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A pilot study on wheat grass juice for its phytochemical, nutritional and therapeutic potential on chronic diseases

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International Journal of Chemical Studies 2014; 2(4): 27-34
P-ISSN 2349–8528
E-ISSN 2321–4902
IJCS 2014; 2(4): 27-34
© 2014 IJCS
Received: 06-11-2014
Accepted: 12-12-2014
M. Chauhan
Department of chemistry, Girand
Singh Memorial Degree College,
Pilakpur Shyoram (Dilari)
Moradabad (U.P.) India
Correspondence:
Dr. Mukul Chauhan (Ph.D)
Department of chemistry,
Girand Singh Memorial Degree
College, Pilakpur Shyoram
(Dilari) Moradabad (U.P.) India.
A pilot study on wheat grass juice for its
phytochemical, nutritional and therapeutic
potential on chronic diseases.
M. Chauhan
Abstract
Triticum aestivum (Wheat grass juice) has high concentrations of chlorophyll, amino acids, minerals,
vitamins, and enzymes. Fresh juice has been shown to possess anti-cancer activity, anti-ulcer activity,
anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity, anti-arthritic activity, and blood building activity in Thalassemia.
It has been argued that wheat grass helps blood flow, digestion, and general detoxification of the body
due to the presence of biologically active compounds and minerals in it and due to its antioxidant
potential which is derived from its high content of bioflavonoids such as apigenin, quercitin, luteoline.
Furthermore, indole compounds, amely choline, which known for antioxidants and also possess chelating
property for iron overload disorders. The presence of 70% chlorophyll, which is almost chemically
identical to haemoglobin. The only difference is that the central element in chlorophyll is magnesium and
in hemoglobin it is iron. In wheat grass makes it more useful in various clinical conditions involving
hemoglobin deficiency and other chronic disorders ultimately considered as green blood.
Keywords: Antioxidant, Anti-cancer activity, Wheat Grass juice, Haemoglobin, Triticum aestivum,
enzymes, vitamins, nutrients.
1. Introduction
Modern science has already accepted the potential of herbs as a source of new bio-active
constituents.
Triticum aestivum Linn. Commonly called wheat grass, belonging to the family: Gramineae. [1]
Triticum is a genus of annual and biennial grasses. In early growth stages the wheat plant
consists of a much-compressed stem or crown and numerous narrowly linear or linear-
lanceolate leaves, yielding various types of wheat, native to southwest Asia and the
Mediterranean region and widely cultivated almost all over the world. Generally, 15-20
species are recognized. Wheat grass is a good source of mineral nutrients. It contains
significant amounts of iron, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, copper & zinc. Wheatgrass
is a rich source of tocopherols with high vitamin E potency.
The presence of 70% chlorophyll, which is almost chemically identical to haemoglobin. Both
chlorophyll and hemoglobin share a similar atom structure to create their respective molecules.
[2] The only difference is that the central element in chlorophyll is magnesium and in
hemoglobin it is iron [3] Wheat grass stimulates metabolism, restores alkalinity to the blood, its
abundance of alkaline minerals helps reduce over acidity in the blood. Wheatgrass is also a de-
toxificant and helps restore healthy cells [4].
Wheat grass, young grass of the common wheat plant, is freshly juiced or dried into powder
for animal and human consumption- both the forms provide chlorophyll, 17 amino acid, eight
of which are essential minerals, vitamins and enzymes [5]. Wheat Grass Juice (WGJ) is an
extract squeezed from the mature sprouts of wheat seeds.
Wheatgrass has been traditionally used, since ancient times, to treat various diseases and
disorders. Presently, there are a number of heat grass suppliers, in almost all cities of India,
supply fresh wheatgrass, on daily basis to their regular customers by home-delivery system for
various ailments and as health tonic. Dr. Ann Wigmore, U.S.A. founder director of the
Hippocrates Health Institute, Boston, U.S.A. was one of the proponents of ‘Wheatgrass
Therapy’. Dr. Wigmore reported that “wheatgrass” used in her program contain abscisic acid
and laetrile, both of which may have anti-cancer activity. It was also reported that young
grasses and other chlorophyll-rich plants are safe and effective treatment for ailments such as
high blood pressure, some cancers, obesity, diabetes, gastritis, ulcers, pancreas and liver
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International Journal of Chemical Studies
problems, fatigue, anemia, asthma, eczema, hemorrhoids, skin
problems, halitosis, body odor and constipation [6]. Scientific
reports on nutritional analysis of wheatgrass have been
published frequently in various journals. [7, 8] These reports and
chemical analyses undertaken reveal that wheatgrass is rich in
chlorophyll, minerals like magnesium, selenium, zinc,
chromium, antioxidants like beta-carotene (pro-vitamin A),
vitamin E, vitamin C, anti-anemic factors like vitamin B12,
iron, folic acid, pyridoxine and many other minerals, amino
acids and enzymes, which have significant nutritious and
medicinal value. Clinically it was proved that different
varieties of wheatgrass extracts are therapeutically used in
treatment of anemia, thalassemia (major), cancer and bacterial
diseases [9].
The supplement is available commercially in liquid, powdered
or concentrated forms, depending on the supplier and can be
consumed on its own, or mixed with fruit juices. Wheatgrass
juice has been shown to have some medicinal value; a review
of the scientific literature found studies reporting high levels of
antioxidants [10, 11, 12]. It has demonstrated anti-cancer
properties both in-vitro and in-vivo, [13, 14, 15, 16] and has been
found to reduce the frequency of blood transfusions in
thalassemia patients [17, 18]. Scientific studies regarding the
health benefits of chlorophyll have shown anti-cancer effects
in animal models, and studies have been extended to human
subjects. Two studies published in 2005 and found that
chlorophyll inhibited haem-induced cytotoxicity and reduced
epithelial cell turnover (hypoproliferation) in rat colons [19, 20].
