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DL-Tags: DLT and Smart Tags for Decentralized, Privacy-Preserving, and Verifiable Supply Chain Management
Abstract
Supply chain management enhanced by Internet of Things (IoT) solutions integrates special tags (e.g., RFID, NFC, QR-codes) with products to create Smart Tags, which, in addition to storing supplemental information about a product, are also used to track products during their lifecycle. However, a product consumer has to implicitly trust the Smart Tag creator and other stakeholders within the supply chain that they are providing authentic data within a product’s tag. The DL-Tags solution steps into this environment to offer a decentralized, privacy-preserving and verifiable management of Smart Tags during a product’s lifecycle. The solution is based on Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and uses the Ethereum blockchain to mediate interactions between stakeholders during a product’s exchange process. By reaching a consensus on the product’s description and state logged on the blockchain, all involved stakeholders and product consumers can verify product’s authenticity without revealing their identity. The paper describes the DL-Tags solution and includes a cost analysis of all implemented transactions on the Ethereum blockchain. The proposed solution provides evidence of the product’s origin and its journey across the supply chain while preventing tag duplication and manipulation. It is among the first documented practical solutions using DLT and IoT for supply chain management which is designed to be distributed ledger agnostic.
... Despite their merits, such centralized approaches suffer from a single point of failure, in which the corrupted server can compromise the validity and confidentiality of the audit log. To address single point of failure, several decentralized privacy-preserving audit log approaches have been proposed using blockchain techniques [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. However, there are certain limitations to these techniques. ...
... Experimental results showed that Harpocrates is highly scalable ( §VII) and practical. Therefore, Harpocrates can be used for sensitive data storage applications that require privacy-preserving audit log such as EHRs [13,14] or supply chains [15,16]. ...
... Several works have proposed a decentralized audit log to address the single point of failure vulnerabilities. These schemes were designed for medical data [3,13], supply chain [15,16], and financial applications [34,35]. Some schemes permit tamper resistance and access control to data objects being logged [36,37]. ...
The audit log is a crucial component to monitor fine-grained operations over sensitive data (e.g., personal, health) for security inspection and assurance. Since such data operations can be highly sensitive, it is vital to ensure that the audit log achieves not only validity and immutability, but also confidentiality against active threats to standard data regulations (e.g., HIPAA) compliance. Despite its critical needs, state-of-the-art privacy-preserving audit log schemes (e.g., Ghostor (NSDI '20), Calypso (VLDB '19)) do not fully obtain a high level of privacy, integrity, and immutability simultaneously, in which certain information (e.g., user identities) is still leaked in the log. In this paper, we propose Harpocrates, a new privacy-preserving and immutable audit log scheme. Harpocrates permits data store, share, and access operations to be recorded in the audit log without leaking sensitive information (e.g., data identifier, user identity), while permitting the validity of data operations to be publicly verifiable. Harpocrates makes use of blockchain techniques to achieve immutability and avoid a single point of failure, while cryptographic zero-knowledge proofs are harnessed for confidentiality and public verifiability. We analyze the security of our proposed technique and prove that it achieves non-malleability and indistinguishability. We fully implemented Harpocrates and evaluated its performance on a real blockchain system (i.e., Hyperledger Fabric) deployed on a commodity platform (i.e., Amazon EC2). Experimental results demonstrated that Harpocrates is highly scalable and achieves practical performance.
... Even though this framework is implemented in permissioned blockchain, it could not protect over illegitimate manufacturer registration issues. Federico Matteo Bencic et al. [19] invented a novel distributed ledger-(DL-) tags (smart tag) approach to verify the authenticity of the products while ensuring the privacy of stakeholders and customers. is approach is implemented on Ethereum and evaluated in a real-time use case scenario, tag it wine (TIW). ...
... e analysis of these attacks against the existing approaches is represented in the table. Our proposed system covers the tracking attack while the existing approaches [6,12,17,19] using Ethereum failed to prevent that attack. And this permissionless system's performance matches the permissioned system [17] when handling the verification and tracking. ...
... e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. [12] Yes No Yes Yes [17] No No Yes No [18] Yes No Yes Yes [19] Yes No Yes Yes [6] Yes ...
Supply chain management (SCM) governance is the streamline of the IoT product life cycle from its production to delivery. Integrating blockchain with supply chain management is essential to ensure end-to-end tracking, trustiness between manufacturers and customers, fraud and counterfeit elimination, and customizing administrative costs and paperwork. This paper proposes an RFID ownership transfer protocol with the help of zk-SNARKs (Zero Knowledge-Succinct Noninteractive Arguments of Knowledge) using Ethereum blockchain. When the owner performs RFID transfer, the transferred information will be recorded on the blockchain using smart contracts. When using a smart contract to transfer ownership on the Ethereum blockchain, because the content on the blockchain will not be tampered with, all accounts in the Ethereum can view the transfer results and verify them. The privacy of the supply chain is attained by generating the proof of product code via zk-SNARKs algorithm. This algorithm also enhances the scalability of the supply chain system by creating a trusted setup in off-chain mode.
... Pada komponen upstream melakukan aktivitas untuk mengantarkan barang yang digunakan untuk bahan baku dalam memproduksi suatu produk, pada komponen internal melakukan aktivitas untuk memantau kualitas dan kinerja karyawan, sedangkan komponen downstream melakukan aktivitas untuk memberikan informasi kepada konsumen, mempersiapkan keperluan pergudangan dan kesepakatan pembayaran kepada konsumen [1]. Supply Chain Management merupakan suatu pendekatan untuk melakukan pencapaian dengan tepat dari pemasok, gudang, pengecer dan konsumen dimana bertujuan untuk meminimalkan keseluruhan biaya dalam sistem dan pelayanan agar tujuan yang diinginkan dapat tercapai [2]. Supply Chain Management dalam produksi nopia mino mengutamakan proses produksi yang stabil. ...
... Supply Chain Management merupakan gabungan dari beberapa komponen dalam suatu organisasi yang memiliki kesamaan tujuan dan saling berkaitan [2]. SCM memiliki ruang lingkup yang luas, aktivitas SCM berkaitan dengan aliran material, informasi, dan biaya [7]. ...
Supply chain is an activity to convert raw materials into products that will be marketed to consumers. Besides, Supply Chain Management is a process for efficient integration where goods can be produced and distributed in the right quantity, time, and location between suppliers, factories, distributors, and end customers to minimize costs to provide customer satisfaction. Kampoeng Wisata Nopia Mino is production center for nopia and mino from Banyumas which was established to introducing Banyumas typical snacks and improve economy of local residents. The production of nopia mino has several problems. One is there is competition between fellow makers of nopia mino. Besides, nopia mino production during the pandemic was decreasing. With these problems, it is necessary to measure the production decline that occurred in home industry and develop a production strategy for nopia and mino. Hence, it can maximized in the development of its business. The solution is carried out using the SCOR Model method. The SCOR Model has six processes including plan, source, make, deliver, return, and enable. The results of this study stated that the highest value for large is in the return process of 34 and the lowest value is in the plan process of 11.89, while the highest value for lower is in the make process of -50.5 and the lowest value is in the plan process of -197. Based on the results of these studies, in this study recommendations are given to improve Supply Chain Management in increasing the production of nopia and mino.
... Among the implementation projects that can currently be identified for blockchain and distributed ledger technologies in the business environment, four main categories can be listed, depending on their objective: exchange of value [70], verifiability of data [71], coordination of data [72], and implementation of reliable processes [73]. ...
... For example, a document is timestamped to make verifiable the date of creation and the fact that it has not been modified over time. Many projects of this type have been developed in agrifood to offer more significant guarantees to the final consumer on the traceability of products [71]. ...
