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The Emergence of NGOs as Actors on the World Stage
Abstract
This overview begins with a discussion of how the term NGO entered international relations in connection with the UN Charter conference. It continues with a chronological sketch of the emergence of NGOs in the nineteenth century. It then discusses the quantitative development of NGOs until today, periodisation issues, and major trends, suggesting a politico-economic perspective in tension with geopolitical IR approaches.
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... Davies highlights that non-governmental organizations (NGOs) "are among the most prominent features of contemporary international life" (Davies 2019a, p. 1). As reported in Götz's (2019) literature review, the breakthrough of NGOs in the world dates back to the 1945 Charter of the UN Refugee Council and was established as a registered charity in the UK in 1951 coinciding with a period of what Götz refers to as "intensification" in the emergence of NGOs worldwide between 1971 and 1991-preceding the apogee of those in the twenty-first century. Based on Westwater's (2022, n.p.) report in the digital version of Big Issue, in addition to Refugee Council, other major refugee NGOs in the UK include-sometimes focused on different categories of refugees-UNICEF, the Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants, Refugee Rescue, #Help Ukraine Emergency Appeal, Save the Children, the British Red Cross, Safe Passage, NACCOM Network, Refugee Action, Refugees at Home, Women for Refugee Women, or Care4Calais. ...
With a focus on refugees’ written personal narratives on refugee NGO websites, this paper examines ongoing transculturalism in Britain and its interplay with globalization and current international migration. Conceiving such personal narratives as cultural texts pertaining to refugee narratives as a broad genre that encompasses different storytelling modalities, those personal stories on refugee NGO websites are explored from a cultural studies perspective. CDA is employed as a methodology for this cultural studies-oriented piece. A qualitatively oriented case study is accordingly presented based on the detailed examination of an example of such written narratives on the website of one such refugee NGO in the UK so as to instantiate and contribute to disentangling the articulation of this characteristic form of ongoing transculturalism. Special emphasis is laid on the discursive construction of refugees’ transcultural identities in such narratives through their participation in those global border-crossing processes characteristic of the contemporary landscape.
The relatively centralised global economic governance architecture created after the historic Bretton Woods conference of 1944, comprising the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), is decentralising. One of the manifestations of the decentralisation process is the rise of regional economic institutions that operate alongside their “senior” global counterparts. Regional financial arrangements, regional development banks and reciprocal trade agreements have become increasingly important in global economic governance. The conventional view of the relationship between regional and global economic institutions, or that between regionalism and multilateralism more generally, has been coloured by the “contested multilateralism” theoretical paradigm which predicts conflictual, competitive, and fragmenting dynamics between regional and global economic governance bodies. We reject such views and adopt a “benefit-risk” analysis method to examine whether the move from a centralised to decentralising global economic architecture entails net gains or net losses for global financial, monetary, trade and development governance. It is argued that complementarity and division of labour between regional and global institutions can be cultivated to advance global economic governance. Towards the end of the chapter, the main arguments and findings of the other chapters of the edited volume are summarised and highlighted. The role of Asia is identified.
Recent assessments of relations between states and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) claim a global wave of state crackdowns, raising questions about the continued authority and influence of NGOs. The works reviewed here challenge the idea of a pattern of global conflict, demonstrating a range of ways in which states work with, through, and alongside NGOs. They also demonstrate that the diversity of NGO–state relations can make it difficult to generalize about these interactions across national contexts. One way to reconceptualize these relationships may be to focus on the normative commitments that states and NGOs do or do not share. Conflictual and cooperative NGO–state dynamics emerge from the many and sometimes contradictory liberal values that enabled the rise of NGOs. NGOs can embody three liberal values: visions of civil society can emphasize political freedoms, market-based visions of private action, or universalism. States may embrace some of these values while rejecting others. Thus, while the era of the unimpeded rise of NGOs may have come to an end, the shifting political spaces for NGOs do not spell an end to their influence.
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