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Checklist_Hawaiian_plants_possibly_extinct_may2019 Wood, Oppenheimer, Keir page 1
A checklist of endemic Hawaiian vascular plant taxa that are considered
possibly extinct in the wild
May 2019
Kenneth R. Wood1, Hank Oppenheimer2, Matthew Keir3
1 National Tropical Botanical Garden, 3530 Papalina Road, Kalāheo, HI 96741, USA. 2 Plant Extinction
Prevention Program, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawaii, P.O. Box 909, Makawao,
HI, 96768, USA. 3 Division of Forestry and Wildlife, 1151 Punchbowl St., Rm. 325, Honolulu, HI 96813,
USA. Corresponding author: Kenneth R. Wood (kwood@ntbg.org).
As the result of numerous requests inquiring on the status of plant extinctions in the
Hawaiian Islands, the authors present a checklist of 134 endemic vascular plant taxa that are
currently considered possibly extinct in the wild (see Table 1). For each taxon in this report we
indicate their federal and IUCN status, island distribution, year of last sighting, and whether the
taxon has been cultivated. Currently our list includes 123 dicots, 7 monocots, and 4 pteridophyte
taxa, representing ca. 10.9% of Hawaii’s 1217 endemic taxa. Field research for this updated
checklist was mainly conducted by staff at the National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG), the
Plant Extinction Prevention Program (PEPP) of Hawai`i, and the Hawai`i State Department of
Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DLNR, DOFAW). Some
species on this list have not been observed in over 175 years and others tragically represent the
last known wild individual(s) that have recently perished, including 12 species within the past six
years and 27 species since the year 2000. We acknowledge that the assertion of extinction is
fallible, as there is always the possibility for rediscovery, especially where there is still suitable
habitat (Wood 2007, 2012). This possibility is supported by the rediscovery of ca. 40 plant taxa
that were previously thought extinct (Imada 2012; Wood 2012; Oppenheimer 2019) and
subsequently documented after the publication of the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai`i
(Wagner et al. 1990). Most recent examples of rediscoveries include a small colony of
Hibiscadelphus woodii (Malvaceae) documented in February of 2019 on the cliffs of Kalalau,
Kaua`i, and a grouping of Cyanea kuhihewa (Campanulaceae) rediscovered in December of
2017 on the north shore of Kaua`i. These examples give a glimmer of hope for future
rediscoveries and clearly exemplify the importance of having phytogeographical knowledge for
advancing conservation efforts of the endangered Hawaiian flora.
Checklist_Hawaiian_plants_possibly_extinct_may2019 Wood, Oppenheimer, Keir page 2
Primary factors contributing to extinctions in the flora and fauna of Hawai`i, and
throughout the islands of Oceania, include introduced non-native feral animals and invasive
plants that degrade the structure and quality of native ecosystems. Other extrinsic factors include
devastation by severe storms, inbreeding depression, loss and fragmentation of natural habitats,
climate change, a weak conservation ethic, and introductions of plant diseases that can be
extremely lethal. Furthermore, subtle mutualistic plant/animal relationships have been seriously
disturbed by these factors and the decline of native plant pollinators (Kearns et al. 1998) and
seed dispersers (Milberg & Tyrberg 1993) continue to intensify the extinction crisis (Sakai et al.
2002; Wood 2007, 2012, 2014, 2015; Kingsford et al. 2009). For example, approximately 95
native Hawaiian bird taxa are currently considered extinct (Athens et al. 2002; Paxton et al.
2018), with only 21 forest bird species remaining on the main Hawaiian Islands. Although
approximately 43% of the extinct flowering Hawaiian flora required birds for pollination
services, more than 84% depended on birds for seed distribution. It is currently unclear how
many of the estimated 10,000 native Hawaiian insect species have gone extinct.
Concerning the plant extinctions reported here, evidently 41 of the 134 plant taxa
represent Hawaiian lobeliads in the Campanulaceae family, which include endemic genera such
as Clermontia, Cyanea, Delissea, and Trematolobelia. These genera are renowned for their co-
evolution with Hawaiian forest birds, especially the honeycreepers (Fringillidae). The Lamiaceae
or mint family falls second in Hawaiian plant extinctions with 27 species that are mostly insect
pollinated, but include some taxa in the endemic genus Stenogyne which are also associated with
flower visitation by honeycreepers. Third is the family Asteraceae, with 14 extinct taxa
predominately associated with insect pollination. The Malvaceae or hibiscus family comes in
fourth, with eight extinct taxa, seven of which belong to two extraordinary endemic bird-
pollinated genera, namely Hibiscadelphus and Kokia.