Accounting information systems (AISs), the core module of any enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, are usually designed as centralised systems. Nowadays, the continuous development and applications of blockchain, or more broadly—distributed ledger technology (DLT), can change the architecture, overcome and improve some limitations of centralised systems, most notably security and privacy. An increasing number of authors are suggesting the application of blockchain technologies in management, accounting and ERPs. This paper aims to examine the emerging literature on this field, and an immediate result is that blockchain applications can have significant benefits. The paper’s innovative contribution and considerable objective are to examine if blockchain can be successfully integrated with AIS and ERPs. We find that blockchain can facilitate integration at multiple levels and better serve various purposes as auditing compliance. To demonstrate that, we analyse e-procurement systems and operations using case study research methodology. The findings suggest that DLT, decentralised finance (DeFI), and financial technology (FinTech) applications can facilitate integrating AISs and ERP systems and yield significant benefits for efficiency, productivity and security.
... As mentioned in [16], a few research on blockchain technology application with emerging technologies such as big data analytics and artificial intelligence in supply chains was noted. For example, the studies [54][55][56] explored the integration of technologies such as IoT sensors and data analytics into blockchain technology for tracking and tracing in supply chains. The proposed study presented in this paper integrate machine learning, which is a subset of artificial intelligence, into data analytics in a cloud infrastructure for blockchain application in supply chains. ...
... Some previous studies (e.g., [26][27][28][29][30]) examined how blockchain helps to maintain social sustainability. For example, the recent case studies by Tseng and Shang [55] indicated that the blockchain's features of security, immutability, resiliency, auditability, and permissibility render trust and antitampering among the blockchain users. For another example, the study by Choi [56] showed that the immutability and transparency of blockchain historical transaction records can ensure authentication of a diamond and prevent illegal diamond trades. ...
Knowing the challenges of keeping and manipulating more and more immutable transaction records in a blockchain network of various supply chain parties and the opportunities of leveraging sophisticated analyses on the big data generated from these records, design of a robust blockchain architecture based on a cloud infrastructure is proposed. This paper presents this technical design with consideration of the technical sustainability in terms of scalability and big data processing and analytics. A case study was used to illustrate how the technical sustainability is achieved by applying the proposed technical design to the real-time detection of the maritime risk management. This case also illustrates how machine learning mechanism helps to reduce maritime risk by guiding a cargo ship to adjust to the planned or safe route from a detour to a danger zone. This paper also discusses the implications for further research direction.
... Most of the academic proposals for blockchain-based supply chain system focused on four operations, in order to handle communication attacks. These operations are (1) preserving the privacy of shared information among parties [21,27,28], (2) improving the governance [29,30], (3) achieving the interoperability among heterogeneous systems and infrastructures [31][32][33][34][35], and (4) securing the data sharing mechanism [36,37]. The academic efforts to realize these operations are examined using the security requirements and threat model, as discussed in Sections 4 and 4.4, and these efforts are summarised in Table 3. ...
... These efforts attempted to ensure traceability and privacy of the information exchanged through blockchain, by allowing traceable proof of ownership of the products, authenticity of products, and audit of the products at anytime. For instance, Ref. [27] enabled supply chain management with IoT-based solutions, integrating special tags (e.g., RFID, NFC, and QR-codes) with products to create Smart Tags (ST). These tags eventually helps to track products during their supply chain lifecycle. ...
Blockchain is a revolutionary technology that is being used in many applications, including supply chain management. Although, the primary motive of using a blockchain for supply chain management is to reduce the overall production cost while providing the comprehensive security to the system. However, current blockchain-based supply-chain management (BC-SCM) systems still hold the possibility of cyber attacks. Therefore, the goal of this study is to investigate practical threats and vulnerabilities in the design of BC-SCM systems. As a starting point, we first establish key requirements for the reliability and security of supply chain management systems, i.e., transparency, privacy and traceability, and then discern a threat model that includes two distinctive but practical threats including computational (i.e., the ones that threaten the functionality of the application) and communication (i.e., the ones that threaten information exchange among interconnected services of the application). For investigation, we follow a unique approach based on the hypothesis that reliability is pre-requisite of security and identify the threats considering (i) design of smart contracts and associated supply chain management applications, (ii) underlying blockchain execution environment and (iii) trust between all interconnected supply management services. Moreover, we consider both academic and industry solutions to identify the threats. We identify several challenges that hinder to establish reliability and security of the BC-SCM systems. Importantly, we also highlight research gaps that can help to establish desired security of the BC-SCM. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first effort that identifies practical threats to blockchain-based supply chain management systems and provides their counter measures. Finally, this work establishes foundation for future investigation towards practical security of BC-SCM system.
... Therefore, the study of blockchain-based sustainable supply chains considering the three dimensions of economy, society and environment is still insufficient, and agendas for future studies are proposed in Section 5. Fewer studies, only 7, explore the theme "Configuration". The articles focusing on this theme consider the simultaneous application of blockchain technology and emerging technologies such as big data, the Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence (Bencic et al., 2019;Fernandez-Carames et al., 2019;Lezoche et al., 2020;Mazzei et al., 2020;Mondal et al., 2019;Rejeb et al., 2019;. For example, Fernandez-Carames et al. (2019) designed a system in which blockchain and a distributed ledger are used to store the big data of a certain inventory collected by unmanned aerial vehicles. ...
... Most research mainly focused on primary industries, and agriculture has attracted the most attention, with studies on pork (George et al., 2019;Sander et al., 2018), soybeans , wine (Bencic et al., 2019), fresh food (Perboli et al., 2018), eggs (Bumblauskas et al., 2020), cereals and so on. The agricultural field attracted the most attention. ...
In the past few years, blockchain, the underlying technology of Bitcoin, has received considerable attention from academia and industry. It is widely accepted that blockchain technology causes disruptive changes in supply chain operations that can overcome supply chain difficulties encountered in realizing information sharing, maintaining traceability in the entire process and improving operational efficiency. However, the application of blockchain technology in the supply chain field is still in its infancy, which limits an understanding of its potential. This article uses descriptive and content analysis to review publications related to blockchain-based supply chains between 2017 and 2020 inclusive. To fully explore research on blockchain-based supply chains, four well-designed questions are proposed and addressed, namely, the value of blockchain in supply chains, the attraction of scholars to particular supply chain themes, the development of research methodologies and illustration types in adopting blockchain in supply chains, and the types of industries involved in blockchain-based supply chains. The results reveal that there is growing interest in applying blockchain technology to supply chain operations. A detailed analysis of findings is provided to identify the future opportunities of blockchain-based supply chains, including prospects for tertiary industries and concerted efforts that are necessary to explore sustainability themes. This article provides valuable information to help scholars and practitioners better determine the relevant research topics to accelerate the development of blockchain-based supply chains.
... In the Industry 4.0 era (Fernández-Caramés et al., 2019), blockchain is proposed as a way to organize records in a distributed manner through consensus mechanism (Gao et al., 2018;Benčić et al., 2019). It has the potential to transform SCM through its features of transparency, authenticity, trust and security, reduction of cost, disintermediation, efficient operations and reduced waste (Philipp et al., 2019;Gurtu and Johny, 2019). ...
... Yang (2019) This paper studies the potential applications, future improvements and factors influencing the intentions to adopt blockchain-based technologies in maritime shipping SCs. Integration with IoT and industry 4.0 134 Benčić et al. (2019) In this paper, authors use the amalgamation of distributed ledger technology and IoT in SCM. 135 Cho et al (2017) It introduces an efficient method of rule-based voting for non-dependent transaction to overcome low throughput of transactions and block generation rate. ...
Blockchain is a technology with unique combination of features such as decentralized structure, distributed notes and storage mechanism, consensus algorithm, smart contracting, and asymmetric encryption to ensure network security, transparency and visibility. Blockchain has immense potential to transform supply chain (SC) functions, from SC provenance, business process reengineering to security enhancement. More and more studies exploring the use of blockchain in SCs have appeared in recent years. In this paper, we consider a total of 178 articles and examine all the relevant research done in the field associated with the use of blockchain integration in SC operations. We highlight the corresponding opportunities, possible societal impacts, current state-of-the-art technologies along with major trends and challenges. We examine several industrial sectors such as shipping, manufacturing, automotive, aviation, finance, technology, energy, healthcare, agriculture and food, e-commerce, and education among others that can be successfully revamped with blockchain based technologies through enhanced visibility and business process management. A future research agenda is established which lays the solid foundation for further studies on this important emerging research area.
