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Introduction to What is Orientation in Thinking?
... Important example of this approach include natural duty of justice theories. 6 They argue that we often need to coordinate our actions through institutions in order to discharge our independent -natural -moral duties not to harm or subject others (Kant 1991, Stilz 2009 or to rescue them from great peril (Wellman 1996). In either case, it becomes morally mandatory, according to natural duty theorists, to 'support and comply with just institutions' and to 'further just ...
So far, most of the philosophical literature on occupations has tried to assess the legitimacy of military rule in the aftermath of armed conflicts by exclusively employing the theoretical resources of just war theory. In this paper, I argue that this approach is mistaken. Occupations occur during or in the aftermath of wars but they are fundamentally a specific type of rule over persons. Thus, theories of political legitimacy should be at least as relevant as just war theory for the moral evaluation of occupations. This paper, therefore, draws on both traditions and argues that just war theory plays a limited role in identifying the purposes and appropriate agents of occupation authority, but that theories of legitimacy are necessary for explaining why and under which conditions foreign actors have the right to rule in the aftermath of armed conflicts.
Liberal theories of political philosophy inform the practice and tradition of non-state actors and non-governmental organizations (together, ‘non-governmental actors’). Aspirations for global justice or a democratic peace, among other things, arise out of liberal thought from John Locke and Immanuel Kant to Jürgen Habermas and John Rawls. Their work underscores an enduring role for private actors in the public sphere as a necessary element for progressive political development. This paper analyses the role of non-governmental actors in liberal political philosophy from Kant to Rawls.
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