It should be noted that only 26 of these possibly extinct Hawaiian taxa (ca. 19.5%) have
been cultivated to date, and great efforts should be made to study the historical distributions of
all extinct species and attempt to rediscover, protect, and cultivate living individuals. Our
intention is to follow-up this report by publishing an annotated checklist that would cite
historical herbarium collections with their locations, and attempt to evaluate where future
populations may most likely be rediscovered.
Checklist_Hawaiian_plants_possibly_extinct_may2019 Wood, Oppenheimer, Keir page 3
Table 1. Checklist of endemic Hawaiian vascular plant taxa having no known naturally occurring individuals, and therefore possibly
extinct in the wild. (updated, May 2019)
Note: Checklist alphabetical by genus. Symbols: CR=critically endangered; E=endangered (federal status); EN=endangered (IUCN status); EW=extinct in the wild; EX=extinct;
H=Hawai`i island; K=Kaua`i; Ka=Kaho`olawe; Ku=Kure; L=Lana`i; La=Laysan; M=Maui; Mi=Midway; Mo=Moloka`i; N=Nihoa; Ni=Ni`ihau; O=O`ahu; PH= Pearl & Hermes Reef.
Flowering plants follow Wagner et al. 1999; pteridophytes follow PPG I 2016; Ranker 2016; Palmer 2003.
CLASS
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
FEDERAL
STATUS
IUCN
STATUS
DISTRIBUTION
LAST SIGHTING
CULTIVATED
Dicot
Rosaceae
Acaena
exigua A.Gray
E
EX
K, M
2000
no
Dicot
Amaranthaceae
Achyranthes
atollensis H.St.John
EX
Ku, Mi,
PH, La
1964
no
Pteridophyte
Polypodiaceae
Adenophorus
periens L.E.Bishop
E
CR
K, O, Mo,
L, M, H
2014
no
Dicot
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus
brownii Christoph. & Caum
E
EX
N
1983
no
Dicot
Asteraceae
Argyroxiphium
virescens Hillebr.
EX
M
1945
no
Pteridophyte
Aspleniaceae
Asplenium
leucostegioides Baker
M
1879
no
Pteridophyte
Ophioglossaceae
Botrychium
subbifoliatum Brack.
K, O, Mo,
L, M, H
1940
no
Monocot
Cyperaceae
Carex
wahuensis C.A Mey subsp.
herbstii T.Koyama
O
1995
no
Checklist_Hawaiian_plants_possibly_extinct_may2019 Wood, Oppenheimer, Keir page 4
CLASS
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
FEDERAL
STATUS
IUCN
STATUS
DISTRIBUTION
LAST SIGHTING
CULTIVATED
Monocot
Poaceae
Cenchrus
agrimonioides Trin. var.
laysanensis F.Br.
E
EX
Ku, Mi, La
1964
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Clermontia
multiflora Hillebr.
EX
O, M
1870
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Cyanea
arborea Hillebr.
EX
M
1928
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Cyanea
comata Hillebr.
EX
M
1870
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Cyanea
copelandii Rock subsp.
copelandii
E
EX
H
1991
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Cyanea
cylindrocalyx Lammers
EX
H
1909
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Cyanea
dolichopoda Lammers &
Lorence
E
EX
K
1990
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Cyanea
eleeleensis (H.St.John)
Lammers
E
EX
K
1970
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Cyanea
giffardii Rock
EX
H
1917
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Cyanea
grimesiana Gaudich. subsp.
grimesiana
E
CR
O, Mo
2010
yes
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Cyanea
kolekoleensis (H.St.John)
Lammers
E
CR
K
1996
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Cyanea
linearifolia Rock
EX
K
1962
no
Checklist_Hawaiian_plants_possibly_extinct_may2019 Wood, Oppenheimer, Keir page 5
CLASS
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
FEDERAL
STATUS
IUCN
STATUS
DISTRIBUTION
LAST SIGHTING
CULTIVATED
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Cyanea
longissima (Rock) H.St.John
M
1927
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Cyanea
mauiensis (Rock) Lammers
E
EX
M
1870
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Cyanea
minutiflora Lammers
EX
K
1916
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Cyanea
parvifolia (C.N.Forbes)
Lammers, Givnish & Sytsma
EX
K
1909
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Cyanea
pinnatifida (Cham.) E.Wimm.
E
EW
O
2001
yes
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Cyanea
pohaku Lammers
EX
M
1910
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Cyanea
pycnocarpa (Hillebr.) E.
Wimm.