... This includes Warehouse Management System (WMS), Transportation Management System (TMS), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), Auto-ID technologies, Global Positioning System (GPS) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and barcode (Barbosa & Musetti, 2010). It stated that RFID, biometrics (iris recognition, gait, facial, voice and fingerprinting), barcodes, smart cards, optical character recognition (OCR) and sensor technologies for temperature, humidity, vibration, pressure, location and others are all under the Auto-ID systems (Bencic et al., 2019). Barcode systems, RFID, and sensor technologies are Auto-ID systems that are suitable and compatible with the logistics industry. ...
... The diversify logistics activities such as pickup, tracking, delivery, unloading and loading and customer complaints can be supported by the application of barcodes (Nier et al., 2020;Barbosa & Musetti, 2010). Due to its low cost, user friendly and simplicity, barcodes systems make the application of certain technologies such as RFID systems are limited (Bencic et al., 2019). ...
This research aims to ascertain the application of the quick response (QR) code technology as the marketing tools among third-party logistics (3PLs) companies in Malaysia. This study adopted a qualitative research approach by conducting an in-depth interview with five respondents who are experienced in 3PLs services. The supply chain management with the 7Ps marketing mix act was applied as the guiding principle. The findings revealed that the interaction between consumers and 3PLs companies made easy and swift by the enabling application of mobile technology related to QR code. QR code enables to support both 3PLs and logistics industry towards competitive advantage. Growth of the market share, profit-revenue and sales by utilizing the application of QR code with the linkage of social media is imperative to establish the company brand and reputation. This study has a significant implication for both 3PLs companies and academicians to further explore the practices and its application in a different organization setting.
... They can be stored in online wallets or used to purchase goods and services (Al-Mohamadi 2020). Network nodes verify transactions before they are added to the ledger, preventing counterfeiting (Benčić et al. 2019). People might want to use digital currencies to avoid the hassles and fees associated with traditional payment systems (Okeke et al. 2021). ...
This study aims to explain consumers' attitudes toward digital currency and their intention to use it with perceived trust, risk, usefulness, and ease of use. Data were obtained from 801 people through an online survey. Structural equation modeling and Process Macro were run to analyze the obtained data statistically. According to the statistical analysis results, while the trust factor affects the risk negatively, it positively affects the usefulness and attitude. Usefulness and risk have mediating role in the effect of trust on attitude. In addition, although the effect of usefulness on attitude is significant, the effect of risk on attitude is not significant. Attitude affects the intention to use it. Ease of use has a moderating role in this effect. At low, medium, and high values of ease of use, the attitude has conditional effects on the intention to use. Although there are many international studies on the adoption and use of digital currencies, few studies investigate the predictions of consumers' digital currency use in developing countries. This study contributes to the literature by raising awareness about digital currencies in developing countries. This study also fills an important gap in monitoring consumers' predictions about digital currency use in developing countries. In the context of the digital currency issue and the theoretical background of this study, it was seen that the variables evaluated in this study were not evaluated together in previous studies. It has been successfully explained that the original research model of this study has structural validity. As a result, the relationship between the variables was successfully explained.
... Blockchain-based SCM systems are also used for enterprise [14], drug traceability [15], general purpose deployments [16], pharma tracking [17], and agricultural food supply tracking via reinforcement learning & safety management [18,19,20] with highly efficient deployments. A combination of these models is discussed in [21], wherein distributed ledger technology (DLT) based tagging is performed to improve overall SCM performance. Extended applications of blockchains for SCM are further discussed in [22,23,24], wherein technical products SCM, data sanitization based SCM, and enhanced logistics based SCM are discussed in details. ...
Storing& processing data for supply chain management (SCM) systems requires design of high-security and quality of service (QoS) aware models. These modelsassist in improving traceability performance of SCM deployments via integration of transparent & distributed mechanisms. A wide variety of security models are proposed by researchers to perform these tasks, and it is observed that blockchain-based SCM implementations outperform other models in terms of security & QoS metrics.But most of these implementationsare general-purpose and do not incorporate SCM-specific consensus & mining rules. It is also observed that, mining speed& throughput performance of these blockchain-based implementations reduces exponentially w.r.t. number of SCM transactions. To resolve these issues, this paper discusses design of a novel Proof-of-Supply Chain (PoSC) based consensus model, which is specifically designed for sidechain based SCM deployments. The PoSC consensus model is used for high-efficiency SCM-based data storage and communication scenarios. The proposed PoSC consensus model is capable of resisting selfish mining, time jacking, and sybil attacks, which are targeted towards SCM deployments. The model uses temporal performance metrics of miner nodes, and combines them with relationship graphs to form an SCM miner rank. Based on this rank, miner nodes are selected, and their consensus responses are recorded. These responses are processed using an augmented deep learning model, that is trained over 8 different SCM implementations via machine learning. After successful mining, responses obtained from these miners are used to incrementally train the machine learning model which assists in continuous performance improvement. The SCMBQA model was tested on milk supply chain, agriculture supply chain, and electronic supply chain applications, in terms of computational speed, throughput, energy requirement, retrieval & verification delay, and storage requirements. It was observed that the proposed PoSC consensus was capable of improving the computational speed by 8.5%, reduce energy consumption by 4.9%, improve throughput by 9.6%, and reduce storage costs by 15.4% when compared with standard blockchain-based SCM consensus models. This is because the proposed model deploys an intelligent sidechaining approach, that is capable of optimizing number of generated sidechains via temporal QoS & security performance metrics. Due to use of smaller chain lengths, the proposed model is capable of integrating privacy-aware & secure approaches depending upon different SCM stages. Thus, distributor-level security models are different than retailer-level security models, which assists in context-sensitive block deployments. Due to use of PoSC, the proposed model was observed to be 99.5% resilient against internal and external attacks, which makes it useful for real-time SCM deployments.
... Decentralized networks reduce the level of trust that participants must place in one another, and dissuade them from exerting control over one another. Each member has the exact same copy of distributed ledger and data is only added through group consensus, therefore it increases the Level of Trust [14]. Decentralization would also make the solution more fault tolerant. ...
Security is one of the main concerns when designing
future 6G networks. Most of the components of service chains
are software-based and their security must be ensured. In this
work we propose a system that will check the level of trust of
6G services following 3 complementary approaches: attestation,
generation of proofs of transit and usage of smart contracts whose
execution will be published via Distributed Ledger Technology
in order to enable their traceability. The service orchestration
function will use reinforcement learning to formulate optimised
service orchestration decisions. Services will be specified in a
declarative model, following a privacy-aware flavour of intentbased
networking. The proposed architecture will take into account
privacy of every stakeholder: final users, service providers
and infrastructure providers.
... Bencic, F. M. et al., proposed a smart tag, called a DL-tag, which is used to track products during their lifecycle. The tags contain QR codes and the system implements a blockchain [46]. Compared with RFID, the cost of deploying a QR code system is much lower. ...
Tracing food products along the entire supply chain is important for achieving better management of food products. Traditionally, centralized traceability systems have been developed for such purposes. One major drawback of this approach is that different users of the supply chain have their own systems with their own complexities and distinct features; thus, the interaction among them creates challenges when implementing a single centralized system. Therefore, a decentralized traceability system is favorable for tracing food products along the supply chain. In this study, we develop a supply chain traceability system framework based on blockchain and radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. The system consists of a decentralized blockchain-enabled data storage platform for data management and an RFID system at the packaging level for data collection and storage. We applied a consortium blockchain to the application. Fabric 2.0 in Hyperledger was chosen as the development platform. The proposed blockchain-enabled platform can provide decentralized data management and its underlying algorithm can guarantee data security. The system includes a creatively designed blockchain-enabled data structure in the RFID tag. When people scan the tag, the relevant information is written in the tag as a block linked to the previous blocks; simultaneously, the information is transmitted to the blockchain platform and recorded on the platform. No battery is required and the system works when there is an RFID reader nearby. The usage conditions included shipment, stocking, and storage. The RFID tag can be directly attached to paper packaging. This approach embeds the blockchain technique into the RFID tag and develops a corresponding system. The new traceability system has the potential to simplify the tracking of products and can be scaled for industrial use.