2. Phytochemistry
The name "green blood" of wheatgrass is attributable to its
high chlorophyll content which accounts for 70% of its total
chemical constituents [21, 22]. Wheatgrass juice is a rich source
of Vitamins A, C, E and B complex. It contains a plethora of
minerals like calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, alkaline earth
metals, potassium, zinc, boron, and molybdenum. The various
enzymes responsible for its pharmacological actions are
protease, amylase, lipase, cytochrome oxidase,
transhydrogenase, super oxide dismutase (SOD). The other
notable feature of wheatgrass is its high proportion of amino
acids such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, ala-nine
and serine. [23]
The major clinical utility of wheatgrass juice is due to its
antioxidant action which is derived from its high content of
bioflavonoids like apigenin, quercitin and luteolin. Other
compounds present, which make this grass therapeutically
effective, is the indole compounds, apigenin and
laetrile. [Figure 1] and [Figure 2]. The different constituents of
wheatgrass occurring in different proportions are represented
in [Table 1 and 2] [21].
Fig 1: Structure of Apigenin
Fig 2: Structure of Laetrile
Fig 3: Structure of Chlorophyll Molecules
Fig 4: Structure of Tetra Pyrrole Head of Hemoglobin
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International Journal of Chemical Studies
Table 1: Levels of Vitamins and Minerals in 100 ml of Wheat Grass
Juice. [23]
Vitamins & minerals Amount (mg/100 ml)
Ascorbic acid 25.2
Dehydroascorbic acid 7.6
Vitamin E 8.5
Carotene 2.43
Potassium 57
Phosphorus 8.2
Calcium 2.4
Sulfur 2.37
Magnesium 1.7
Sodium 1.42
Aluminum 0.31
Zinc 0.02
Copper 0.007
Table 2: The Contents of Amino Acids in Wheat Grass Juice. [23]
Amino acid Amount (μg/ml)
Aspartic acid 510.3
Threonine 105.8
Serine 201.8
Asparagine 3039.6
Glutamine 200.6
Proline 33.6
Glycine 20.6
Alanin 166.4
Valine 272.1
Methionine 14.0
Isoleucine 145.1
Leucine 101.0
Tyrosine 121.8
Phenylalanine 200.9
Lysine 174.5
Histidine 232.2
Tryptophan 160.1
Arginine 252.9
In a study conducted to determine the elemental concentration
profile of wheatgrass using instrumental neutron activation
analysis, it was found that the concentration of elements such
as K, Na, Ca and Mg increased linearly in the shoots with the
growth period, whereas the concentrations of the elements
namely Zn, Mn and Fe remained constant in shoots after 8th
day of plant growth for all three conditions of growth.
However, it was observed that the shoot to root concentration
ratio in all the conditions increased linearly for K, Na, Ca, Mg
and Cl and decreased for Zn, Fe, Mn, and Al with growth
period [24].
3. Therapeutic-potential
i) Chlorophyll as green blood
The analogy between chlorophyll and hemoglobin can be
demonstrated with respect to the structure of their porphyrin
heads. [Figure 3] and [Figure 4] The structure of both the
compounds depicts a striking similarity in having a
tetrapyrrole ring structure, the only difference between the two
being the nature of the central metal atom - magnesium (Mg)
in chlorophyll and iron (Fe) in hemoglobin. The apparent
resemblance between the two is thus considered to be
responsible for the therapeutic effects shown by chlorophyll in
conditions involving deficiency of hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin and its congeners are protein bodies which act as
the oxygen carrier in higher animals by binding two electrons
attached to the oxygen molecule, whereas chlorophyll is the
active metabolic agent in plants which assimilates carbon from
the carbon dioxide of the atmosphere by producing two
electrons which are then transmitted through electron transport
chain. The structural similarity between the two compounds is
stipulated to be the reason behind the limited use of
chlorophyll as a blood substitute in conditions like chronic
anemia, tissue hypoxia, thalassemia and other hemolytic
disorders etc.
ii) Blood building activity in Thalassemia major
Beta-thalassemia is a genetically inherited disorder that arises
due to abnormal beta globin chains which are required for the
synthesis of adult hemoglobin (HbA). The characteristic
deficiency of beta globin chains, seen in thalassemia results in
the production of abnormal red blood cells (RBCs) having a
preponderance of alpha globin chains. This leads to destruction
of such RBCs in the spleen and a decreased number of RBCs
in the blood. Individuals with thalassemia may continue to
produce gamma globin chains in an effort to increase the
amount of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) and compensate for the
deficiency of HbA [25]. Thus, induction of fetal hemoglobin in
thalassemia can improve the patient's clinical condition. Drugs
exhibiting this function like hydroxyurea are not used
conventionally due to lack of specificity and greater degree of
side effects [26] 3-5 fold increase in the production of HbF on
consumption of wheatgrass has been reported using a cellular
assay. This has now been confirmed by the development of a
specific assay method for HbF, which is based on detecting its
production in human erythroleukemia cells using a fluorescent
protein gene that replaces the genes for HbF [27]. The level and
speed of induction of HbF by the wheatgrass extract is
significantly greater than any of the pharmaceutical inducers
available. Chlorophyll extracted from the wheatgrass plant or
its synthetic derivative chlorophyllin has also been implicated
in this clinical condition. The antioxidant mechanism of the
various wheatgrass constituents may be responsible for the
beneficial effects. The enhanced anti-oxidative capacity of the
RBCs may prolong the survival time of not only the newly
formed cells, but also of the transfused RBCs [28]. In a clinical
study, wherein the thalassemic patients were administered
wheatgrass juice on a daily basis, the following conclusions
were drawn -
a. 50% patients showed up to 25% reduction in transfusion
requirement.
b. The mean time interval between transfusions increased to
29.5%
c. Hemoglobin levels were not compromised by reducing
transfusion volumes.
