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Changing motivational values in the light of friluftsliv experiences

Authors:
Gunnar Liedtke at Hamburg University
Gunnar Liedtke
Bijan Ghaffari at Hamburg University
Bijan Ghaffari
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Changing motivational values in the light of friluftsliv and the experience of
nature
G. Liedtke1, B. Ghaffari1
1 Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Background
A lot of interventions e.g. in educational and health related settings with the aim of initiating or
implementing a change of behaviour fail in their intention to create long term effects for their
participants. Positive effects last often only for a short time. To create long lasting effects – so
the idea of this project – it could be helpful to initiate a change of motivational values which
are the foundation of human behaviour, although motivational values are regarded to be stable
in adult age (Schwartz, 2012).
Aim
The investigation will explore if friluftsliv as a way to realize intense experiences of nature
combined with self-reflection can lead to changes in motivational values.
Methods
In the period from 2015-2017 six friluftsliv-trips to Southern-Norway with a total number of
N=58 participants (age M=26,2; SD=5,6; sex: 55% female; students from University of
Hamburg) were evaluated. The trips lasted 8-10 days. Changes in motivational values were
recorded on basis of the standard questionnaire PVQ 21 (Schmidt, Bamberg, Davidov,
Herrmann, & Schwartz, 2007). The results were compared with a control group (N=52; age:
M=25,9, SD=3,1; sex: 47% female; students from University of Hamburg). In addition, 12
participants of the friluftsliv-group were interviewed 6-8 weeks after the trip, interview data
were analysed by qualitative content analyses.
Results
According to the questionnaire PVQ 21 the participants of the friluftsliv-trips showed in
relation to the control group positive group effects (values become more important) for self-
transcendence (universalism, humanism) and a negative effect (values become less important)
for self-enhancement (power, achievement). After three months the changes were no longer
detectable. Interview data showed that friluftsliv experiences had a great meaning for the
participants and resulted in personal changes e.g. in dietary behaviour, time spent outdoors,
range of motion, time spent alone or time spent without activity. Interview data showed also
that the transition from friluftsliv experience to everyday life was very difficult for many
participants.
Conclusion
Friluftsliv and the experience of nature combined with self-reflection can initiate changes in
motivational values which can lead to changes in everyday life behaviour. These changes
have a strong individual variety and it is difficult to detect them by means of group statistics.
However, changes which are initiated by special experiences (like friluftsliv) run into danger
of being superimposed by experiences of everyday life after a while.
References
Schmidt, P., Bamberg, S., Davidov, E., Herrmann, J. & Schwartz, S. (2007). Die Messung
von Werten mit dem «Portraits Value Questionnaire». Zeitschrift Für Sozialpsychologie,
38(4), 261–275. http://doi.org/10.1024/0044-3514.38.4.261
Schwartz, S. H. (2012). An Overview of the Schwartz Theory of Basic Values. Online
Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2, 1–20.
http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1116
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