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The Medical Benefit of Gnaphalium Luteoalbum-A Review

Authors:

Abstract

The phytochemical screening of Gnaphalium luteoalbum revealed that the plant contained alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glucoside resins, phytosterins, terpenoids and fixed oils. Pharmacoloical studies showed that Gnaphalium luteoalbum possessed antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant anti- inflammatory and cytotoxic effects. The current review highlighted the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Gnaphalium luteoalbum.
IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy www.iosrphr.org
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
Volume 9, Issue 5 Series. I (May 2019), PP. 40-44
40
The Medical Benefit of Gnaphalium Luteoalbum-A Review
Ali Esmail Al-Snafi
Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Thi qar, Iraq.
Corresponding Author: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi
Abstract: The phytochemical screening of Gnaphalium luteoalbum revealed that the plant contained
alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glucoside resins, phytosterins, terpenoids
and fixed oils. Pharmacoloical studies showed that Gnaphalium luteoalbum possessed antibacterial,
antifungal, antioxidant anti- inflammatory and cytotoxic effects. The current review highlighted the chemical
constituents and pharmacological effects of Gnaphalium luteoalbum.
Keywords: chemical constituents, pharmacology, Gnaphalium luteoalbum
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Date of Submission: 25-04-2019 Date of acceptance: 06-05-2019
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I. INTRODUCTION
Herbal medicine is the oldest form of medicine known to mankind. It was the mainstay of many
earlycivilizations and still the most widely practiced form of medicine in the world today. Recent reviews
revealed that the medicinal plants possessed wide range of pharmacological effect and represented a good
alternatives in the treatment and prevention of human diseases(1-25). The phytochemical screening of
Gnaphalium luteoalbum revealed that the plant contained alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids,
saponins, tannins, glucoside resins, phytosterins, terpenoids and fixed oils. Pharmacoloical studies showed that
Gnaphalium luteoalbum possessed antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic
effects. The current review was designed to highlight the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of
Gnaphalium luteoalbum.
Synonyms:
Chrysocoma villosa, Dasyanthus conglobatus, Bubani, Gnaphalium dealbatum var luteo-fuscum,
Gnaphalium depressum Steud., Gnaphalium dichotomum, Gnaphalium helichrysoides, Gnaphalium
helichrysoides var helichrysoides, Gnaphalium luteo-fuscum, Gnaphalium luteoalbum var. compactum,
Gnaphalium luteoalbum var incanum, Gnaphalium luteoalbum f. luteoalbum, Gnaphalium luteoalbum subsp
luteoalbum, Gnaphalium luteoalbum var. luteoalbum, Gnaphalium luteoalbum var pallidum,
Gnaphalium nanum, Gnaphalium pallidum, Gnaphalium trifidum, Laphangium luteoalbum,
Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum, Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum subsp luteoalbum(26-27).
Taxonomic classification:
Kingdom: Plantae, Subkingdom: Viridiplantae, Infrakingdom: Streptophyta, Superdivision:
Embryophyta, Division: Tracheophyta, Subdivision: Spermatophytina, Class: Magnoliopsida, Superorder:
Asteranae, Order: Asterales, Family: Asteraceae, Genus: Gnaphalium , Species: Gnaphalium luteoalbum(28).
Common names:
Arabic: Kutaina, Ghwbira, râraâ, Sabon Efreet; Chinese: si mian cao; English: Jersey cudweed, red-tip
rabbit-tobacco; French: Cotonnière blanc-jaunâtre, Gnaphale jaunâtre, Gnaphale jaune blanc; German:
gelbliches, Scheinruhrkraut; Italian: Canapicchia pagliata, Swedish: vitnoppa(29-30).