EX
H
before
1872
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Cyanea
quercifolia (Hillebr.) E.Wimm.
EX
M
1870
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Cyanea
sessilifolia (O.Deg.)
EX
O
1960
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Cyanea
superba (Cham.) A.Gray
subsp. regina (Wawra)
Lammers
E
EX
O
1932
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Cyanea
superba (Cham.) A.Gray
subsp. superba
E
EW
O
2003
yes
Checklist_Hawaiian_plants_possibly_extinct_may2019 Wood, Oppenheimer, Keir page 6
CLASS
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
FEDERAL
STATUS
IUCN
STATUS
DISTRIBUTION
LAST SIGHTING
CULTIVATED
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Cyanea
truncata
E
CR
O
2018
yes
Monocot
Cyperaceae
Cyperus
neokunthianus Kükenth.
E
M
1920
no
Monocot
Cyperaceae
Cyperus
rockii Kük.
EX
K
1900
no
Dicot
Gesneriaceae
Cyrtandra
crenata H.St.John & Storey
E
CR
O
1947
no
Dicot
Gesneriaceae
Cyrtandra
kohalae H.St.John
H
1933
no
Dicot
Gesneriaceae
Cyrtandra
olona C.N.Forbes
EX
K
1909
no
Dicot
Gesneriaceae
Cyrtandra
pruinosa H.St.John & Storey
O
1933
no
Dicot
Gesneriaceae
Cyrtandra
waiolani Wawra
E
EW
O
1943
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Delissea
argutidentata (F.E. Wimmer)
H.St. John
E
H
2002
yes
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Delissea
fallax Hillebr.
H
1865
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Delissea
fauriei H. Lev.
Mo
1910
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Delissea
laciniata Hillebr.
O
before
1872
no
Checklist_Hawaiian_plants_possibly_extinct_may2019 Wood, Oppenheimer, Keir page 7
CLASS
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
FEDERAL
STATUS
IUCN
STATUS
DISTRIBUTION
LAST SIGHTING
CULTIVATED
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Delissea
lanaiensis (Rock) Lammers
L
1915
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Delissea
lauliiana Lammers
O
before
1872
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Delissea
niihauensis H.St.John
E
EX
Ni
1867
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Delissea
parviflora Hillebr.
H
before
1872
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Delissea
rhytidosperma H.Mann
E
CR
K
2014
yes
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Delissea
sinuata Hillebr.
O
1937
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Delissea
subcordata Gaudich. subsp.
obtusifolia (Wawra) Lammers
E
EX
O
1932
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Delissea
subcordata Gaudich. subsp.
subcordata
E
EX
O
1934
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Delissea
takeuchii Lammers
E
CR
O
1986
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Delissea
undulata Gaudich.
E
EX
M
before
1872
no
Pteridophyte
Athyriaceae
Deparia
kaalaana (Copel.) M.Kato
E
K, M, H
2016
yes
Dicot
Asteraceae
Dubautia
kenwoodii G. D. Carr
E
CR
K
1992
no
Checklist_Hawaiian_plants_possibly_extinct_may2019 Wood, Oppenheimer, Keir page 8
CLASS
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
FEDERAL
STATUS
IUCN
STATUS
DISTRIBUTION
LAST SIGHTING
CULTIVATED
Monocot
Poaceae
Eragrostis
fosbergii Whitney
E
CR
O
1996
no
Monocot
Poaceae
Eragrostis
mauiensis Hitchc.
L, M
before
1872
no
Dicot
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia
celastroides Boiss. var.
tomentella Boiss.
EX
O
2000
no
Dicot
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia
remyi A.Gray ex Boiss. var.
hanaleiensis Sherff
EX
K
1936
no
Monocot
Poaceae
Festuca
molokaiensis Soreng, P.m.
Peterson & Catalán
E
Mo
2009
no
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Haplostachys
bryanii Sherff
Mo
1918
no
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Haplostachys
linearifolia (Drake) Sherff
Mo, M
1928
no
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Haplostachys
munroi C.N.Forbes
L
1927
no
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Haplostachys
truncata (A.Gray) Hillebr.