d. The patients reported general well-being, improved
appetite and reduced musculo-skeletal aches and pains [17].
iii) Adjuvant therapy in haemolytic anemia
It was seen that wheatgrass juice therapy decreased the total
volume of blood transfused and increased the intervals
between blood transfusions of the entire study cohort. These
analyses suggested that not only is this therapy effective, but
also that the benefit is related to the duration of the wheatgrass
juice therapy. The beneficial effects of this therapy have been
attributed to its rich nutritional content that includes
antioxidant vitamins (C & E) and bioflavonoids. The effects of
the wheatgrass juice therapy may be due to the action of
natural antioxidants of red blood cell (RBC) antioxidant
function and corresponding effects on cellular enzyme
function and membrane integrity. This thought is supported by
studies that show decreased antioxidant capacities of RBCs of
patients with hemolytic disorders as well as beneficial effects
on RBC life-span by supplementation of antioxidants in vivo
[29].
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International Journal of Chemical Studies
The response to this therapy took some months (called as the
"neutral period") which may suggest that the natural
antioxidants contained in the wheatgrass juice are better able
to avert cellular injury than to repair RBC
enzymes/membranes once damaged. Hence, RBCs, once
damaged, would be cleared from the circulation by the re-
ticuloendothelial system as they would prior to the onset of
this therapy, but newly formed RBCs would not be damaged
and would have a longer life-span. While clinical trials are
currently underway to find suitable blood substitutes for
patients needing blood transfusions, they may not be readily
available in developing countries nor would they be preferable
to natural therapies aimed at preserving a patient's own RBCs.
Therefore, wheatgrass juice and other nutritional therapies
may be considered as an adjuvant to drug therapy.
iv) Anticancer activity
Wheat grass juice is alternative medicine (CAM) approach of
anticancer therapy, due to its high antioxidant content
chlorophyll, laetrile and antioxidant enzyme super oxide
dismutase (SOD) which converts dangerous free radical
reactive oxygen species (ROS) into hydrogen peroxides
(having extra oxygen molecule to kill cancer cells) and an
oxygen molecule [30].
Chlorophyll, like other tetra-pyrroles, has the ability to induce
mammalian phase 2 proteins that protect cells against oxidants
and electrophiles. The capacity of this compound to induce the
phase 2 response depends upon its ability or that of its
metabolites to react with thiol groups. Its pseudo second-order
rate constant is correlated with its potency in inducing the
phase 2 enzyme NAD (P) H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1)
in murine hepatoma cells One of the most potent inducers was
isolated from chlorophyllin, a semisynthetic water-soluble
chlorophyll derivative. Although chlorophyll itself is low in
inducer potency, it may nevertheless account for some of the
disease-protective effects attributed to diets rich in green
vegetables like wheatgrass because it occurs in much higher
concentrations in these plants. [31]
Another constituent of wheatgrass implicated as an anticancer
agent is the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA). This hormone
is 40 times more potent 4 hours after cutting the wheatgrass
plant. ABA can neutralize the effect of the hormone chorionic
gonadotropin and a compound similar to this hormone has
been found to be produced by the cancer cells [32].
A novel anticancer approach utilizes high alkalinity in the
cancer chemotherapy. Firstly, an alkaline diet helps to reduce
the number of microbes in the diet. This attenuates the
incidence of secondary infections to a certain degree in the
patient. Secondly, the cancer cells succumb in a highly
alkaline environment. As the pH of the wheatgrass juice is
around 7.4, it is being considered a viable option under this
approach [33]. Other postulated mechanisms by which
wheatgrass juice appears beneficial include antioxidant
activity in preventing oxidative damage to deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) and lipid peroxidation, stimulation of gap junction
communication, effects on cell transformation and
differentiation, inhibition of cell proliferation and oncogene
(cancer causing gene) expression, effects on immune function
and inhibition of endogenous formation of carcinogens.
[34]
Furthermore, chlorophyll derivatives have also been found to
provide beneficial effects in liver, colon, stomach and
gastrointestinal cancer cases [35, 36, 37, 38]. In vitro studies with
chlorophyllin on animal model have shown that chlorophyllin
is an inhibitor of the cytochrome P-450 liver enzymes [39]. All
in vivo (whole animal) studies where cytochrome P-450
enzyme activity is reduced, resulting in lower cancer rates and
longer lifespan. [40]
Aqueous extracts of wheatgrass are good sources of
antioxidants. Significant antioxidant activity was demonstrated
by in vitro studies [11]. The clinical studies conducted on human
breast cancer have shown that chlorophyllin, a compound that
is similar to chlorophyll produced synthetically, has capability
to reduce the risk of breast cancer [41].
In another in vitro study it was found that wheat sprout extract
inhibited the metabolic activation of carcinogens and
decreased their cancer causing ability by up to 99 percent. [42]
v) Anti-ulcer activity
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on
WGJ [42] observed that the use of wheat grass
(Triticumaestivum) juice is very effective and safe as asingle
or adjuvant treatment of active distal Ulcerative colitis (UC).
Green juice and fractions from green juice of young barley
leaves containing water soluble proteins and water soluble
organic compounds showed anti- stomach ulcer activity in
stressed rats. In another clinical study related to the use of
water-soluble derivatives of chlorophyll in over 400 cases over
a period of nine months, several major effects, notably: loss of
odour associated with infected wounds; a stimulating effect on
tissue formation (granulation tissue) when used as a dressing
particularly for burns; and a drying effect in the case of
abscesses, sinus tracts, surface lesions and osteomyelitis were
observed. The results of the study showed that chlorophyll was
found effective in treatment of cyst wounds, fistula-in-ano,
sarcoma/carcinoma, ulcerative colitis, thoracic empyema,
gunshot wound sinus tracts, decubitus ulcer and burns.