Distribution:
The plant was distributed in Africa, Asia, Europe, Australasia , Northern and Southern America. It was
found in Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan,
Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana,
Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Burundi, Cameroon, Equatorial
Guinea, Comoros, Mauritius, Reunion); Asia (Oman; Yemen, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russian Federation, China,
Taiwan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey,
India, Pakistan, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand);
The Medical Benefit Of Gnaphalium Luteoalbum-A Review
41
Europe (Belarus, Lithuania, Moldova, Russian Federation-European part, Ukraine, Austria, Belgium, Czech
Republic, Germany, Hungary, Netherland, Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland, Sweden, United Kingdom, Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, France,
Portugal, Spain); Northern America ( United states, Mexico) and Southern America (Argentina, Chile,
Peru)(29).
Description:
Annual herb to 50 cm tall, all parts whitish-woolly. Stems usually several from the base, decumbent at
first, later erect. Leaves sessile, up to 8 × 1 cm at base, oblanceolate, becoming smaller and lanceolate or linear
above, greyish or whitish tomentose or arachnoid, on both sides; margin entire. Inflorescence consisting of
dense clusters of capitula 1-several together in terminal corymbs. Involucres 3-4 mm in diameter; phyllaries in
c. 3 rows, pale brown to whitish. Outer female florets very numerous, whitish. Bisexual disk florets cylindric.
Achenes ellipsoid, papillose. Pappus of numerous soft bristles(31-32).
Traditional uses:
In the Punjab, the leaves of the plant were used as vulnerary and astringent. In Pakistan, It was used
as anti-diarrheal, the infusion of aerial parts was used as emmenagogue. In Bangladesh, the plant was applied
as a poultice to heal fractured bones. It also used in Bangladesh as tonic and for the treatment of tumor, gout,
dermatitis(26, 33-34). In Iraq, it was used traditionally as astringent, counterirritant, as vulnerary and for the
treatment of gout(35). In the Punjab leaves were used as vulnerary and astringent. In Pakistan, it was used as
anti-diarrheal. Infusion of aerial parts was used as emmenagogue. It was also used as a counter-irritant for
gout. In Bangladesh, plant was used by the Garo tribe, crushed along with dried fish and applied as a poultice
to heal fractured bones. Also, used by the Kavirajes of Chalna as tonic, and for tumor, gout, and dermatitis(26). In
Belgium, it was used for the treatment of cancer (Breast)(36). The leaves of G. luteo-album were also used as
astringent, cholagogue, diuretic, febrifuge, and haemostatic(37).
Parts used: Leaves(1).
Chemical constituents:
The phytochemical screening of crude extract and its fractions revealed a wide range of
phytoconstituents included: alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glucoside
resins, phytosterins, terpenoids and fixed oils(38-40).
Many flavonoids were isolated from included apigenin, apigenin 7-O-β-D- glucopyranoside,
luteolin, luteolin 4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, luteolin 7-O-β-D- glucopyranoside, Jaceosidin and gnaphalin(16).
5, 7, 3, 4 tetrahydroxy flavone; 5, 3, 4 trihydroxy flavonol and 3, 5 dihydroxy flavonol were isolated from the
aerial parts of Gnaphalium luteo-album(41-42).
5,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranosideflavone (hispidulin-7-O- gluco pyranoside) and
stigmasterol-3-O-β-glucopyranoside were also isolated from the leaves of the plant(43).
Three flavonols isolated from the leaves of G. luteo-album were structurally related to each other
(gnaphaliin, calycopterin and 3’-Methoxycalycopterin). Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid were also
isolated from G. luteo-album leaves. The leave flavonoids and pigments were increased when the plant exposed
to UV-B radiation(44).