... The users throughout its value chain can interact with product instances and their digital twins, typically through the use of smart tags based on QR code, RFIDs, etc [10]. Blockchain provides means for implementing decentralized, trustworthy, and immutable data storage in a form of distributed ledger technology (DLT) [11]. This paper discusses considerations and requirements relevant implementation of a blockchain-based transparency and data provenance platform for the use in wine industry. ...
The food market is changing dramatically in the last century as the world population is growing with the unprecedented pace. The wine industry is recognized as part of both agriculture and food industry, but also as a commodity. Developments in information technology and digitalization are playing a major role in the introduction of new solutions in agriculture and food production. The idea is to improve productivity of farms and vineyards, improve quality of agriculture products by optimizing irrigation, pesticide usage, and overall efficiency of the process. Furthermore, the consumer awareness about food products, its quality and origin, is on the constant rise. The information about the product throughout the whole "farm-to-fork", or in this case "vineyard-to-glass", value chain needs to be collected and utilized by all the participating stakeholders, in order to get a better, healthier, and more affordable product. This paper address the considerations related to implementation of a blockchain-based transparency and data provenance in the food value chain, more specifically with a focus on the wine industry.
... In their suggested system, every supply chain party can check the condition of the products and the agreement to the prescriptive about the hygienic-sanitary circumstances on the chain. Matteo [25] presented a DL-Tags solution based on IoT and blockchain that allows privacypreserving, decentralized, and verifiable management of commodities labeled with Smart Tags. All the product consumers and stakeholders can check its authenticity without disclosing their identity. ...
Supply chain management (SCM) is essential for a company’s faster, efficient, and effective product life cycle. However, the current SCM systems are insufficient to provide product legitimacy, transaction privacy, and security. Therefore, this research proposes a secure SCM system for the authenticity of the products based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technology. The IoT-enabled Quick Response (QR) scanner and the blockchain-integrated distributed system will allow all the SCM stakeholders to begin secure and private transactions for their products or services. Resulting, the consumer will receive an authentic and genuine product from the original producer. A lightweight asymmetric key encryption technique, i.e., elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and Hyperledger Fabric-based blockchain technology with on-chain smart contracts are applied for distributed IoT devices to make the authentication process faster and lighter. Each SCM stakeholder is registered by the service provider and receives corresponding public and private keys, which will be used for the authentication process of the participants and IoT devices. The authenticated QR scanner records all transactions on the blockchain. Consequently, there will be no human intervention for the SCM transactions. The security and scalability analysis demonstrates that the proposed system is more secure and robust than other state-of-the-art techniques.
... The article details the DL-Tags solution alongside the analysis of expenditures involved concerning every transaction that is implemented towards the Ethereum blockchain. Furthermore, the recommended solution offers evidence about the product's basis as well as its achievements in the supply chain to avoid tag repetition and exploitation [9]. ...
The Public Distribution System (PDS) distributes the subsidized food and non-food items to poor populations through fair price shops (FPS). The PDS has been criticized for its urban bias and its failure to serve the underprivi-leged sections of the community effectively. The Current system manual-based data management and ledger management gives rise to much corruption in the process of extricating the poor from those who are less needy. There are chances for the block market because of the current methodology of data management. This article proposes a blockchain technology-based smart ration shop system that uses immutable smart contract-based transactions to overcome the issues. The proposed mechanism will provide more transparency and enable access to all the transactions by everyone. The system utilizes IoT technology for asset track-ing while moving the food items from distribution centers to a particular ration shop, which avoids malpractice during the transportation of the goods. Voice-based and text-based user-friendly interfaces in local languages were also devel-oped to provide an effective interaction and improve the usability of the system. The performance of the proposed blockchain network is evaluated and reported.
... Ontologies were used for blockchain design to determine food supply provenance (Kim et al., 2018). BT is proposed as a way to organise records in a distributed manner by means of consensus mechanism (Gao et al., 2018;Ben ci c et al., 2019). ...
This paper aims to explore the potential of blockchain technology (BT) to support the operational excellence in PFSC during outbreaks by doing use-case analysis.
A systematic literature review is performed to determine the dimensions of operational excellence in the food supply chain (FSC), then a single use-case analysis is conducted to explore the potential of blockchain in order to achieve operational excellence for perishable food supply chain (PFSC) during the pandemics by applying context, interventions, mechanism and outcomes (CIMO-logic).
The findings of this study reveal that blockchain capabilities such as immutability & transparency, visibility, traceability, integration & interoperability, disintermediation & decentralisation, smart contracts, and consensus mechanism provide better sustainable operational excellence outcomes for PFSCs to be more responsive, flexible, efficient, and collaborative to cope with the impacts of COVID-19.
This research employs only one real case with multiple PFSC participants. Statistical generalization is not possible at this stage of the research. However, the findings are not restricted to this single use-case.
This study provides a research direction to explore the potential of BT to achieve operational excellence in the PFSC during outbreaks and generates prescriptive knowledge for better managerial decision-making across the PFSC during outbreaks.
This research conducts semi-structured interviews with different participants in one blockchain ecosystem to understand multiple participants’ perspectives of operational excellence within PFSC.
... Smart contract [25][26][27] was coded with Solidity, 28 which is a high-level smart contract-oriented programming language for writing the smart contract clauses; in Fig. 5, the structure of the smart contract code is shown. ...
Due to the exponential growth in the use of systems with applications of blockchain technology, this paper develops a funding system, with donations and offers of shares, through the Ethereum platform with blockchain technology. Given the benefits that blockchain provides data protection and has high security, this paper offers a decentralized donation expert system using smart contracts that makes fully reliable donation systems to attract more funds to this urgent global health issue. Smart contracts provide faithful donations and meet the characteristics of being versatile, accessible, and sustainable to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. This expert system found the Merkle grid as an optimum method to work efficiently on the blockchain. The expert system proved to be steady and efficient by using an essential test dataset. A reliable donation system expects more donors and investors since a sustainable and reliable approach is always a milestone. The primary purpose of developing this system is to attract donors to bring down the COVID-19 pandemic by providing a faithful donation system.
... The outcomes of this research pointed out the issues involving the reliability of complex and large-scale IoT systems. [47] There are several drawbacks associated with the typical supply chain management systems since they are inefficient in maintaining a trusted transaction ledger to satisfy many stakeholders' trust-based requirements in the traditional supply chain. ...
Food supply chain process comprises crops collection, processing of food, shipping & delivery to the whole seller in the market. Harvested foods decompose from the moment they are harvested due to attacks from enzymes, oxidation, and microorganisms. These include bacteria, mold, yeast, moisture, temperature, and chemical reaction. The spoilage of fresh food has increased over time due to the multistage slow food supply chain process. The identification, traceability, and real-time tracking of goods in supply chains have always been a challenge. The advent of the Internet of Things and cloud computing has brought a new approach to the food supply chain process for better cooperation among supply chain partners. The supply chain management (SCM) benefit greatly through automation based on key technologies of IoT, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). These technologies collect the data relevant to the food supply chain system, such as identifying tag-possessed objects or individuals and sensing capabilities of the surrounding environment. However, the collected data can be tempered or modified by attackers to provide false information about environmental conditions. They can destroy or damage the product due to false identification of dynamic environmental conditions. Furthermore, the current automation systems in industry-based retail logistics and SCM do not provide efficient solutions for monitoring the quality of perishable products with integrated solutions. This research aims to develop a secure monitoring and reporting system based on IoT to update the quality of the perishables along with the SCM with a focus on transportation without any human intervention.
... On the other side, blockchain provides trusted data verification and there is no single party that can be designated as an administrator. The use of blockchain in supply chain has already shown promising results in multiple pilot and commercial implementations around the world [16]. It can be implemented as a system for storing information about products or storing records of transactions between partners in supply chain. ...