M
before
1855
no
Dicot
Malvaceae
Hibiscadelphus
bombycinus C.N.Forbes
EX
H
before
1868
no
Dicot
Malvaceae
Hibiscadelphus
crucibracteatus Hobdy
EX
L
1985
no
Dicot
Malvaceae
Hibiscadelphus
giffardianus Rock
E
CR
H
1911
yes
Checklist_Hawaiian_plants_possibly_extinct_may2019 Wood, Oppenheimer, Keir page 9
CLASS
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
FEDERAL
STATUS
IUCN
STATUS
DISTRIBUTION
LAST SIGHTING
CULTIVATED
Dicot
Malvaceae
Hibiscadelphus
hualalaiensis Rock
E
CR
H
1991
yes
Dicot
Malvaceae
Hibiscadelphus
wilderianus Rock
EX
M
1913
no
Dicot
Malvaceae
Hibiscus
brackenridgei A.Gary subsp.
molokaiana (Rock ex Caum)
F.D.Wilson
E
EX
M
1920
no
Dicot
Rubiaceae
Kadua
degeneri (Fosberg) W. L.
Wagner & Lorence subsp.
coprosmifolia Fosberg
E
CR
O
1980
no
Dicot
Rubiaceae
Kadua
foliosa Hillebr.
M
before
1872
no
Dicot
Rubiaceae
Kadua
haupuensis Lorence &
W.L.Wagner
E
CR
K
1998
yes
Dicot
Fabaceae
Kanaloa
kahoolawensis Lorence &
K.R.Wood
E
CR
Ka
2013
yes
Dicot
Malvaceae
Kokia
cookei O.Deg.
E
EW
Mo
1900
yes
Dicot
Malvaceae
Kokia
lanceolata Lewton
EX
O
ca.
1900
no
Dicot
Brassicaceae
Lepidium
remyi Drake
H
1949
no
Dicot
Asteraceae
Lipochaeta
degeneri Sherff
Mo
1928
no
Checklist_Hawaiian_plants_possibly_extinct_may2019 Wood, Oppenheimer, Keir page 10
CLASS
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
FEDERAL
STATUS
IUCN
STATUS
DISTRIBUTION
LAST SIGHTING
CULTIVATED
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Lobelia
dunbariae Rock subsp.
dunbariae
Mo
1918
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Lobelia
remyi Rock
O
1850
no
Dicot
Primulaceae
Lysimachia
forbesii Rock
O
1934
no
Dicot
Asteraceae
Melanthera
bryanii (Sherff) W.L.Wagner
& H.Rob.
Ka
1931
no
Dicot
Asteraceae
Melanthera
micrantha (Nutt.) W.L.Wagner
& H. Rob. subsp. exigua
(O.Deg. & Sherff)
W.L.Wagner & H.Rob.
E
CR
K
1994
no
Dicot
Asteraceae
Melanthera
perdita (Sherff) W.L.Wagner
& H.Rob.
Ni
1949
no
Dicot
Asteraceae
Melanthera
populifolia (Sherff)
W.L.Wagner & H.Rob.
L
1918
no
Dicot
Rutaceae
Melicope
balloui (Rock) T.G.Hartley &
B.C.Stone
E
EN
M
1927
no
Dicot
Rutaceae
Melicope
macropus (Hillebr.)
T.G.Hartley & B.C.Stone
EX
K
1995
no
Dicot
Rutaceae
Melicope
nealae (B.C.Stone)
T.G.Hartley & B.C.Stone
EX
K
1979
no
Dicot
Rutaceae
Melicope
obovata (H.St.John)
T.G.Hartley & B.C.Stone
EX
M
before
1921
no
Checklist_Hawaiian_plants_possibly_extinct_may2019 Wood, Oppenheimer, Keir page 11
CLASS
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
FEDERAL
STATUS
IUCN
STATUS
DISTRIBUTION
LAST SIGHTING
CULTIVATED
Dicot
Rutaceae
Melicope
wailauensis (H.St.John)
T.G.Hartley & B.C.Stone
Mo
1933
no
Dicot
Apocynaceae
Ochrosia
kilaueaensis H.St.John
E
CR
H
1927
no
Dicot
Piperaceae
Peperomia
degeneri Yunck.
Mo
1928
no
Dicot
Piperaceae
Peperomia
subpetiolata Yunck.
E
M
ca.
2000
no
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Phyllostegia
bracteata Sherff
E
M
2017
yes
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Phyllostegia
brevidens A.Gray
E
M, H
2016
yes
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Phyllostegia
glabra (Gaudich.) Benth. var.
lanaiensis Sherff
E
L
1914
no
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Phyllostegia
helleri Sherff
E
CR
K
2018
yes
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Phyllostegia
hillebrandii H.Mann ex Hillebr.
M
1858
no
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Phyllostegia
kaalaensis H.St.John
E
CR
O
2008
yes
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Phyllostegia
kahiliensis H.St.John
CR
K
1987
no
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Phyllostegia
knudsenii Hillebr.