Further, it has been observed that in fractures of limbs
chlorophyll reduced odour and enhanced healing, in some
cases with exceptional results, e.g. legs saved from seemingly
inevitable amputation. These clinical studies suggest that
chlorophyll may be best agent known for use in the treatment
of suppurative diseases, indolent ulcers or wherever
stimulation of tissue repair is desired [43, 44]. Which are believed
to possess both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties
as it is rich in bioflavonoid. One of these bioflavonoid,
apigenin, has been shown to inhibit tumour necrosis factor
induced transactivation [42, 45].
In another study chlorophyll was used in an experiment with
cutaneous wounds in guinea pigs, and in treating dermatome
donor sites, clinical burns and surgical wounds and ulcers in
human patients [47]. The studies related to the use of
chlorophyll in stimulating tissue growth have shown that
chlorophyll ointment and aqueous solutions are useful in the
treatment of skin ulcer [48].
Further chlorophyll derivatives have also been shown to
exhibit anti-inflammatory, wound healing and odor reducing
capabilities. Chlorophyllin has bacteriostatic properties aiding
in wound healing, and stimulates the production of
hemoglobin and erythrocytes in anemic animals. It has been
used to treat various kinds of skin lesions, burns and ulcers
where it acts as a wound healing agent, stimulating granulation
tissue and epithelization [21, 49].
vi) Antioxidant activity
The antioxidant activity of wheatgrass extract was observed at
various levels of protection such as primary and secondary
radical scavenging and inhibition of free radical induced
membrane damage. This can possibly be explained on the
basis of its chemical content. It has been shown that these
extracts contain significant amounts of phenolic compounds
including flavonoids. Recently it was shown that during
germination, some biologically active compounds were
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International Journal of Chemical Studies
synthesized in the wheat sprouts [50, 51, 52]
Wheat sprouts reached the maximum antioxidant potential
after 7 days of plant growth. Wheatgrass, in general, has been
reported to possess therapeutic properties in diseases such as
ulcerative colitis and thalassaemia major [17, 42] In addition to
this, wheat sprout extracts were found to be antimutagenic in
the Ames test [53] capable of inhibiting oxidative DNA damage
[10] and responsible for metabolic deactivation of carcinogens
[54].
Many of the studies showed that water extracts of wheatgrass
are a good source of antioxidants. In view of its antioxidant
potential and the ease with which it can be home-grown under
known environmental conditions, wheatgrass extracts can be
used as a dietary supplement for antioxidant compounds such
as polyphenols and flavonoids [24].
vii) Detoxifying Activity
The vitality of liver is of high concern for the overall well-
being of an individual as it is the major organ implicated in
detoxification. In addition to the stimulating and regenerative
properties of chlorophyll, other constituents of wheat-grass
juice like choline and its high mineral content are responsible
for the therapeutic benefit. In a study conducted to observe the
effect of choline on liver, it was seen that choline prevents the
deposition of fats in the experimental animals' liver when they
were administered a diet rich in cholesterol [55].
Choline promotes the removal of the esters of both cholesterol
and glycerol, with the effect on the glyceride fraction
preceding that on the cholesterol esters. The lipotropic action
of choline is attributed to its in vivo conversion to an active
compound which is retained within the hepatic cells and
enhances the oxidation of fatty acids and formation of tissue
lecithins. The latter effect augments lipoprotein synthesis,
which acts as a transport form of fatty acids in plasma and thus
helps in removal of lipids from a fatty liver [56].
It has been demonstrated experimentally that the dietary
indoles like indole-3-carbinole and ascorbigen increase the
activity of phase I and phase II xenobiotic metabolic enzymes
in the liver and intestinal mucosa [57]. Thus the in-dole
compounds of wheatgrass may have a role in the deactivation
of carcinogens.
viii) Anti-arthritic activity
In a study to see the effect of uncooked vegetarian diet rich in
lactobacilli, in rheumatoid patients randomized into diet and
control groups, it has been observed that and uncooked
vegetarian diet, rich in lactobacilli, decreased subjective
symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. The studies indicated that
the following group of dietary factors was partially (48%)
responsible for the observed decrease in the disease activity
index: fermented wheat drink, wheat grass drink, dietary fiber
and iron. The studies showed significant response in arthritic
patients [58, 59].
ix) Anti-inflammatory activity
Wheat grass juice exhibit anti-inflammatory, wound healing
and odor reducing capabilities. Chlorophyllin has
bacteriostatic properties aiding in wound healing, and
stimulates the production of hemoglobin and erythrocytes in
anemic animals. It has been used to treat various kinds of skin
lesions, burns and ulcers where it acts as a wound healing
agent, stimulating granulation tissue and epithelization [48].
4. Ways to Treat Some Common Aliments:
i) Internal Rejuvenation
Wheat protein, which comprises up to eight per cent of the
grain, has a special benefit as it has eight of the essential
amino acids in delicately balanced proportions. A complete
internal rejuvenation takes place when Wheat protein is
metabolized into health-building amino acids. These amino
acids build a resilient muscle that comes back to its original
form after stretching and bending, healthy skin and hair and
clearer eyesight and nourish the heart and lungs, tendons and
ligaments, brain, nervous system and glandular network. The
B-complex vitamins, especially thiamine, riboflavin and niacin
offered by natural brown Wheat promote youthful energy and
nourishment to the skin and blood vessels. An abundance of
minerals in natural brown Wheat helps to nourish the
hormonal system, heal wounds and regulate blood pressure.