This paper describes an effort to utilize IoT, OCR, and blockchain technology to create wine track and trace system evaluated in a real-life environment. The research is focused on digital transformation in traditional wine supply chain, using computer vision to read the existing serial numbers labeled on bottles, so as to uniquely identifying individual bottles of wine and track the item life-cycle. The system provides mobile app to allow end consumers to scan each wine bottle and learn more about that particular product instance, its origin, authenticity, rating and potentially other characteristics. Status of each bottle is updated every time it has been scanned. To ensure the transparency of the recorded data and information immutability, the blockchain technology is used to record all relevant information into the ledger, e.g. all status updates for each item. The developed service enables tracking of a bottle throughout the supply chain, from a producer to a consumer, where traceability story is still not finalized. The consumed serial numbers are kept in the ledger, to avoid counterfeit scenario when one "bottle" (i.e. one serial number) is being sold multiple times. The life-cycle of bottle and its status changes are recorded, and the authenticity ensured facilitating verifiable identity of the authorized handlers and cutting edge cryptography, thus providing additional trust in the solution and transparency to all stakeholders. Index Terms-Blockchain, computer vision, digital transformation, track and trace, optical character recognition.
... The proposed solution provides evidence of the product's origin and its journey across the supply chain while preventing tag duplication and manipulation. It is among the first documented practical solutions using DLT and IoT for supply chain management, which is designed to be distributed ledger agnostic[17].Tantidham, T., & Aung, Y. N. (2019, March) introduced an emergency service system for Home Service Providers that utilizes smart contracts on Ethereum blockchain to handle the access control of untrusted public services for IOT enable smart homes. ...
... BCT (Peck, 2017), whether P1a P1b P2a P2b P2c P2d P6a P6b P7a P7b P7c P7d Chen et al . (2017) x x x x x Feng (2017) x x x x x x x Augusto et al . (2019) x x x x x x x Figueroa et al . (2019) x x x x x x x Wang.S et al . (2019) x x x x x x x Kshetri and Loukoianova (2019) x x Hua et al . (2018) x x x x x x Anjum et al . (2017) x x Zaerens (2018) x Benčić et al . (2019) x x x x x Verhoeven et al . (2018) x x x x x Tseng et al . (2018) x x x x Dasaklis and Casino (2019) x Arumugam et al . (2018) x x x x Rejeb et al . (2019) x x x x x Francisco and Swanson (2018) x x x x x Kshetri and Voas (2019) x x Sander et al . (2018) x x x x x x Hawlitschek et al . (2018) x x x x Fernández-Caramés et al . (2019) x x ...
Accepted: https://journal.oscm-forum.org/journal/forthcoming
Applying blockchain technology for information sharing in supply chain is driven by many factors, but developing trust is one of the most proposed. However, trust is a multidimensional, intangible concept without an agreed-upon definition. Whereas some argue that trust is the main driver of blockchain technology, others have found a negative relationship. This study focuses on how applying blockchain in supply chain management can influence trust and proposes a corresponding research agenda. Trust and blockchain technology discussions are scattered throughout the literature. Thus, a systematic literature review was performed based on a developed conceptual trust framework. This study discovered a gap in linking trust theories to blockchain technology applications especially in supply chain management, and provided insights into trust's reciprocal nature. Current literature strongly expects trust as a consequence for blockchain adoption if considered in the technology. Simultaneously, trust in supply chain partners is strongly expected as an antecedent to blockchain because it requires openness in information sharing. Thus, propositions and agenda for future research are suggested. The research is limited to literature findings due to the immaturity and low scalability of blockchain technology adoption; however, the most reviewed articles in less than two years old, increase the results' accuracy.
... • Digital identity: cryptographic keys for user identification on a blockchain platform are in the hands of individuals, so the owner of a digital asset representing user identity is the user himself, as long as he/she controls his/her private keys. • Tokenization: tokens represent digital assets bound to existing physical items for purposes of origin provenance, supply chain management [60], intellectual property, anti-counterfeiting, and fraud detection. Another way to think about tokens is as digital bearer bonds or ownership of access rights on a software platform. ...
The success of the sustainable transformation of the energy sector, both in terms of planning and operation, relies on new entities, business models, and technologies. The shift from a relatively small number of centralized bulk producers and single direction energy flow to a decentralized multi-actor renewable system with a two-way flow of energy and multi-way flow of information needs to be accompanied by new technological solutions. Blockchain and other Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) represent a new technology for the energy sector, creating both opportunities and challenges for different aspects of energy systems, such as energy production, peer-to-peer (P2P) energy markets, green certificate registries, etc. Due to its decentralized nature and no need for intermediaries, DLT can facilitate energy democratization processes and decentralized energy production. In this paper, we present a systematic review of DLT principles, its theoretical background, and the most notable implementations, as well as an in-depth analysis of representative research projects and companies researching DLT use cases in the energy sector, taking into consideration technical aspects of DLT. We provide an insight into the benefits and limitations of DLT and identify technical challenges that need to be solved to enable widespread usage of DLT in energy systems. Additionally, we provide suggestions and guidelines for implementing DLT in different categories of use cases in the energy sector.
... Federico Matteo et al. [19] proposed to prevent the product duplication and track the product from origin to destination in the supply chain life cycle. That is some of the smart tags (i.e., NFC/RFID/QR CODE) used in the supply chain management enhanced by the Internet of Things (IoT). ...
Blockchain is a distributed open ledger that is used to record the transaction across many computers. Blockchain technology can be applied in any domain such as banking, healthcare, real estate, travel, food, and supply chain. Blockchain allows us to have a distributed peer to peer networks, so it provides security and privacy. Example: Bitcoin. To enhance the Supply chain management using in the blockchain using some unique tags (Example: RFID/NFC/QR Code) tags describe the information about products and track the products. This paper discusses the blockchain in supply chain management to eliminate the disadvantages of the supply chain in the life cycle. In order to provide the solution of supply chain management to using these unique tags to get all details for manufacturing date/expiry date, etc., from the manufacturer side so no can alter this tag for the manufacturer to build a trustworthy of wholesaler/retailer/consumer for using the special tags.
... Federico Matteo et al. [19] proposed to prevent the product duplication and track the product from origin to destination in the supply chain life cycle. That is some of the smart tags (i.e., NFC/RFID/QR CODE) used in the supply chain management enhanced by the Internet of Things (IoT). ...
Blockchain is a distributed open ledger that is used to record the transaction across many computers. Blockchain technology can be applied in any domain such as banking, healthcare, real estate, travel, food, and supply chain. Blockchain allows us to have a distributed peer to peer networks, so it provides security and privacy. Example: Bitcoin. To enhance the Supply chain management using in the blockchain using some unique tags (Example: RFID/NFC/QR Code) tags describe the information about products and track the products. This paper discusses the blockchain in supply chain management to eliminate the disadvantages of the supply chain in the life cycle. In order to provide the solution of supply chain management to using these unique tags to get all details for manufacturing date/expiry date, etc., from the manufacturer side so no can alter this tag for the manufacturer to build a trustworthy of wholesaler/retailer/consumer for using the special tags.
... These papers serve as references for other applications in various industries, especially the agricultural sector [86], [87], [88]. Later, research interests moved toward the discussion of blockchain system design [89], security and privacy issues [90]- [93], credit evaluation [94], and governance [95], [96]. Evidence from pilot studies has urged scholars to examine blockchain's role in meeting SCM objectives [97]. ...
This study aims to explore the current status, potential applications, and future directions of blockchain technology in supply chain management. A literature survey, along with an analytical review, of blockchain-based supply chain research was conducted to better understand the trajectory of related research and shed light on the benefits, issues, and challenges in the blockchain-supply-chain paradigm. A selected corpus comprising 106 review articles was analyzed to provide an overview of the use of blockchain and smart contracts in supply chain management. The diverse industrial applications of these technologies in various sectors have increasingly received attention by researchers, engineers, and practitioners. Four major issues: traceability and transparency, stakeholder involvement and collaboration, supply chain integration and digitalization, and common frameworks on blockchain-based platforms, are critical for future orientation. Traditional supply chain activities involve several intermediaries, trust, and performance issues. The potential of blockchain can be leveraged to disrupt supply chain operations for better performance, distributed governance, and process automation. This study contributes to the comprehension of blockchain applications in supply chain management and provides a blueprint for these applications from the perspective of literature analysis. Future efforts regarding technical adoption/diffusion, block-supply chain integration, and their social impacts were highlighted to enrich the research scope.