The essential oil of the herbal parts of G. luteo-album was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry. Forty-four compounds were identified in the oil of G. luteo-album,
representing 70.6% of the total oil with 4.4% monoterpene hydrocarbons, 5.0% oxygenated monoterpenes,
14.7% sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, 3.6% oxygenated sesquiterpenes, 29.1% aliphatic compounds, 10.4% fatty
acids and esters, and 3.4% others. The main constituents were found to be decanal (9.7%), β-caryophyllene
(8.0%), and α-gurjunene (6.4%). However, the compounds identified in the essential oil of Gnaphalium
luteo-album and thier percentage were: α-Pinene 2%, 3-Hexanone 1.9%, 2-Hexanone 2%, Hexanal 1%,
Undecane 0.4, β-Pinene 0.3, δ-2-Carene trace, α-Phellandrene trace, Heptanal 0.9%, Limonene 1.5%,
1,8-Cineole 1.7%, 2-Hexanol 0.4%, 2-Pentyl furan 1.2%, γ Terpinene 0.2%, p-Cymene 0.4%, Octanal 1%,
Hexanol 0.2%, Nonanal 4.1%, Tetradecane 0.5%, (E)-2-Octenal 0.2%, Decanal 9.7%, Camphor trace,
α-Gurjunene 6.4%, (E)-2-Nonenal 0.3%, Linalool 0.4%, β-Caryophyllene 8%, Undecanal 1.1%, α-Humulene
0.3, α-Terpineol trace, Dodecanal 2,5%, Naphthalene 0.7%, (E,E)-2,4-Decadienal 0.5%, Octyl hexanoate 0.6,
(E)-Geranyl acetone 1.2%, (E)-β-Ionone 0.3%, Caryophyllene oxide 3.6%, Octyl octanoate 2%,
Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone 1.2%, Pentadecanal 2.4%, Carvacrol 1.7%, 1-Methylethyl hexadecanoic acid 3%,
Dodecanoic acid 2.4%, Tetradecanoic acid 0.5%, Hexadecanoic acid 1.9%, Monoterpene hydrocarbons 4.4%,
The Medical Benefit Of Gnaphalium Luteoalbum-A Review
42
Oxygenated monoterpenes 5%, Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons 14.7%, Oxygenated sesquiterpenes 3.6%, Aliphatic
compounds 29.1% and Fatty acids and esters 10.4%(37).
However, the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the Gnaphalium luteo-album oil by GC and
GC-MS carried out by Kushwaha, led to the identification of 14 constituents, constituting 96.13 % of the oil.
The identified compounds (%) were: undecane: 2.51, indole: 8.12, 5-methyl undecane: 7.99, dodecane: 31.10,
α-copaene: 2.36, limonene aldehyde: trace, isoledene 6.04, β-caryophyllene 4.12, E-β-fernecene 1.76,
sesquisabinene: trace, γ-cuprenene 7.0, caryophyllene oxide 1.89, veridiflorol 4.98, 6,10,14-trimethyl
2-pentadecanone 18.23(45).
Pharmacological effects:
Antiinflammatory effect:
Several extracts from the aerial parts of Gnaphalium luteo-album possessed anti-inflammatory activity(37).
Antimicrobial effect:
The Gnaphalium luteo-album oil showed good activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae with zone of
inhibition of (ZOI) 15.00 ± 0.00 mm and 50 µl/ mL MIC value. Oil was found to be active against E. coli with
13.00 ± 0.00 mm ZOI and 50 µl/ mL MIC value. The oil has also shown significant activity against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica (ZOI = 12.00 ± 0.00 and 78 11.00 ± 0.00 mm, respectively)
with MIC value of 50 µl/ mL for each while least activity was recorded against Staphylococcus aureus (ZOI =
10.00 ± 0.58 mm and MIC = 100 µl/ml)(46).
The acetone leaf extract of the leaves was assayed for antifungal effect against plant pathogenic fungi
in vitro (Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus niger, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum,
Penicillium expansum, Penicillium janthinellum, Phytophthora nicotiana, Pythium ultimum and Trichoderma
harzianum). The acetone leaves extract of possessed strong antifungal activity and showed excellent efficacy
against Phytophthora nicotiana and Fusarium oxysporum, with MIC values of 20 and 160 μg/ml respectively.
The isolated compounds (5,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-7-O- β-glucopyranoside flavone
(hispidulin-7-O-glucopyranoside) and stigmasterol-3-O- β-glucopyranoside) showed high activity against the
selected fungal organisms with MIC values ranging from 0.02 to 1.25 mg/ml(43).