Wheat also offers iron to enrich the bloodstream and
phosphorus and potassium to maintain internal water balance
along with other nutrients. Wheat, thus helps restore internal
harmony [60, 61, 62].
ii) Tooth Disorders
Wheat is valuable in the prevention and cure of pyorrhea. It
takes time to eat wheat and as it is generally taken with other
foods, it compels the chewing of other foods also. This not
only provides the needed exercise for the teeth and gums but
also a great aid to digestion. Wheatgrass juice acts as an
excellent mouth wash for sore throats and pyorrhea. It also
prevents tooth decay and tooth aches. Therefore, it is
beneficial to chew wheat grass which draws out toxins from
the gums and thus checks bacterial growth.
iii) Constipation
The bran of wheat, which is generally discarded in milling of
the flour, is more wholesome and nourishing than the flour
itself. It is an excellent laxative. The laxative effects of bran
are much superior to those fruits or green vegetables as
cellulose of the latter is more easily broken down by bacteria
while passing through the intestine. The bran is highly
beneficial in the prevention and treatment of constipation due
to its concentration of cellulose, which forms a bulk-mass in
the intestines and helps easy evacuation due to increased
peristalsis.
iv) Skin Diseases
It has been scientifically proved that chlorophyll arrests
growth and development of harmful bacteria. Wheat grass
therapy can be effectively used for skin diseases and ulcerated
wounds as by retarding bacterial action, it promotes cell
activity and normal re-growth by drinking wheatgrass juice
regularly, an unfavourable environment is created for bacterial
growth. Poultice of wheatgrass juice can be applied on the
infected area, as it is an able sterilizer. Externally, wheat flour
is useful as a dusting powder over inflamed surface as in
burns, scalds and various itching and burning eruptions, Whole
wheat flour, mixed with vinegar, boiled and applied outwardly
removes freckles.[48]
v) Digestive System Disorders
Wheat grass juice used as an enema helps detoxify the walls of
the colon. The general procedure is to give an enema with
lukewarm or Neem water. After waiting for 20 minutes, 90 to
120 ml of wheat grass juice enema is given. This should be
retained for 15 minutes. This enema is very helpful in
disorders of the colon, mucous and ulcerative colitis, chronic
constipation and bleeding piles [63]
vi) Circulatory Disorders
The chlorophyll content present in wheat enhances heart and
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International Journal of Chemical Studies
lung functions. Capillary activity also increases while toxemia
or blood poisoning is reduced. Due to increased Iron content in
the blood and hemoglobin, lungs function better. Oxygenation
improves and the effect of carbon dioxide is minimized. It is
for this reason that wheatgrass juice is prescribed for
circulatory disorders [64].
vii) For Treating Boils
Boils having pus can be easily treated at home without the help
of a surgeon’s knife. Pound a little Alse (available at shops) to
a fine powder. Take a tablespoon of wheat flour and fry it in a
little oil to a golden colour. Add ground Alse along with a
tablespoon of water. Keep on stirring until the mixture turns
thick. Remove from fire and place it on a clean strip of cloth.
When the mixture turns bearably hot, spread it over the cloth
and bandage the boil. Within a day or two, the boil will burst,
giving instant relief. Clean the boil with warm water to which
a little boric has been added and then apply sulphur ointment
and bandage. Clean the wound and apply the ointment daily
until the wound heals.
viii) For Treating Scars
To remove scars roast wheat on fire until it turns black. Grind
to paste. Put in a thin cloth and squeeze out the oil. Apply on
the scars regularly for relief. Even itching disappears with this
oil.
5. Conclusion
Widespread data from a number of studies has made known
the multitude effects of Wheatgrass is known to help diminish
fatigue, improve sleep, increase strength, naturally regulate
blood pressure and blood sugar, support weight loss, improve
digestion and elimination, support healthy skin, teeth, eyes,
muscles and joints, improve the function of our heart-lungs
and reproductive organs, heal ulcers and skin sores, slow
cellular aging, improve mental function, and is beneficial in
arthritis and muscle cramping, thalassemia, hemo-lytic anemia,
cancer, asthma, allergy, inflammatory bowel disease and
detoxification. Thus, it should be made part of daily dietary
intake in order to explore its utmost benefits. The structural
homology of chlorophyll with hemoglobin indicates the role of
chlorophyll as a blood builder in various clinical conditions
involving hemoglobin deficiency - thus the name "green
blood". To conclude wheatgrass seems to be very promising
herbal drug and extensive research work is needed in order to
explore its therapeutic application in various diseases.
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... Past studies have so far revealed wheat grass to contain about 70% chlorophyll which is almost chemically identical to haemoglobin with the only difference seen in the central element containing magnesium and haemoglobin in chlorophyll and haemoglobin respectively. Therapeutic effect of wheat grass has been applied in the treatment of anaemia, thalassemia among other diseases due to the fact that wheat grass contains higher proportions of various nutritional elements as discussed above; such as chlorophyll, amino acids, minerals, phytochemicals, vitamins and enzymes (Chauhan, 2014). By consuming foods rich in chlorophyll the haemoglobin levels of subjects has been found to increase (Kulkarni et al., 2007;Rana, Kamboj and Gandhi, 2011;Payal et al., 2015).Vitamin B6, B12, is important in haemoglobin formation, and their deficiency has been linked to anaemia. ...
... The capacity of this compound to induce the phase 2 response depends upon its ability or that of its metabolites to react with thiol groups. It is effective in inducing the phase 2 enzyme NAD (P) H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) (Chauhan, 2014). Chlorophyll is low in inducer potency, but it may play some role in the disease-protective effects attributed to diets rich in green vegetables like wheatgrass because it occurs in much higher concentrations in the plants. ...
... The antioxidant activity of wheat grass extract has been studied based on its chemical content and found to contain phenolic compounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids which have been found to inhibit free radical induced membrane damage (Chauhan, 2014). Wheat grass is a rich source of minerals which include magnesium, selenium, zinc, chromium. ...
