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Interior Atmosphere
Abstract
The term atmosphere can be used to describe the fleeting and ephemeral. The origin of the word has its usage at the macroscale of the planetary but has since migrated to the scale of interior architecture and design. Light, materials, and gravity are fundamental to atmospheric conditions, and apply to both these scales. This chapter explores the use of the word atmosphere in the design process to better understand how the integration of time, space, and objects can produce poetic outcomes.
Indian visitors to late-Victorian London like Mukharji, Pandian, Baijnath and Pillai, whose accounts carefully essayed the city’s Victorian homes, have been hailed as agents of cosmopolitan and aesthetic subjectivity in the history of Indian nationalism. Though their accounts have been read as the evidence of growing Indian suitableness for Home Rule, bonds of colonial hospitality, and London’s contestability as a colonial space, the Indian eye’s archetypes of Victorian interiors attempted to spectrally possess an oneiric English home. This paper reviews the place of the phenomenological Indian subject in these accounts, applying Bachelard’s notion of “oneiric values” and Derrida’s spectral logic of the visible in-visibleness, to suggest that Indian Victoriana harbours spectres of English culture and India’s colonial traumas, rather than simply specimens of middle-class Indian visitors’ aesthetic and cosmopolitan agency. Ultimately, the Victorian home in these accounts is less habitable than spectral; an atmosphere constituted by oneiric and phenomenological values before political ideology.
Because human activities impact the timing, location, and degree of pollutant exposure, they play a key role in explaining exposure variation. This fact has motivated the collection of activity pattern data for their specific use in exposure assessments. The largest of these recent efforts is the National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS), a 2-year probability-based telephone survey (
n=9386) of exposure-related human activities in the United States (U.S.) sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The primary purpose of NHAPS was to provide comprehensive and current exposure information over broad geographical and temporal scales, particularly for use in probabilistic population exposure models. NHAPS was conducted on a virtually daily basis from late September 1992 through September 1994 by the University of Maryland's Survey Research Center using a computer-assisted telephone interview instrument (CATI) to collect 24-h retrospective diaries and answers to a number of personal and exposure-related questions from each respondent. The resulting diary records contain beginning and ending times for each distinct combination of location and activity occurring on the diary day (i.e., each microenvironment). Between 340 and 1713 respondents of all ages were interviewed in each of the 10 EPA regions across the 48 contiguous states. Interviews were completed in 63% of the households contacted. NHAPS respondents reported spending an average of 87% of their time in enclosed buildings and about 6% of their time in enclosed vehicles. These proportions are fairly constant across the various regions of the U.S. and Canada and for the California population between the late 1980s, when the California Air Resources Board (CARB) sponsored a state-wide activity pattern study, and the mid-1990s, when NHAPS was conducted. However, the number of people exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in California seems to have decreased over the same time period, where exposure is determined by the reported time spent with a smoker. In both California and the entire nation, the most time spent exposed to ETS was reported to take place in residential locations.
This book covers a wide area of the atmospheric science, focusing particularly on those physical and dynamical aspects of our environment which tend to create heat sources and sinks in the earth-atmosphere system and which it seeks to balance through circulation at different time and space scales. The processes of heat transfer in the atmosphere and ocean by general circulation and by waves and oscillations are discussed in detail. The heat balance of the atmosphere is considered, after taking into consideration the role of various types of greenhouse gases that may be present. In this context, the publication of the book will be very timely and will be welcomed by all those interested in knowing more about our atmosphere and the way it works, especially with regard to the contentious issue of global warming by greenhouse gases released by human activities on earth. Starting with the origin, composition and structure of the atmosphere, the physics part deals with the laws of heat and thermodynamics of dry and moist air, water vapor and its transformation into different phases and formation of cloud and rain under different stability conditions, solar and terrestrial radiation and their impact on the gaseous envelope in different layers of the atmosphere which create sources and sinks in different parts of the atmosphere especially in its boundary layers. The dynamics part highlights the various types of motion systems including the general circulation of waves and oscillations which create the heat balance in the earth-atmosphere system. © 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. All rights are reserved.
Malte Wagenfeld tackles the difficult problem of visualising air, and in his physical experiments reveals a world of eddies, swirls and wafting particles circulating around moving bodies. Here he offers a literal and conceptual glimpse at the invisible nature of atmosphere. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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