... It is also more secure as information is shared in a distributed manner [49]. DLT is currently being used in many applications such as finance [50], smart cities [51], [52], supply chain [53], [54], public sector [55], healthcare [56], [57], vehicular network [58], and Internet-of-Things [59]. ...
Prosumer concept and digitilization offer the exciting potential of microgrid transactive energy systems at distribution level for reducing transmission losses, decreasing electric infrastructure expenditure, improving reliability, enhancing local energy use, and minimizing customers' electricity bills. Distributed energy resources, demand response, distributed ledger technologies, and local energy markets are integral parts of transaction energy system for emergence of decentralized smart grid system. Hence, this paper discusses transactive energy concept and proposes seven functional layers architecture for designing transactive energy system. The proposed architecture is compared with practical case study of Brooklyn microgrid. Moreover, this paper reviews the existing architectures and explains the widely known distributed ledger technologies (blockchain, directed acyclic graph, hashgraph, holochain, and tempo) alongwith their advantages and challenges. The local energy market concept is presented and critically analyzed for energy trade within a transactive energy system. This paper also reviews the potential and challenges of peer-to-peer and community-based energy markets. Proposed architecture and analytical review of distributed ledger technologies and local energy markets pave the way for advanced research and industrialization of transactive energy systems.
The application of graph analytics to various domains has yielded tremendous societal and economical benefits in recent years. However, the increasingly widespread adoption of graph analytics comes with a commensurate increase in the need to protect private information in graph data, especially in light of the many privacy breaches in real-world graph data that was supposed to preserve sensitive information. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of private graph data release algorithms that seek to achieve the fine balance between privacy and utility, with a specific focus on provably private mechanisms. Many of these mechanisms are natural extensions of the Differential Privacy framework to graph data, but we also investigate more general privacy formulations like Pufferfish Privacy that address some of the limitations of Differential Privacy. We also provide a wide-ranging survey of the applications of private graph data release mechanisms to social networks, finance, supply chain, and health care. This survey paper should benefit practitioners and researchers alike in the increasingly important area of private analytics and data release.
For the last decade, businesses and industries have been facing difficulties in tracking their products. During the supply chain process, the attackers add their counterfeit products into the market along with legitimate products. With the increase in the number of counterfeits entering the open market, it is hard to discover the source of the counterfeit product. Most of the existing anti-counterfeit solutions are centralized. However, current solutions lack in anti-counterfeiting, decentralization, auditing, transparency, traceability, and tag cloning. To mitigate these issues, we proposed a Blockchain-based Anonymous Anti-Counterfeit (BA2C) supply chain framework that exploits Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and blockchain technologies. The proposed model streamlined all the transactions through Ethereum, a blockchain-based platform with the support of Proof of Authority (PoA) consensus. Furthermore, the confidentiality of transactions is gained by incorporating zk-SNARKS on the Ethereum blockchain. In this work, the proposed model was tested in terms of transaction cost, latency, and throughput. Further, it was compared with the existing system and was found to perform better transactions in the supply chain management in terms of lower cost and higher scalability. This work concluded that the proposed model was more appropriate to evaluate the critical issues of the supply chain.
The dawn of the crypto age has highlighted the potential of blockchain technology in an array of functions for multiple industries. Blockchain technology disrupts existing architecture by offering an efficient and decentralized data management platform. It provides a potential solution to current health information technology problems. The strengths of blockchain are interoperability, data accuracy, security, and transparency. Its weaknesses include a lack of standardization, accessibility, ownership, and change management. Applications in healthcare include revenue cycle management, physician credentialing, electronic health records, and supply chain management, although potential government regulation and internal attacks pose threats to its wider adoption.
Food inventory network process involves crops assortment, handling of food, transporting and conveyance to the entire dealer on the lookout. Reaped food sources disintegrate from the second they are collected due to assaults from chemicals, oxidation, and microorganisms. These incorporate microscopic organisms, form, yeast, dampness, temperature, and substance response. The deterioration of new food has expanded over the long haul because of the multistage slow food inventory network process. The ID, detectability, and constant following of products in supply chains have forever been a test. The approach of the Internet of Things and distributed computing has brought another way to deal with the food store network process for better participation among store network accomplices. The inventory network the executives (SCM) benefit extraordinarily through mechanization dependent on key advancements of IoT. Keywords: IoT, Food Supply, Tracking, Food Safety, Distributed Computing
Supply Chain processes are continuously marred by myriad factors including varying demands, changing routes, major disruptions, and compliance issues. Therefore,
supply chains require monitoring and ongoing optimization. Data science uses real-time data to provide analytical insights, leading to automation and improved decision
making. RFID is an ideal technology to source big data, particularly in supply chains, because RFID tags are consumed across supply chain process, which includes
scanning raw materials, completing products, transporting goods, and storing products, with accuracy and speed. This study carries out a systematic literature
review of research articles published during the timeline (2000-2021) that discuss the role of RFID technology in developing decision support systems that optimize
supply chains in light of Industry 4.0. Furthermore, the study offers recommendations on operational efficiency of supply chains while reducing the costs of implementing
the RFID technology. The core contribution of this paper is its analysis and evaluation of various RFID implementation methods in supply chains with the
aim of saving time effectively and achieving cost efficiencies.
Initial Crypto-Token Offering (ICO) strategy has worked so far to fund any project. In this scheme, the ICO launches a token playing the role of a stockholder’s share; the more the people buy tokens, the more the funding for the projects. The stakeholders also earn money if the project gains more reliability and more people buy this token. In other words, an ICO strategy works based on either selling or buying of tokens in the areas of security, utility, equity, etc. However, this paper’s focus is only on using oracles and Hyperledger, which means that there is no need to launch a token, instead it uses the network blockchain benefits, particularly oracles and the Ethereum virtual machine, i.e. not the Ethereum blockchain platform but its virtual machine. Since this is a proposal for governmental or corporate usage, the Hyperledger and oracles strategy fits better for this application. Funds for this use-case are gathered in the healthcare field, specifically to reduce the COVID-19 pandemic. The system’s reliability is the core for attracting investors and donors to fund the system if it guarantees that resources will get to the right destiny. DAPP is based on a smart contract aligned with the smart societies concept to ensure system sustainability.
Adopting digital technologies in a business can help with sustainable supply chain management. These technologies can make e-commerce development faster and empower the emergence of B2B e-commerce businesses. In this study, our focus was to develop a framework for an Internet of things (IoT) embedded sustainable supply chain to deliver textile items using a B2B e-commerce business model. We formulated a mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) model to minimize the total supply chain cost, including the B2B orders’ packaging, handling, and transportation, with carbon emission taxation. Furthermore, the purchasing cost of the RFID tags and IoT facilities that were provided on the transport vehicles was high. The proposed model was solved by using the global solver in the LINGO software package and finding the optimized value of the total supply chain network cost. We tested the proposed model in different case scenarios, i.e., small- to significant-sized problems. Then, a sensitivity analysis was performed to observe the variations in the overall cost of the supply chain network when there were changes in the main parameters of the proposed model. The results of the models showed that models can be helpful for efficient logistics planning and supply chain design.
There is no doubt that the emergence of the blockchain gained the great attention of companies and developers. In contrast, the individual blockchain platform building from scratch is complicated and costly. Therefore, different services were dedicated to supporting the developers, such as blockchain platforms, cloud service providers, blockchain simulators, and testing tools. However, due to the massive existing blockchain platforms and services providers, the selection for the blockchain platform constitutes a challenging factor for the developers. In this paper, the utilized blockchain platforms in supply chain systems are reviewed and studied the main factors that play a crucial role in selecting a suitable blockchain platform. Hence, due to the abundance of emerging blockchain platforms, the focusing will be limited to the popular open-source blockchain platforms, namely that have been utilized successively in supply chain systems. Consequently, the state-of-the-art was studied and analyzed, where the finding reported that Ethereum and Hyperledger platforms are the most usable in such area.