Article
The paper explores basics of wheat grass cultivation and health enhancing ability. Wheat grass has been of high interest to cancer functional food researchers, pharmacologists and biochemists and natural cure reactionaries due to its involvement in heavy metal chelation, anti-carcinogenic agent, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-anaemic activity among other functions. The juice, tablet or powder is the key forms that the grass is consumed. Previous studies have shown that wheat grass is effective anti-anaemic agent which has given it the name green blood. In this review, we focused on wheat grass as a functional food with respect to its ability to manage/control or prevent a range of diseases in respect to its components.
... Fifteen pounds (6.81 kg) of wheatgrass juice has a comparable nutritional value to 350 pounds (158.9 kg) of leafy greens and vegetables (Mujoriya, and Bodla, 2011). Wheatgrass is known to help diminish fatigue, improve sleep, increase strength, naturally regulate blood pressure and blood sugar, support weight loss, improve digestion and elimination, support healthy skin, teeth, eyes, muscles, and joints, and improve the function of our heart and lungs and reproductive organs, heal ulcers and skin sores, slow cellular aging, improve mental function, and is beneficial in arthritis and muscle cramping, thalassemia, hemolytic anemia, cancer, asthma, allergy, inflammatory bowel disease and detoxification (Chauhan, 2014). Despite the health benefits of wheatgrass consumption, its acceptance and use is still low worldwide. ...
... Wheatgrass juice contains a plethora of minerals like calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, alkaline earth metals, potassium, zinc, boron, and molybdenum (Padalia et al., 2010). Wheatgrass is a good source of mineral nutrients as it contains significant amounts of iron, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, copper, and zinc (Chauhan, 2014). Wheatgrass juice powder (WJP) had significantly higher K and Mg content as compared to pulse juice powder (PJP). ...
... It is also a natural source of antibiotic elements (Roshan et al., 2021). Padalia et al. (2010) and Chauhan (2014) found 3.64 and 25.2 mg/100 mL, respectively, of vitamin C contents in the wheatgrass juice. Abe Tullo (2022) also reported 36.35 and 31.65 mg/100g of vitamin C in wheatgrass juice of ogolcho and kingbird varieties, respectively. ...
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The main aim of this review is to provide an overview of the nutrient contents and health benefits of grain wheat for wheatgrass juice. Wheatgrass juice is the young grass of the common wheat plant (Triticum aestivum) freshly juiced for human consumption. Wheatgrass growing and preparation of its juice in our homes in both rural and urban areas is easy and convenient. Wheatgrass is grown in trays to preserve its quality when delivered to food establishments. When the wheatgrass reached a height of above 7 inches, they are cut a half inch above the surface of the soil and harvested for wheatgrass juice production after 8 days from grain sowing or 13 days from grain soaking. The wheatgrass juice is extracted by manual or electric juicer and filtered to remove the suspended matter. Wheatgrass juice is a complete food that contains chlorophyll, proteins, minerals like K, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, P, and S, vitamins such as A, B, C, and E, bioflavonoids, enzymes, and 17 forms of amino acids. The pH factor of the wheatgrass juice and human blood is 7.4, which may be the reason why wheatgrass juice is quickly absorbed into the blood. Wheatgrass juice is used for treating protein-energy malnutrition, micronutrient deficiency, and chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular, thalassemia, and cancer of any organ. In addition, wheatgrass juice is an excellent antioxidant due to the presence of 70% of chlorophyll.
... Apart from these it also acts as an immunomodulator, antioxidant, astringent, laxative, diuretic, and antibacterial agent. Wheatgrass also can regulate blood sugar levels [66]. Wheatgrass helps to recover the various types of diseases including fever, infections, inflamed mouth and throat, common cold, cough, bronchitis, and skin-related disorders [16]. ...
... In anemic animals, chlorophyllin has bacteriostatic characteristics that help wound healing and encourage the formation of hemoglobin and erythrocytes. It has been used to treat a variety of skin diseases, burns, and ulcers, where it stimulates granulation tissue and epithelization and works as a wound healing agent [66]. Dasari et al. [84] studied the anti-inflammatory properties of wheatgrass against animals by using a formalin-induced rat paw edema model. ...
Article
Background This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the nutritional composition and bioactive compounds found in wheatgrass, including chlorophyll, vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, as well as their associated health benefits. The review focuses on various cultivation practices, preservation techniques, and the current utilization of wheatgrass as a whole. Additionally, the potential toxicity of wheatgrass has been discussed. Wheatgrass, a nutrient-rich grass, possesses significant pharmacological and therapeutic qualities. In the present scenario, wheatgrass is available in the form of juice, powder, and tablets, and is incorporated into various food products through different processing treatments. Method Information and data regarding wheatgrass cultivation practices, processing, and preservation methods were collected from scientific sources, including Google Scholar, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, fig, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Result Wheatgrass is a highly valuable source of diverse nutrient compounds. Various cultivation methods, such as indoor and outdoor techniques using different growing mediums, have been employed for wheatgrass production. Recent methods for wheatgrass preservation have been suggested to enhance the bioactive compounds present in wheatgrass. Conclusion Numerous studies have demonstrated that the consumption of wheatgrass and wheatgrass- based products can help control diabetes, atherosclerosis, kidney and colon diseases, anemia, and certain types of cancer. The smaller size of wheatgrass allows for easier assimilation of its beneficial compounds. Creating awareness among consumers about the nutritional profile and therapeutic properties of wheatgrass is crucial in order to maximize its market potential.
... Phytochemical assessment and antioxidant activities of wheatgrass [11,12,14,28] . ...
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Plants have been utilized by humans throughout history for a variety of purposes, including sustenance and medicinal intentions. Since ancient times, wheatgrass has been utilized as a type of microgreen for therapeutic purposes. Phenolic flavonoids, vitamins, minerals, proteins and enzymes are all abundant in wheatgrass. These nutrients and bioactive substances enhanced wheatgrass’s therapeutic efficacy and made it a powerful antioxidant agent for the treatment of a range of diseases. it has been shown to have a wide variety of pharmacological potentials, including an antioxidative potential that helps to neutralize free radicals, anticancer, anti-ulcer, anti-diabetic, anti-arthritic, anti-microbial action, and many more. However, there is a dearth of scientific evidence to back up wheatgrass’s possible pharmacological effects and clinical value. To investigate its clinical utility for human welfare, in-depth research studies are needed. Through this analysis of the review literature, an attempt has been made to explain wheatgrass and its therapeutic potentials.
