totally 13 trials were performed in order to identify
the optimum concentration required to resist the water pene-
tration. Different combinations of Silicone caulk and Acrylic
Matt Topcoat were combined by changing the weight of Sili-
cone while keeping the weight of Acrylic Matt Topcoat con-
stant. The final mixture was applied on one surface of the fab-
ric gently by using a flat bottomed plastic rod.
Figure 9: Flow chart for method 02
After application samples were placed in a clean dry
environment for 4 -6 hrs of time at standard atmospheric tem-
perature (25oc) for the setting process.
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Stage 01 – Identification of optimum concentration
Table 2: Combination of Trials
Trial
Silicone
Caulk
Acrylic Matt
Topcoat
13
8.0g
5.0g
12
7.5g
5.0g
11
7.0g
5.0g
10
6.5g
5.0g
9
6.0g
5.0g
8
5.5g
5.0g
7
5.0g
5.0g
6
4.5g
5.0g
5
4.0g
5.0g
4
3.5g
5.0g
3
3.0g
5.0g
2
2.5g
5.0g
1
2.0g
5.0g
3.1.2.4. Samples of the Trial
Figure 10: Sample 01
Silicone – 3.5g
Acrylic matt Topcoat – 5.0g
Figure 11: Sample 02
Silicone – 4.0g
Acrylic matt Topcoat – 5.0g
Figure 13: Sample 03
Silicone – 5.0g
Acrylic Matt Topcoat – 5.0g
Figure 12: Sample 04
Silicone – 8.0g
Acrylic Matt Topcoat – 5.0g
3.1.2.4. Bundesmann rain-shower test
(ISO 9865:1991)
Bundesmann Rain Tester used for determination of wa-
ter repellency of fabrics to the rain-shower method. Test spec-
imens of the fabrics under test are simultaneously exposed to
a simulated heavy rain shower. The water repellency of the
fabric is assessed by comparison of the wet fabrics to a stand-
ard chart. The water absorbed by the specimens is determined
after the test is over which is the measure for resistance to wet-
ting. It consists of 4 specimen holders of 100mm diameter
cups. Rain is produced by 300 pieces nozzle and falls down
from 1500mm height from the fabrics. It is set with the centri-
fuge device. (Gateslab.com. [13]).
A sample size of 18 x 18 inch fabric was made inorder to
test for the Bundesmann rain-shower test.
This chemical combination of 4g of Silicone with 5g of
Acrylic matt Topcoat (3.5inch x 3.5inch) was calculated for
18inch x 18inch.
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Table 3: Chemical Composition
Sample size
Silicone
Acrylic Matt Top-
coat
3.5inch x 3.5inch
4g
5g
18inch x 18inch
106g
132g
The amount calculated for 18inch x 18inch fabric was
placed in a plastic vessel and mixed efficiently by using an
electric beater. After the mixing the solution was evenly dis-
tributed on the fabric. Then by using a flat bottomed plastic
rod the solution was applied to the whole surface. Finally the
applied fabric was placed in a clean dry place for setting.
Figure 15: Mixing the chemicals by using electric beater
Figure 14: Even distribution of solution on the fabric sur
face
Figure 16: Fabric after the application of solution
3.1.2.4.5 Hydrostatic Pressure Test (ISO 811:1981)
This test method measures the resistance of a fabric to
the penetration of water under hydrostatic pressure. It is ap-
plicable to all types of fabrics, including those treated with a
water resistant or water repellent finish. Water resistance de-
pends on the repellency of the fibers and yarns, as well as the
fabric construction. (Safequipment.com, [31])
Specific tests requiring conditioning have been carried
out at standard atmospheric conditions (20 + 2oc temperature,
65 + 4 % relative humidity) as stipulated in ISO 139:2005.
Temperature of water 20oc
Rate of the increase of water pressure – 10mm/seconds.
A sample size of 18 x 18 inch fabric was made inorder to
test for the Hydrostatic Pressure Test. Totally 3 specimens
from the sample were tested.
3.1.2.4.6 Flammability Test (16 CFR 1610)
Flammability of Wearing Apparel - 16 CFR 1610 - (45
Degree Flammability)
The United States Federal Government requires clothing
and textiles intended to be used for clothing to have Normal
Flammability (Class 1) as tested with 16 CFR 1610 (ASTM D
1230 Standard Test Method for Flammability of Apparel Tex-
tiles). Fabric is mounted at a 45° angle from ignition source.
(Manufacturingsolutionscenter.org, [25])
Specific tests requiring conditioning have been carried out
at standard atmospheric conditions (20 + 2oc temperature, 65
+ 4 % relative humidity) as stipulated in ISO 139:2005.
A sample size of 18 x 18 inch fabric was made inorder to
test for the Hydrostatic Pressure Test. Totally 5 specimens
from the sample were tested.