E
CR
K
2001
no
Checklist_Hawaiian_plants_possibly_extinct_may2019 Wood, Oppenheimer, Keir page 12
CLASS
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
FEDERAL
STATUS
IUCN
STATUS
DISTRIBUTION
LAST SIGHTING
CULTIVATED
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Phyllostegia
mannii Sherff
E
CR
Mo, M
2016
yes
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Phyllostegia
micrantha H.St.John
O
1910
no
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Phyllostegia
parviflora (Gaudich.) Benth.
var. glabriuscula A. Gray
E
CR
H
2012
yes
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Phyllostegia
parviflora (Gaudich.) Benth.
var. lydgatei (Sherff)
W.G.Wagner
E
CR
O
2010
yes
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Phyllostegia
pilosa H.St.John
E
CR
Mo, M
2018
yes
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Phyllostegia
rockii Sherff
Mo
1912
no
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Phyllostegia
variabilis Bitter
Ku, Mi, La
1964
no
Dicot
Apiaceae
Sanicula
kauaiensis H.St.John
EX
K
1950
no
Dicot
Goodeniaceae
Scaevola
hobdyi W.L.Wagner
M
1980
no
Dicot
Caryophyllaceae
Schiedea
amplexicaulis H.Mann
EX
K
1855
no
Dicot
Caryophyllaceae
Schiedea
implexa (Hillebr.) Sherff
M
1910
no
Checklist_Hawaiian_plants_possibly_extinct_may2019 Wood, Oppenheimer, Keir page 13
CLASS
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
FEDERAL
STATUS
IUCN
STATUS
DISTRIBUTION
LAST SIGHTING
CULTIVATED
Dicot
Caryophyllaceae
Schiedea
jacobii W. L. Wagner, Weller
& A. C. Medeiros
E
M
2009
yes
Dicot
Caryophyllaceae
Silene
cryptopetala Hillebr.
M
before
1921
no
Dicot
Caryophyllaceae
Silene
degeneri Sherff
M
1927
no
Dicot
Caryophyllaceae
Silene
perlmanii W.L.Wagner,
D.R.Herbst & Sohmer
E
CR
O
1992
yes
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Stenogyne
bifida Hillebr.
E
CR
Mo
2013
yes
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Stenogyne
campanulata Weller &
A.K.Sakai
E
CR
K
2008
yes
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Stenogyne
cinerea Hillebr.
M
1865
no
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Stenogyne
haliakalae Wawra
M
1984
no
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Stenogyne
kaalae Wawra subsp.
sherffii (O. Deg.) W. L.
Wagner & Weller
E
O
1998
yes
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Stenogyne
kanehoana O.Deg. & Sherff
E
CR
O
2013
yes
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Stenogyne
oxygona O.Deg. & Sherff
H
1952
no
Checklist_Hawaiian_plants_possibly_extinct_may2019 Wood, Oppenheimer, Keir page 14
CLASS
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
FEDERAL
STATUS
IUCN
STATUS
DISTRIBUTION
LAST SIGHTING
CULTIVATED
Dicot
Lamiaceae
Stenogyne
viridis W.F.Hillebr.
M
1870
no
Dicot
Asteraceae
Tetramolopium
arenarium (A.Gray) Hillebr.
subsp. laxum Lowrey
E
M
before
1921
no
Dicot
Asteraceae
Tetramolopium
capillare (Gaudich.)
H.St.John
E
CR
M
2006
no
Dicot
Asteraceae
Tetramolopium
consanguineum (A.Gray)
Hillebr. subsp.
consanguineum
EX
K?
before
1842
no
Dicot
Asteraceae
Tetramolopium
consanguineum (A.Gray)
Hillebr. subsp. leptophyllum
(Sherff) Lowrey
H
1980
no
Dicot
Asteraceae
Tetramolopium
conyzoides (A.Gray) Hillebr.
Mo, L, M,
H
1919
no
Dicot
Asteraceae
Tetramolopium
lepidotum (Less.) Sherff
subsp. arbusculum (A. Gray)
Lowrey
M
before
1842
no
Dicot
Asteraceae
Tetramolopium
tenerrimum (Less.) Nees
O
1869
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Trematolobelia
auriculata H. St. John
L
1964
no
Dicot
Campanulaceae
Trematolobelia
rockii H. St.John
Mo
1910
no
Dicot
Thymelaeaceae
Wikstroemia
hanalei Wawra
EX
K
1976
no
Checklist_Hawaiian_plants_possibly_extinct_may2019 Wood, Oppenheimer, Keir page 15
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