... The targeted amino acid profile of WJPs from various wheat varieties grown under different temperature and photoperiod conditions revealed the presence of essential and non-essential amino acids (EAAs and NEAAs), as shown in Fig. 1 Variation in composition of wheatgrass due to temperature and photoperiod A. Kumar and N. Singh function of temperature and photoperiod conditions. Similarly, Chauhan (2014) identified 17 different essential and non-essential amino acids in wheatgrass juice, highlighting a high proportion of amino acids such as aspartic acid, arginine, glutamic acid, serine and alanine. These amino acids play a crucial role in plant growth and development, serving as primary nitrogen-transport compounds within plants (Urquhart & Joy, 1981). ...
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The present study investigated the phenolic profile, sugar composition and amino acid profile of lyophilised 10‐day‐old wheatgrass cultivated under varying temperature and photoperiod conditions. The targeted phenolic profile showed the abundant presence of chlorogenic, caffeic, ferulic and p‐coumaric acid. The phenolic content varied with temperature and photoperiod conditions. The comprehensive sugar profile indicated the variation in the concentration of glucose with different growing conditions altered carbohydrate metabolism in wheatgrass. Similarly, the concentration of amino acids also varied with growing conditions. Notably, the concentration of proline, arginine and GABA in wheatgrass from all wheat varieties increased more prominently in photoperiod of 22 h and growth temperature of 22 °C in light and 17 °C in dark as a response of defence mechanism.
... In the category of vegetable foods, wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a key component of the human diet. Wheat grass exhibits anti-oxidant properties because of the high concentrations of physiologically active substances, bioflavonoids, and minerals in it [92,93]. The findings of the in vitro investigation by Yldrm et al. demonstrated the astounding proliferative and migratory effects of wheat EXOs on endothelial, epithelial, and dermal fibroblast cells. ...
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Almost all cell types, either in vivo or in vitro, create extracellular vesicles (EVs). Among them are exosomes (EXOs), i.e., tiny nanovesicles containing a lipid bilayer, proteins, and RNAs that are actively involved in cellular communication, indicating that they may be exploited as both diagnostics and therapeutics for conditions like cancer. These nanoparticles can also be used as nanocarriers in many types of research to carry agents such as drugs. Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PENs) are currently under investigation as a substitute for EXOs formed from mammalian cells, allowing researchers to get beyond the technical constraints of mammalian vesicles. Because of their physiological, chemical, and biological properties, PENs have a lot of promise for use as nanocarriers in drug delivery systems that can deliver various dosages, especially when it comes to large-scale repeatability. The present study has looked at the origins and isolation techniques of PENs, their anticancer properties, their usage as nanocarriers in the treatment of different illnesses, and their antioxidant properties. These nanoparticles can aid in the achievement of therapeutic objectives, as they have benign, non-immunogenic side effects and can pass biological barriers. Time-consuming and perhaps damaging PEN separation techniques is used. For the current PEN separation techniques to be used in commercial and therapeutic settings, they must be altered. In this regard, the concurrent application of biological sciences can be beneficial for improving PEN separation techniques. PENs’ innate metabolic properties provide them a great deal of promise for application in drug delivery systems. However, there could be a risk to both the loaded medications and the intrinsic bioactive components if these particles are heavily armed with drugs. Therefore, to prevent these side effects, more studies are needed to devise sophisticated drug-loading procedures and to learn more about the physiology of PENs.
... Wheatgrass also acts as an immunomodulator antioxidant, astringent, laxative, diuretic, and antibacterial agent. Wheatgrass also carries the property of optimizing blood sugar levels (Chauhan 2014). Ayurvedic properties and action of the wheatgrass plant: ...
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Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum) is the young grass of the wheat plant, which is widely cultivated almost all over the world and mostly consumed as fresh juice or powdered form. Juice of wheatgrass, extracted from the pulp of wheatgrass, provides many bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, proteins, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, fibers, vitamins, tannins, phenolic compounds, active enzymes, and other nutritional constituents called the powerhouse of nutrients. It is rich in chlorophyll (70% of its chemical constituents), which has similar actions as hemoglobin in human blood and know as the "green blood". Wheatgrass juice gets absorb in human blood so fast because of chlorophyll content in high concentration. The difference in both of the molecules, in central element in chlorophyll is magnesium and in hemoglobin, it is iron. We have traditionally used wheatgrass as a health tonic to treat of many diseases/ disorders. Wheatgrass is beneficial in the management of diseases like thalassemia, liver disorder, cancer, anemia, osteoporosis, ulcer, osteoarthritis, skin diseases such as eczema, ache, cardiovascular disease, and disease-related to the digestive system, respiratory system, reproductive system, tooth and gum decay, migraine, thyroid, asthma, constipation, and diabetes. Wheatgrass has different anti properties like anti-carcinogenic, anti-aging, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, diuretic, laxative, astringent, and immunomodulatory. Wheatgrass juice also helps in building red blood cells, stimulates healthy tissue cell growth and reduced the duration and amount of blood transfused, and increases the hemoglobin retention at a pre-transfusion stage in thalassemia children. In terms of nutrients (vitamins and minerals) wheatgrass powder (per 100gm) is equal to fresh vegetables (23 Kg). Ideally, wheatgrass juice should be consumed empty stomach or about an hour before the meal that metabolizes the full body without competing with other foods and curb hunger. To avoid its peculiar fragrance, wheatgrass extract use with water and maybe consume along with other juices such as pomegranate, mango, orange, carrot, pineapple, apple, and lemon.