The increasing population and income inequality in the last decades have made it necessary to focus on the concept of sustainability. In the changing world order, with economic crises, instabilities, pandemics, and social media, sustainability awareness differs significantly from past years. In addition, developing new technologies and concepts (big data, blockchain, IoT, robotic, etc.) plays a crucial role in meeting social awareness in terms of sustainability. Food sustainability is also one of the most important pillars in this concept. The integration of new technologies in agriculture and food chains will enable the current world population to use resources more efficiently and sustainably. Blockchain, one of the technologies that emerged with the arrival of Industry 4.0, is a technology that can be used effectively in many sectors. Particularly in supply chain networks, it is seen as a technology that supports the sustainability concept due to its features such as decentralization, reliability, transparency, consensus standards, and traceability. However, since blockchain is an immature and new technology, there are some challenges with integrating it into existing conventional systems. This study aims to present a conceptual framework for the integration of blockchain technology to establish a sustainable tea supply chain, define possible actions, and prioritize the possible risks that may arise in this integration process; this will be done through the Spherical Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (SF‐AHP) approach. In this context, initially, the current tea supply chain will be considered and the activities carried out will be defined in terms of technological, environmental, and strategic sustainability. Then, the design that includes the integration of all activities with blockchain technology is presented. The proposed design covers the entire tea supply chain from end to end and is considered with regard to all sustainability dimensions. In the proposed framework, barriers that may be encountered and risks that may arise at each stage of the tea supply chain process are identified; managerial implications are then presented to eliminate these risks. To enhance the use of the recommendations made, risks and barriers are prioritized with SF‐AHP management. Thus, the problems that need to be solved primarily in the technological transformation process can be evaluated more clearly. The proposed theoretical framework is expected to extend to all agricultural practices and support technological advances throughout the agricultural sector.
Blockchain, a relatively recent technological breakthrough, has been spreading like wildfire with reports of adoption extending across industries. Although most popularly known in the context of cryptocurrencies, this technology's true strength lies in its ability to disrupt existing, traditional industries. It can be used to run any form of exchange, agreement (trust), or tracking processes. The capability to negotiate decentralized trust is key to its application in SCM. Holding the capacity to transform SC functionality, blockchain technology creates possibilities for security and redundancy mechanisms that are foundational for a revolutionary new approach to SCM. While aiming to explore the incumbent status, potential applications, and future directions of blockchain technology, this study iterates that its advent opens up new and exciting ways to implement a variety of different modern technological systems. The writers offer an overview of what an efficient SCM system should entail, with the aim to overcome any existent limitations via the application of blockchain technology.
The internet of things paradigm is growing rapidly. In fact, controlling this massive growth of Cloud globally raises new security and privacy issues. The traditional resource classification mechanisms provide security to Cloud systems. However, these mechanisms are based on central authority management, which raises some issues such as the absence of scalability, single point of failure, and lack of privacy. This paper presents this technical design with consideration of the technical classification in terms of scalability and cloud processing and analytics. A case study was used to illustrate how the technical classification is achieved by applying the proposed technical design to the classification for the cloud. In addition, we provide Integrated and resource classifications using machine learning for cloud. Finally, we highlight challenges and future research directions in developing decentralized Integrated and resource classification for the cloud in Cloud systems.
In supply chain management the necessity for data transparency is very essential as it is key to create trust between retailers and customers. But data managed by centralized controllers face several vulnerabilities and security threats like data breaches, data confidentiality, and many more. Blockchain is a digital and distributed ledger has acquired great popularity in recent years, due to its security, immutability, and transparency in data. It solves many challenges like keeping the data secure by using cryptographic algorithms. It is a decentralized ledger for recording, managing, storing, and transmitting data in a peer-to-peer network. This paper aims to provide a brief survey on the magnification of security in supply chain operations using blockchain, further indicating the challenges encountered during the integration. The work presents a descriptive study of past literature on blockchain for intensifying security in supply chain operations by examining the features provided by blockchain technology. Further, the paper provides an insight into how blockchain is transforming the business by providing safe and automated solutions. Additionally, this paper highlights the motivation behind using blockchain technology in supply chain management. Further, the work investigates how leveraging blockchain can help in overcoming vulnerabilities and avoiding fraudulent activities in the traditional supply chain. Finally, the paper highlights the uses of the blockchain-based business and enumerates the related future research directions.
This paper describes a novel solution for counterfeit prevention and brand protection in the wine industry. The presented approach combines Internet of Things, Cloud, and Mobile technologies with the use of custom designed smart tags applied to each bottle of wine in order to provide food track and trace capabilities. The smart tags combine QR code with additional information printed with an invisible photochromatic ink. The tags are activated by flashlight on mobile devices during the scanning. Before scanning, users are prompted to select the context of the wine bottle (in store, sold, consumed) in order to provide additional information about each bottle as it moves through the supply chain. This information is used by the custom-made heuristic to help users and wine makers detect issues with individual instances of the product. The system was implemented as a pilot project that was executed during a period of 6 months. End users showed a great interest in the possibility to implement such a system, consumers liked the interaction with the product using the mobile app and smart tags, while wine makers expressed their interest in the solution. Besides counterfeit that affects profit, the benefits of such systems include improved brand protection and reduced risk of health hazards.
Supply chains have become increasingly complex, making it difficult to ensure transparency throughout the whole supply chain. In this context, first approaches came up, adopting the immutable, decentralised, and secure characteristics of the blockchain technology to increase the transparency, security, authenticity, and auditability of assets in supply chains. This paper investigates recent publications combining the blockchain technology and supply chain management and classifies them regarding the complexity to be mapped on the blockchain. As a result, the increase of supply chain transparency is identified as the main objective of recent blockchain projects in supply chain management. Thereby, most of the recent publications deal with simple supply chains and products. The few approaches dealing with complex parts only map sub-areas of supply chains. Currently no example exists which has the aim of increasing the transparency of complex manufacturing supply chains, and which enables the mapping of complex assembly processes, an efficient auditability of all assets, and an implementation of dynamic adjustments.
A supply chain is getting an advantage from the technology’s lucidity, less transaction expenses, and real-time data applications. Internet of Things (IoT) and Blockchain technology (BT) has gain remarkable attention by academician and industrial practitioner in recent years as these pair is disrupting a lot of businesses now. BT enables transactional security while IoT connects the physical and digital world with apps and sensors. In this study, a systematic literature review (SLR) is performed to explore the application of integrated IoT-BT in the supply chain and its implementation challenges. The different technologies listed are grouped into the supply chain 's five functional fields i.e., responsiveness, intelligence, deductive, surveillance and operational excellence. The result reveals that IoT-BT is mostly used for surveillance purposes and to achieve operational excellence.
Modern industry 4.0 applications are shifting towards decentralized automation of computing and cyber-physical systems (CPS), which necessitates building a robust, secure, and efficient system that performs complex interactions with other physical processes. To handle complex interactions in CPS, trust and consensus among various stakeholders is a prime concern. In a similar direction, consensus algorithms in blockchain have evolved over the years that focus on building smart, robust, and secure CPS. Thus, it is imperative to understand the key components, functional characteristics, and architecture of different consensus algorithms used in CPS. Many consensus algorithms exist in the literature with a specified set of functionalities, performance, and computing services. Motivated from these facts, in this survey, we present a comprehensive analysis of existing state-of-the-art consensus mechanisms and highlight their strength and weaknesses in a decentralized CPS applications. In the first part, we present scope of the proposed survey and identify gaps in the existing surveys. Secondly, we present the review method and objectives of the proposed survey based on research questions that address the gaps in existing studies. Then, we present a solution taxonomy of decentralized consensus mechanisms for various CPS applications. Then, open issues and challenges are also discussed in deploying various consensus mechanism in the CPS with their merits and demerits. The proposed survey will act as a road-map for blockchain developers and researchers to evaluate and design future consensus mechanisms, which helps to build an efficient CPS for industry 4.0 stakeholders.
