The outcome of the March-April 2015 nuclear negotiations between Iran and the P5+1 (China, United Kingdom, France, Russia, United States, plus Germany) increased economic and trade optimism towards easing of sanctions on Iran. This optimism had a strong energy dimension in Europe, as the EU has long been scrambling to find alternatives to its dependence on Russian gas.1 While individual EU
... [Show full abstract] members have been looking after their national energy interests, a common EU energy policy has not been forthcoming. For its part, Turkey has long been supportive of pipeline projects that would strengthen its bid to emerge as the region’s energy-transit hub and prioritized this as a main foreign policy goal.