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How metonymic are metaphors?
Abstract
Metonymy and metaphor are assumed to form a continuum with fuzzy cases between these categories. The paper focuses on the intermediate notion of metonymy-based metaphor. Four sources which may give rise to metonymy-based metaphor are distinguished: (i) a common experiential basis of source and target domain, due to the relationships of correlation and complementarity, (ii) conversational impli-cature, illustrated in the areas of implicated result and causation, implicated possession, and implicated purpose and activity, (in) the taxonomic structure of categories, (iv) cultural models, exemplified by way of our folk understanding of physical force, communication and language, and emotion and physiological reaction. © Copyright 2002, 2003 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, D-10785 Berlin. All rights reserved.
... On the other hand, metaphorical mapping involves two different domains: the source and the target domain, and is usually driven by the similarity of concepts (e.g., we can compare time with money via the conceptual metaphor TIME IS MONEY, and subsequently say that time can be spent, saved, wasted, that it is valuable, and is regarded as a possession, etc.). Radden (2002) suggests that a great deal of metaphors emerge from metonymies and that it usually happens in four cases: correlations derived from experience, conversational implicatures, taxonomic structures and categories, and cultural models. Furthermore, Kövecses (2013) noticed (building upon Grady's insights from 1997) that correlational or primary metaphors emerge from metonymy due to our (early) pre-conceptual experience. ...
... Only when this happens are we able to talk about metaphorical transfers because mapping now occurs between two different domains and is based on similarity, not contiguity (Kövecses, 2013: 80-82). 4 Correlational metaphors (or primary metaphors) are explained by Radden (2002) as metaphors derived from metonymies based on an experienced positive correlation between two concepts or variables. For two variables to be correlated, they need to be conceptually contiguous (i.e., a part of the same frame or domain). ...
This study seeks to shed more light on the role of lexical synaesthesia (LS), a phenomenon exemplified by expressing one sense in terms of another (e.g., gustation for sound – a sweet melody), in the process of forming metaphorical collocations. Lexical synaesthesia is a fascinating intersection of sensory perception and linguistic expression, the investigation of which has proved to be significant for several reasons. Namely, it points to the complex workings of human conceptualization, the relevance of the embodied nature of language, and subsequently shows ways in which it affects the formation of collocational bonds. This notion came to the foreground when example analysis indicated that LS and metaphorical collocations are both motivated and enabled by the same cognitive processes: metonymy and metaphor. To investigate these phenomena closely, we conducted corpus-driven research to extrapolate examples of metaphorical collocations pertaining to the human senses. By analyzing a wide range of corpus data (enTenTen20), we aimed to uncover patterns and tendencies in how different senses are interrelated linguistically. The semantic analysis provided insight into the directionality of cross-modal mappings and information on semantically motivated collocational bonding in the field of human sensory experience. Our findings indicate that metaphorical collocations represent a preferred form of LS, with collocational bonds enabled by cross-modal mappings stemming from conceptual metonymy and primary metaphors. Moreover, collocational bonding in LS reaches the highest degree of semantic cohesion between collocational constituents when idioms are formed, as reflected in the low level of substitutability of the collocate. Based on corpus and lexical-semantic analysis, it has been concluded that metaphorical collocations present a useful category in investigations of semantic change, human cognition, conceptualization, and perception.
... υποστηρίζουν πως τα όρια ανάμεσα στις δυο σχέσεις είναι ευδιάκριτα. Από την άλλη, ο Searle (1979), o Dirven (2003, o Barcelona (2003aBarcelona ( , 2003bBarcelona ( , 2003c, o Radden (2003) κ.ά. θεωρούν πως οι δυο σχέσεις αλληλεπιδρούν και διαπλέκονται. ...
In this paper we study metaphor and metonymy in Modern Greek (MG) slang, following mainly Cruse (1986, 2011). First, we discuss the semantic categories of slang vocabulary and we study each of the two relations and their characteristics, detecting similarities in cases of general vocabulary. Then, following Lakoff & Johnson (1980/1999), we investigate conceptual metaphors in slang vocabulary, noting that metaphors, contrary to metonyms, are much more frequent in this kind of vocabulary. Finally, we also discuss metaphtonymy, in the sense of Goosens (1990, 2003), and examine different examples in the vocabulary of MG slang.
... They differ from correlation metaphors in that they are not the result of a complex mapping but of an association between common aspects of two domains (Grady 1999, 90). One of the most known examples in literature is the expression Achilles is a lion, where the association concerns the aspect of courage that is common to both domains ACHILLES and LION (see also Radden 2003). It is the perceived similarity between the two domains that is responsible for the mapping, i.e. the two concepts are not connected by means of the co-occurrence of the two domains in a given experience. ...
... Con respecto a la interacción entre metonimia y metáfora o entre metonimias, diferentes autores han señalado la existencia de distintas maneras de relación entre ellas. Se han observado casos en los que una metonimia conceptual provoca la motivación de la metáfora, casos en los que la metonimia es motivada por una metáfora, casos en los que la metáfora surge por generalización de una metonimia y casos en los que existe convivencia entre metonimia y metáfora en una misma expresión sin que exista relación de motivación entre ellas (Goossens, 1990;Barcelona, 2000;Radden, 2002;Kövecses, 2002). La metonimia también interacciona con otras proyecciones metonímicas en la extensión de algunos sentidos gracias al fenómeno de la cadena metonímica (metonymic chain), de acuerdo con el cual existe relación entre diferentes metonimias de manera que están conectadas a través de uno de los dominios implicados, pues el dominio meta de la primera se convierte en el dominio fuente de la segunda (parte del cuerpo por órgano > órgano por función cognitiva y, más específicamente, cabeza por cerebro > cerebro por mente o intelecto) (Barcelona, 2005). ...