The Blockchain technology has revolutionized the digital currency space with the pioneering cryptocurrency platform named Bitcoin. From an abstract perspective, a blockchain is a distributed ledger capable of maintaining an immutable log of transactions happening in a network. In recent years, this technology has attracted significant scientific interest in research areas beyond the financial sector, one of them being the Internet of Things (IoT). In this context, the Blockchain is seen as the missing link towards building a truly decentralized, trustless and secure environment for the IoT and, in this survey, we aim to shape a coherent and comprehensive picture of the current state-of-the-art efforts in this direction. We start with fundamental working principles of blockchains and how blockchain-based systems achieve the characteristics of decentralization, security, and auditability. From there, we build our narrative on the challenges posed by the current centralized IoT models, followed by recent advances made both in industry and research to solve these challenges and effectively use blockchains to provide a decentralized, secure medium for the IoT.
Blockchain as a new technique has attracted attentions from industry and academics for sharing data across organizations. Many blockchain-based data sharing applications, such as Internet of Things devices management, need privacy-preserving access services over encrypted data with dual capabilities. On one hand, they need to keep the sensitive data private such that others cannot trace and infer sensitive data stored in the block. On the other hand, they need to support fine-grained access control both from time and users’ attributes. However, to the best of our knowledge, no blockchain systems can support time-bound and attributes-based access with high efficiency. In this article, we propose a privacy-preserving Internet of Things devices management scheme based on blockchain, which provides efficient time-bound and attribute-based access and supports key automatic revocation. The analysis and experiments show that our scheme is quite efficient and deployable.
The paradigm of Internet of Things (IoT) is paving the way for a world where many of our daily objects will be interconnected and will interact with their environment in order to collect information and automate certain tasks. Such a vision requires, among other things, seamless authentication, data privacy, security, robustness against attacks, easy deployment and self-maintenance. Such features can be brought by blockchain, a technology born with a cryptocurrency called Bitcoin. In this paper it is presented a thorough review on how to adapt blockchain to the specific needs of IoT in order to develop Blockchain-based IoT (BIoT) applications. After describing the basics of blockchain, the most relevant BIoT applications are described with the objective of emphasizing how blockchain can impact traditional cloud-centered IoT applications. Then, the current challenges and possible optimizations are detailed regarding many aspects that affect the design, development and deployment of a BIoT application. Finally, some recommendations are enumerated with the aim of guiding future BIoT researchers and developers on some of the issues that will have to be tackled before deploying the next generation of BIoT applications.
Driven by successful pilot projects in supply chain and logistics, Blockchain has become one of the industry's latest technology hypes. In this paper, we cut through the hype and shed light on the expectations of industry professionals towards the benefits and challenges of Blockchain. Also, we categorize current Blockchain applications that are expected to provide tangible benefits for supply chain and logistics processes. To explore such potentials, we argue that companies should gain own first-hand experiences through small-scale experiments.
Circular modes of production, known as the circular economy, are welcomed in political and business circles to overcome the shortcomings of traditional linear operating models. Academic literature on the circular economy is nascent however and little attention is given to supply chain management implications, regardless of the relevance of supply chain innovation towards a more resource efficient and circular economy. Based on a review of the literature, this article presents preliminary propositions concerning implications for the development of what we term 'circular supply chains', defined here as the embodiment of circular economy principles within supply chain management. Our propositions are based on the following arguments: a) a shift from product ownership to leasing and access in supply chain relationships; b) the relevance of structural flexibility and start-ups in regional/local loops; c) open and closed material loops in technical and biological cycles; d) closer collaboration within and beyond immediate industry boundaries; and e) public and private procurement in the service industry as a lever for the scaling up of circular business models. We discuss what these circular economy principles mean in terms of supply chain challenges and conclude with limitations and future research agenda.
This paper highlights the interplay between Circular Economy and Internet of Things, and identifies novel ways in which this interaction can drastically change the nature of products, services, business models and ecosystems. It emphasizes the potential of novel circular economy business models and service supply chains to unlock synergies in order to generate direct value for customers/end-users and to augment resource productivity across economies. Furthermore, we sketch an open, circular-by-design IoT architecture, where "smart" IoT objects are integrated in the IoT ecosystem with proven key circularity-enabling properties to maximize IoT resource and data harvesting in a new breed of circular-by-design IoT ecosystems.
IF YOU HAVE read about bitcoin in the press and have some familiarity with academic research in the field of cryptography, you might reasonably come away with the following impression: Several decades' worth of research on digital cash, beginning with David Chaum,10,12 did not lead to commercial success because it required a centralized, bank-like server controlling the system, and no banks wanted to sign on. Along came bitcoin, a radically different proposal for a decentralized cryptocurrency that did not need the banks, and digital cash finally succeeded. Its inventor, the mysterious Satoshi Nakamoto, was an academic outsider, and bitcoin bears no resemblance to earlier academic proposals.
Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize applications and redefine the digital economy.
The new technology Bitcoin has got a lot of attention since it was presented in late 2008 and implemented early 2009. However, the main attention has been to the currency and not so much the underlying blockchain technology. This paper argues that we need to look beyond the currency and investigate the potential use of the blockchain technology to enable smarter governments by utilizing the secure, distributed, open, and inexpensive database technology. The technology is discussed in the perspective of an information infrastructure to investigate its full potential. After a literature review of Bitcoin publications, with a special emphasis on eGovernment literature, the paper presents a relevant use case highlighting the innovation potential of the new technology. The literature review shows that Bitcoin is absent from the e-Government literature. The use case presented shows that Bitcoin could be a promising technology for validating many types of persistent documents in public sector.
Motivated by the recent explosion of interest around blockchains, we examine whether they make a good fit for the Internet of Things (IoT) sector. Blockchains allow us to have a distributed peer-to-peer network where non-trusting members can interact with each other without a trusted intermediary, in a verifiable manner. We review how this mechanism works and also look into smart contracts-scripts that reside on the blockchain that allow for the automation of multi-step processes. We then move into the IoT domain, and describe how a blockchain-IoT combination: 1) facilitates the sharing of services and resources leading to the creation of a marketplace of services between devices and 2) allows us to automate in a cryptographically verifiable manner several existing, time-consuming workflows. We also point out certain issues that should be considered before the deployment of a blockchain network in an IoT setting: from transactional privacy to the expected value of the digitized assets traded on the network. Wherever applicable, we identify solutions and workarounds. Our conclusion is that the blockchain-IoT combination is powerful and can cause significant transformations across several industries, paving the way for new business models and novel, distributed applications.
A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending. We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network. The network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work. The longest chain not only serves as proof of the sequence of events witnessed, but proof that it came from the largest pool of CPU power. As long as a majority of CPU power is controlled by nodes that are not cooperating to attack the network, they'll generate the longest chain and outpace attackers. The network itself requires minimal structure. Messages are broadcast on a best effort basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the longest proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone.
TagItSmart—SmartTags for unlocking business potential
- S Georgoulas
- S Krco
- R Van Kranenburg
S. Georgoulas, S. Krco, and R. van Kranenburg, "TagItSmart -smarttags
for unlocking business potential," IEEE IoT Newsletter, November
2017. [Online]. Available: https://iot.ieee.org/newsletter/september-2017/
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Understanding Bitcoin
- P Franco
P. Franco, "The Blockchain," Understanding Bitcoin, pp. 95-122, 2014.
A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform
- V Buterin
V. Buterin, "A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform," Etherum, no. 1, pp. 1-36, 2014.
Public Versus Private Blockchains. Part 1: Permissionless Blockchains
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BitFury Group and J. Garzik, "Public versus Private Blockchains. Part 1:
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Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger
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G. Wood, "Ethereum: a secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger," Ethereum Project Yellow Paper, pp. 1-32, 2014.
TagItSmart—SmartTags for unlocking business potential
- georgoulas
First purpose built protocol for supply chains based on blockchain
- rakic
The Blockchain-Understanding Bitcoin
- P Franco
First purpose built protocol for supply chains based on blockchain
- B Rakic
- T Levak
- Z Drev
- S Savic
- A Veljkovic