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
TEST RESULTS
4.1.1 Bundesmann Rainshower Test (ISO 9865:1991)
Particulars of item – one sample of item 2 pieces
Result - Satisfactory (No penetration of water through the
fabric)
4.1.2 Hydrostatic Pressure Test (ISO 811. 1981)
Particulars of item – one sample of item 3 specimens
Result - More than 190 (Water is not penetrating through
the fabric from a maximum height of 2m)
4.1.3 Flammability Test (16 CFR 1610)
Direction – Lengthwise and Widthwise
Table 4 Flammability Test
Sample Burn code(Black color side) / Class 1
Specimen 1 DNI
Specimen 2 DNI
Specimen 3 DNI
Specimen 4 DNI
Specimen 5 DNI
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DNI – Did not Ignite
Class 1 – Normal Flammability of Commercial Standard
16CFR 1610. Formerly 191-53 of United States flammability
Fabric Act. Textiles exhibit normal flammability and are ac-
ceptable for use in clothing.
4.2 ACCORDING TO METHOD 1,
Trial 1 - 5
Upto the 5th trial the final combination made by mixing
the Silicone and Mineral spirit wetted the fabric resulting in
sealing the tiny holes of the fabric. This fabric had both water
repellent and water resistant property. When water is pressur-
ized continuously for specified period of time the fabric lost its
water repellent and resistant ability.
Trial 6
At the combination of 4.5g of Silicone with 15ml of Min-
eral spirit wetted the fabric resulting in sealing the tiny holes
of the fabric. This fabric had both water repellent and water
resistant property. When water is pressurized continuously
for specified period of time the fabric was able to withstand
the water repellence and resistance compared to previous tri-
als but it lost its properties after specific period of time.
Trial 7-13
From 7 – 13 the final combination made by mixing the
Silicone and Mineral spirit wetted the fabric resulting in seal-
ing the tiny holes of the fabric. This made the texture and the
appearance of the fabric to change. Moreover white color spots
were observed in the fabric. This combination made the fabric
more rigid thus this combination was discarded.
Inorder to check the water repellence and resistant with
the change in the climatic conditions, Badulla and Jaffna dis-
tricts was chosen. As Jaffna has hotter climatic condition while
Badulla has a normal/ average climatic condition.
Trial 1 was unable to withstand the climatic conditions in
the Jaffna District while all other combinations were able to
withstand. In Badulla district all the combinations were able to
withstand the climatic conditions.
Although these combinations were able to withstand the
environmental conditions in Badulla and Jaffna district except
trial 1, under pressurized water application all of the fabric
lost its water repellence and resistant properties. Moreover a
small scratch in the fabric surface causes the water particles to
penetrate, So this method was discarded.
Table 5: Results of method 01
Trial
Silicone
Caulk
Mineral
spirit
Result
13
8.0g
15ml
+
12
7.5g
15ml
+
11
7.0g
15ml
+
10
6.5g
15ml
+
9
6.0g
15ml
+
8
5.5g
15ml
+
7
5.0g
15ml
+
6
4.5g
15ml
+
5
4.0g
15ml
+
4
3.5g
15ml
-
3
3.0g
15ml
-
2
2.5g
15ml
-
1
2.0g
15ml
-
4.3 ACCORDING TO THE METHOD 2,
Trial 1 -4
Upto the 4th trial the final combination made by mixing
the Silicone and Acrylic Matt Topcoat penetrated the tiny
holes of the fabric and resulted in change in the texture of the
fabric. As a result these combinations were discarded.
Trial 5
At the combination of 4g of Silicone with 5g of Acrylic
Matt Topcoat gave good water resistant ability with good flex-
ibility without penetrating through the fabric. Moreover the
combination did not affect the appearance of the fabric. This
combination was easier to distribute and apply throughout the
fabric as the viscosity is lower when compared to the higher
combinations.
Trial 6-13
From 6 – 13 the final combination made by mixing the
Silicone and Acrylic Matt Topcoat had good water resistant
ability but it made the fabric more rigid and less flexible. The
mixing of the chemicals became tougher as the viscosity was
increasing during each trial. Moreover it increased the final
weight of the fabric as the weight of the Silicone increase.
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Table 6: Results of method 02
Stage 2 -Developing the Fabric
Trial 5 was chosen to develop the product. The combina-
tion of 4g of Silicone with 5g of Acrylic Matt Topcoat was
weighed by using an electric balance. As the sample size is
small mixing was done by stirring by hands. The prepared
mixture was evenly applied on to one surface of the fabric by
using a flat bottomed plastic rod.
After the application, Air mesh fabric layer was placed
on the top of the mixture inorder to adhere with it.
After application samples were placed in a clean dry en-
vironment for 4 -6 hrs of time for the setting process.