Cytotoxic effect:
The cytotoxic activity of crude methanol of the leaves of Gnaphalium luteoalbum was investigated
against healthy mouse fibroblasts (NIH3T3), healthy monkey kidney (VERO) and four human cancer cell lines
(gastric, AGS; colon, HT-29; and breast, MCF-7 and MDAMB-231) using MTT assay. The crude methanol of
the leaves of Gnaphalium luteoalbum showed high cytotoxicity against AGS and MCF-7 cell lines with IC50
of 0.98 and 0.34 mg/ml respectively(47).
However, no cytotoxicity was recorded for two compounds isolated from the plant
(5,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranosideflavone (hispidulin-7-O- glucopyranoside) against Vero
kidney cells at 200 μg/ml, the highest concentration tested(48).
Antioxidant effect:
The methanol extracts Gnaphalium luteoalbum (50μg/ml) were subjected to preliminarily screening
assay for their free radical scavenging potentialities against stable DPPH• (2, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl),
using ascorbic acid as a positive control. DPPH• % at μg/ml m was 90.4, EC50 was 23.8±2.8 μg/ml(48).
The antioxidant potentiality of crude methanol extract (CME), carbon tetrachloride fraction (CTF),
petroleum ether fraction (PEF), chloroform fraction (CLF) and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of aerial parts of
Gnaphalium luteoalbum (GL) was studied in vitro.The CME showed the highest scavenging activity (43.28%)
with IC50 of 398.49 µg/ml in the DPPH radical scavenging test. The IC50 values of EAF, CME were statistically
significant (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) with respect to ascorbic acid (ACA). In OH and NO radical scavenging tests,
maximum scavenging (48.39%, 69.64%) was also reported for CME compared to CTF, PEF, CLF and EAF.
Compared to ACA, in case of OH and NO radical scavenging activities the IC50 values of CME were markedly
significant (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). In the TAC test, CME showed the highest antioxidant activity (absorbance, 2.6
nm) related to other fractions. The total phenolic contents (TPC) was found to be the highest in the CME
(115.96 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of dried extract) rather than other fractions. The ranking order of CTF,
PEF, CLF, EAF and CME for total flavonoids contents (TFC) was 48.67 < 55.75 < 65.29 < 71.35 < 82.29 mg
quercetin equivalent/g of dried extract(39).
The Medical Benefit Of Gnaphalium Luteoalbum-A Review
43
II. CONCLUSION
The current review discussed the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Gnaphalium
luteo-album to encourage its uses in medical practice as a result of efficacy and safety.
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Ali Esmail Al-Snafi. The Medical Benefit of Gnaphalium Luteoalbum-A Review. IOSR Journal of
Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), vol. 9, no. 5, 2019, pp. 40-44.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSR-PHR) is UGC approved Journal with Sl. No. 3365, Journal
No-62875
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... The primary component consists mostly of 2-ethylhexanoic acid, a family of fatty acids, and its derivatives. The antioxidant outcomes are consistent with past studies that claimed that an increase in the amount of free hydroxy groups produced antioxidant properties that were approaching [37,38]. ...
... All samples exhibiting proportional relationships showed an increase in the % activity when the sample concentration was increased [53]. On the other hand, the antioxidant strength of bioactive substances is often affected by how well reactive oxygen species like phenolics, fatty acids, terpenes, oxygenated hydrocarbons, or carbohydrates can get rid of or stabilize free radicals [54,55]. In terms of antioxidant activity in this investigation, Cyperus laevigatus extract surpassed other wild plant extracts from other nations. ...
... Ascaridole epoxide, fatty acids, and lipids isolated from C. ambrosioides, and Euphorbia lathyrus revealed antioxidant activity for the free radicals [40,42]. Bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, terpenes, or oxygenated hydrocarbons can scavenge free radicals because they contain active functional groups such as the OH group [43,44]. Herein, the leaf extract has more potent antioxidant activity than the flower, stem, and root extracts. ...
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