El artículo contiene un estudio basado en corpus de algunas de las principales conceptualizaciones de las partes del cuerpo externas cara, cabeza, boca y mano, y su manifestación lingüística en español. El objetivo es, por un lado, exponer algunos de los diferentes conceptos asociados a las palabras correspondientes a ellas y, por otro, describir el importante papel que realiza la metonimia conceptual en su motivación. En la descripción de las metonimias se han aplicado tres criterios diferentes: jerarquización, relación entre metonimia y metáfora, y relación con otras metonimias (Barcelona, 2011; Blanco-Carrión et al., 2018). Los dos últimos permiten diferenciar procesos en los que la metonimia interviene de manera exclusiva o en interacciones con otras proyecciones metonímicas (cadenas metonímicas) y/o metafóricas. Los resultados revelan los dominios meta hacia los que estas partes corporales se proyectan, entre los que destacan los relacionados con la funcionalidad y la actividad de estas.
O objetivo deste artigo é o exame linguístico de como as posições avaliativas são conduzidas retoricamente para efetivar, no leitor, a reciprocidade de valores que se alinham com os de um editorial. Apoiando-se na teoria da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional, da análise crítica da metáfora, da teoria da metáfora conceptual e de alguns recursos de persuasão a análise do texto “O Quinto Centenário” pretende responder quais são os recursos persuasivos usados para justificar o fracasso dos festejos dos 500 anos de descobrimento. A pesquisa mostra que as estratégias retóricas permitem ao editorial posições ideológicas que influenciam crenças, valores e práticas políticas.
Abortion has been socially stigmatised through power imbalances and social inequalities. Despite the importance of metaphors in conceptualising and reinforcing ideologies, there has been no systematic analysis of their role in abortion discourse from a critical perspective. Utilising the semantic annotation tool Wmatrix5, we draw on Bourdieu’s concept of symbolic violence to conduct a detailed critical metaphor analysis (CMA) within a specific discursive context: news media coverage of the overturn of Roe v. Wade. We identify metaphors typical of key themes in abortion discourse and critically examine their function in shaping political opinions and influencing actions around this legal event. Our analysis suggests that, supported by corpus-based methods, CMA can be a valuable approach to large-scale news discourse analysis, meriting further investigation in socially stigmatised topics.
The aim of the article is to propose a Cognitive Linguistics analysis of the semantic construal of selected Polish name-based verbal neologisms and occasionalisms currently used in Polish mass media, such as kidawić [←Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska], jandować [←Krystyna Janda], obajtkować [←Daniel Obajtek]. In particular, eponymous verbs are treated as constructions whose meanings are negotiated in the dynamic interaction between language users on the basis of the local co-text and shared background knowledge. Name-based verbs convey a wide range of rich, context-dependent meanings as well as the speaker’s (usually negative) evaluation in a very condensed manner. Their holistic interpretation is arrived at in the process of conceptual integration. It has been shown that a chain of paragon-like metonymies licenses the understanding of the proper name in the verb’s base. What is more, depending on the context of use, metonymies may be coupled with syntaphoric or metaphorical mapping(s).
W przypadku motywacji przysłów w semantyce kognitywnej pojawiają się dwie kontrastujące perspektywy. Z jednej strony, przysłowia są postrzegane jako metaforycznie uwarunkowane – ze względu na działanie metafory ogólne to konkretne , a z drugiej, z uwagi na ich konceptualny charakter, mogą być interpretowane jako metonimiczne – wizualizując ogólną konceptualną metonimię konkretne to ogólne. W artykule wzięto pod uwagę metonimiczne konceptualizacje zawarte w przysłowiach pochodzących z różnych języko-kultur, które zawierają nazwy miejsc. W analizowanych przykładach zidentyfikowano następujące typy metonimii: miejsce to mieszkańcy (np. It takes a whole village to bring up a child [dosł. Potrzeba całej wioski, żeby wychować dziecko]), miejsce to instytucja (np. The nearer the church, the farther from God [dosł. Im bliżej kościoła, tym dalej od Boga]), miejsce to wydarzenie (np. Every man meets his Waterloo at last [dosł. Każdy człowiek w końcu spotyka swoje Waterloo]), miejsce to aktywność wykonywana w danym miejscu (np. What happens in Vegas stays in Vegas [dosł. Co się dzieje w Vegas, zostaje w Vegas]), miejsce to produkt wykonany w danym miejscu (np. China and reputations are alike: easily cracked but not easily mended [dosł. Chiny {Porcelana} i reputacja są do siebie podobne: łatwo je złamać, ale niełatwo je naprawić). Materiał badawczy służy ponadto jako medium do ukazania mechanizmu zarówno wewnętrznej, jak i zewnętrznej metonimii, jak również innych procesów kognitywnych, takich jak łańcuch metonimiczny, metaftonimia i metafora orientacyjna.
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