Figure 17: Fabric Design
4.4 REACTION WITH ACIDS
Samples of 1.5 x 1.5inch sizes of fabric with Polyester cotton
blend and the chemical layer without the Airmesh were treat-
ed with Con. Sulphuric(98%), Con. Nitric acid(63.01%), Con.
Hydrochloric acid(38%) and Glacial acetic acid(90%).
(Airmesh removed fabric was used inorder to clearly de-
termine the penetration)
Table 4: Reaction with Acids
Acid
Penetration
Color change
Con. Sulphuric
(98%)
-
+
Con. Nitric Acid
(63.01%)
-
+
Con. Hydrochlo-
ric acid (38%)
-
-
Glacial Acetic
Acid (90%)
-
-
4.6 DEVELOPING A METHOD OF APPLICATION
Direct coating method is an older method that is used in
application of Polymeric compounds on the surface of the fab-
ric. Inorder to make the proposed fabric initially Silicone
based polymeric compound should be applied onto the fabric
surface and then the Airmesh fabric should be fused with the
solution inorder to make the combined final fabric.
Some alternations were made to the existing Coating pro-
cess by adding some Rollers, beds and inlets. Secondary Fabric
Feed Roll was introduced inorder to supply the Airmesh fab-
ric into the coating process. An Idler Roller was introduced
inorder to support the fabric to move into the Combining Inlet
to adjoin the fabrics together. This combined fabric moves in-
side a uniform steel bed inorder to maintain uniformity in the
Fabric.
5 CONCLUSION
Silicone with Mineral spirit combination was discarded
as the fabric lost its water repellency and water resistant prop-
erties with pressurized water.
The combination of 4g of Silicone with 5g of Acrylic Matt
Topcoat gave good water resistant ability with good flexibility
without penetrating through the fabric. So this method was
adopted for developing the fabric.
The fabric provides along lasting protection from house-
hold stains, chemicals, abrasion and rain, moreover this is
odorless and environmentally friendly. The chemical layer in
the middle of the fabric acts as an insulator for heat.
Two variants of the fabric were developed as single
coated fabric and double coated fabric according to the chemi-
cal application. Single coated fabric was able to withstand a
hydrostatic pressure of more than 1.9m and Bundesmann
Rainshower Test. The double coated fabric did not ignite in
Flammability Test. Moreover most of the con. Acids and bases
did not penetrate both of the fabric but resulted in few alterna-
Trial
Silicone
Caulk
Acrylic
Matt Top-
coat
Result
13
8.0g
5.0g
+
12
7.5g
5.0g
+
11
7.0g
5.0g
+
10
6.5g
5.0g
+
9
6.0g
5.0g
+
8
5.5g
5.0g
+
7
5.0g
5.0g
+
6
4.5g
5.0g
+
5
4.0g
5.0g
+
4
3.5g
5.0g
+
3
3.0g
5.0g
+
2
2.5g
5.0g
+
1
2.0g
5.0g
+
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tions.
A proper method for the Coating process was designed by
introducing Secondary Fabric Feed Roll, An Idler Roller,
Combining inlet and uniform steel bed into the Direct Coating
method.
6 APPENDIX
6.1.1 Bundesmann Rainshower Test (ISO 9865:1991)
Figure 18: Bundesmann Test Report
6.1.2 Hydrostatic Pressure Test (ISO 811:1981)
Figure 19: Hydrostatic Pressure Test
6.1.3 Flammability Testing (16 CFR 1610)
Figure 20: Flammability Test
Figure 21: Flammability Test
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6.5 DEVELOPED FABRIC
6.5.1 Single coated Fabric
Figure 35: Face side
Figure 37: Inner side
6.6 MODIFIED DIRECT COATING METHOD OF
APPLICATION
Figure 38: Modified Direct Coating
7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deep gratitude to, Mr. Eranda
Mandawala and Mrs. Wasana Bandara, for guiding me from
the inception of this Research to writing of the proposal. Her
recommendations and insights have helped me to improve my
knowledge about the subject and my research skills. Without
her input and support, this dissertation would not have been
possible.
I would also like to thank Mr. Sunesh Hettiarachchi for
helping in the execution of my Research proposal and giving
valuable insights on the subject. I greatly appreciate the help
throughout the whole process of my thesis and for their con-
tinuous guidance and suggestions, which helped me to under-
stand the concepts and clear my doubts.
————————————————
• Dilan Vethandamoorthy is a graduate of BSc Biotechnology in
Nilai University, Malaysia,
E-mail: dilan.vethandamoorthy@gmail.com
• Eranda Mandawala is a Senior Lecturer in Faculty of Science
Horizon Campus Malabe, Srilanka,
E-mail: eranda@horizoncampus.edu.lk
• Wasana Bandara is a Lecturer in Faculty of Science Horizon
Campus Malabe, Srilanka,
E-mail: wasana@horizoncampus.edu.lk
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