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Recently it has been recognized that herbal plants contain endogenous molecules with biostimulant properties, capable of inducing morphological and biochemical changes in crop plants. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted to screen herbal samples for their plant growth promoting properties. Twenty-five herbal extracts were tested for their biostimulating activity on wheat crop (Triticum aestivum) through seed priming. Morphological parameters chosen for evaluation include: percent seed germination, length and weight of seedling, wheat grass length and biomass. Biochemical parameters include: total phenolic and flavonoid, enzymatic activity of catalase and phenylalanine ammonium lyase and antioxidant activity. Results indicated an increase in the tested parameters by the extracts, however the biostimulant property varied between the selected herbal samples. Some of the samples, such as Phyllanthus emblica, Plumbago zeylanica, Catharanthus roseus and Baccopa monnieri, were highly effective in inducing plant growth promoting parameters. Principal component analysis was performed and herbal samples were grouped into categories based on their activity.
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The Human diet is enriched with young parts of plants (so called ―green foods‖), which can improve nutrient balance intake in natural way. Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum) refers to young grass of the common wheat plant, which belongs to Poaceae family. This is the most commonly found herb in India, although its nativity is currently unknown. This plant is believed to have many nutritional values; it has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory, laxative, astringent, diuretic, antibacterial and anti-aging properties. Its use in acidity, colitis, kidney malfunctions, atherosclerosis and swelling has been shown to be beneficial. Wheatgrass juice helps in building red blood cells and stimulates healthy tissue cell growth. 100 g of wheatgrass powder is equal to 23 kg of fresh vegetables. Ideally, wheatgrass should be taken about an hour prior to meal. This allows the body to fully metabolize it without competing with other foods, and it may also curb hunger. It is recommended that lot of water (at least a liter) should be consumed with the juice to reap its maximum nutritional benefits. Taking wheatgrass as a supplement in the mid-morning or mid-afternoon is a great time for this "green" energy boost.
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Aim: Plant-based diet supplements help the prevention and therapy of several kinds of cancer because they contain micronutrients, a class of substances that have been shown to exhibit chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities. In the present study the effects and oxidant/antioxidant status of aqueous and ethanol extracts of wheatgrass were tested in human chronic myeloid leukemia CML (K562) cell line. Materials and methods: K562 cell lines were treated with 10% (w/v) concentration of aqueous and ethanol wheatgrass extracts. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis were determined morphologically and by MTT and DNA laddering. MDA level and CAT, SOD, and ADA activities of the cell lines were measured. Results: Both preparations inhibited the growth of leukemia cells in a time-dependent manner. Th e most apoptotic and antiproliferative effect was seen in the cell line treated with aqueous extract at 48 h (P < 0.001). Increases in MDA level and CAT and SOD activities were observed. Conclusion: Wheatgrass extract has an antioxidant activity, inhibits proliferation of leukemia cells, and induces apoptosis; thus, this finding may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of CML.
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Samples of shoots and roots of tender wheatgrass/wheat plants collected over a period of 20 days were analysed by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The wheatgrass (wheat: Triticum aestivum L.) samples analysed were grown in three different conditions namely (i) tap water, (ii) nutrient compounds with tap water, and (iii) soil and tap water. A total of 15 elements were determined in these samples. In addition, a commercially available wheatgrass tablet was analysed. Accuracy of the method was evaluated by analysing two biological reference materials, SRM 1573a (Tomato leaves) from NIST and ICHTJ-CTA-vtl-2 (Tobacco leaves) from INCT. The paper discusses the elemental concentration levels, their trends and concentration ratios of elements in shoot-to-root grown in these three conditions of growth. It was observed that the elements such as K, Na, Ca and Mg increased linearly in the shoots with the growth period whereas the concentrations of the elements namely Zn, Mn and Fe remained constant in shoots after 8th day of plant growth for all three conditions of growth. However, it was observed that the shoot to root concentration ratio in all the conditions increased linearly for K, Na, Ca, Mg and Cl and decreased for Zn, Fe, Mn, and Al with growth period.
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Wheat sprouts contain a remarkable level of various antioxidants. A fraction containing high amounts of powerful antioxidant glycoside molecules has been isolated. In a dose-dependent manner, this fraction reduces the lucigenin-amplified chemiluminescence produced by the superoxide anion generated from the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, thus indicating a superoxide-scavenging activity. A protective effect of this wheat sprouts fraction on the oxidative damage of pBR322 plasmid DNA induced by Fenton reaction (Fe2+/H2O2) was subsequently demonstrated. Moreover, the results reported here show that the amount of antioxidant compound strongly increases during the germination phase, while scantly present in the wheat germ, and virtually absent in the young wheat plant.
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The selenium concentration of representative bread‐making wheat ( Triticum aestivum L) samples was measured in national grain surveys collected in 1982 ( n (number of samples) = 180), 1992 ( n = 187) and 1998 ( n = 85) from major wheat‐growing regions around the UK. The means and distributions of selenium concentrations over the three years were similar, with mean grain concentrations of 0.025, 0.033 and 0.025 mg kg ⁻¹ dry weight respectively and inter‐quartile ranges varying from 0.015 mg kg ⁻¹ in 1982 to 0.019 mg kg ⁻¹ in 1992 samples. No long‐term changes in the distribution of wheat selenium concentrations were found over the 17 year period. Geographical mapping of the concentrations identified an area of eastern England as having high grain concentrations compared with other UK regions. There were no significant correlations between grain selenium and grain sulphur concentrations for the national survey samples. However, at an individual field experimental site, increasing the rate of sulphur addition was found to decrease grain selenium concentration significantly. The daily UK dietary contribution of selenium from wheat‐based products was estimated and the daily intake was calculated to be 6.4 µg selenium, around one‐tenth of the UK recommended intake values for men and women. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
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