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Wasit Journal of Engineering Science Vol. (5), No. (2), 2017
The Impact of Nano-Concrete in Contemporary Architecture
Dr. Wijdan Deyaa Abdul Jalil1, Hussaen Ali Hasan Kahachi2
1 Lecturer at the Department of Architectural Engineering, University of Technology in Baghdad
Wijdan_wijdann@yahoo.com
2 Assistant Lecturer at the Department of Architectural Engineering, University of Technology in
Baghdad Kahhhtchi@gmail.com
Date of received: 4/7/2016
Date of accepted: 18/4/2017
Abstract
The rapid development in technology of building materials and systems could be easily observed these
days in the huge building advances such as achieving building sizes, shapes, forms and speed of building
which could never be achieved by using ordinary building materials. One of the interested break overs in
building materials technologies is Nano-Concrete. Nano-Concrete is the substance of adding nanomaterial
to concrete. Nano-concrete has special specifications and properties when compared with the ordinary
concrete mixes such as adding Nano SiO2, Nano TiO2 and Carbon Nano tubes to improve performance
and structural resistance. This extended the limits of building technologies thus enabling architects to
achiev more complex forms with higher performance, or giving the concrete special properties such as
light pass-through concrete or self-compacting concrete.
The research deals with impact Nano-concrete on contemporary architecture by following a set of
objectives:
What is Nano-concrete in brief?
How does Nano-concrete mixes differ from the ordinary mixes of concrete?
The application of Nano-concrete in buildings and its effects on contemporary architecture.
The research extracted a set of main findings and recommendations from the analyzin g of the effects of
Nano-Concrete on Architecture.
Keywords: Nanotechnology; Nanomaterials ; Nano Concrete ; Self-compacting Concrete
Introduction
Most of the contemporary architectural today uses concrete as the main construction material.
However, due to the development of building technology and design, concrete need to be developed as
well as a building material to overcome its weaknesses and improve its performance which Reinforcing
concrete increases its durability and quality, and achieving smooth surfaces are some of the major
properties to be improved. Addition, the need for achieving sustainability in buildings has direct impact
on concrete's development as concrete which is considered one as a major contemporary demand in the
building materials industry. To achieve these improvements, researchers researched and experimented
with many additions (nanomaterials) to concrete on the Nano-scale level
Wasit Journal of Engineering Science Vol. (5), No. (2), 2017
Over the last decades, architects and engineers used to consider concrete as a building material with
unique potential capability especially in terms of shape. Conventional concrete technology, nevertheless,
has set up clear limits to architectural form for many years. In addition, many architects feel that
traditional concrete is unattractive and needs to be improved. Architects and engineers explored self-
compacting concrete as new aesthetic building materials to fulfill some of conventional concrete usage at
overcome its limitations
This research will discuss the new concrete mixtures that use nanomaterials for achieving special
properties. The research will discuss the role of "Nano-Concrete" in achieving aesthetic forms and
sustainability especially that it become more important for contemporary concrete structures. Generally,
as seen by many researchers, the main focus of this paper will be on using concrete with nanomaterials
additives including Nano-silica and Nano-titanium dioxide as well as carbon nanotubes or nanofibers
(CNT-CNF) as they are the most commonly used additives. Nano- additives like "Nano-silica and Nano-
titanium dioxide are probably the most reported additives used in Nano modified concrete. Nanomaterials
can improve the compressive strength and ductility of concrete. Carbon nanotubes or nanofibers (CNT-
CNF) are used to modify strength, modulus and ductility of concretes" (1, p. 4)
This research will try to fulfill its goal through a set of objectives; it will first start by defining Nano-
concrete in brief and its common additives by comparing last literatures. Next, the research will discuss
the main difference of Nano-concrete mixes compared to ordinary mixes of concrete. Following that, the
research will discuss the application of Nano-concrete in buildings and its effect on contemporary
architecture. Finally, the research will list the final key points in the conclusion.
Defining Nano-Concrete
Nanotechnology is not very new technology; however, researchers are still experimenting with this
technology to find more about its usage. However, what does nanotechnology mean? Nanotechnology is
defined as "the creation, investigation and application of structures, molecular materials, internal
interfaces or surfaces with at least one critical dimension less than 100 nanometers, 1 nanometer equals to
10-9 meter" (2, p. 11). Nanotechnology has the potentiality to affect every domain of technology through
controlling materials at nanoscale (3, p. 1069 )
According to Sutariya (4, p. 161) nanomaterial is a material with one, two or three external
dimensions in the Nano scale. When nanomaterials are added to traditional building materials the result
material will possess new properties which could be beneficial for building construction (5, p. 218). The
main field of using nanomaterials in construction sector are coating of façade surfaces and optimizing
building materials (6, p. 87). Nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes silica and polymers in cement,
improve strength, and optimize other properties such as flow and setting in formwork, corrosion, acid-
resistance (6, p. 87)
Similarly, Nano concrete is concrete by adding nanomaterials to improve its performance and
properties for construction (5, p. 218). The variety of Nanomaterials additives to concrete results in a
wide variety of Nano concrete applications in construction. Thus, producing intelligent structures and
enhancing buildings performance in disasters through fire resistance coating or smog-eating concrete or
other uses (7, p. 137).
Nanoconcrete And Sustainability
Sustainability is defined "The development that meets the needs of present without compromising an
ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (8, p. 1). Due to wide and large use of concrete in
the construction industry, it plays very important role on environment. As building material, it needs large
amount of energy for its production and usage, it produces large amount of CO2, and considering its
heavy usage in buildings while playing huge role on nature (8, p. 2)
The production of concrete releases large quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In general,
concrete consists of about 12% cement, 8% water and 80% aggregate by mass. This means 1.5 billion
tons of cement are needed yearly. Estimates say that Portland cement contributes to about 7% of CO2
emission globally each year (9, p. 200). According to Naik and Moriconi (9, p. 1) the production of one
ton of Portland cement produces approximately one ton of CO2. The demand on concrete as a
construction material is rised and is expected to grow from 11.5 billion tons a year to about 18 billion tons
Wasit Journal of Engineering Science Vol. (5), No. (2), 2017
per annum by 2050 (10, p. 9). However, new innovations in concrete help the improvment its properties,
thus, help tackling this problem
Concrete usage can be lowered dramatically if concrete with higher strength and performance is used in
specific parts of the building, hence, lowering CO2 emissions and making buildings more sustainable (8,
p. 5). This sustainable concrete could be produced by improving the nanostructure of concrete using
nanotechnology (9, p. 200)
In addition to concrete the bad impact on environment, the process of using concrete consumes a lot of
time, effort and usually produce large amount of waste, thus requiring workers to obey to many
restrictions. Concrete is traditionally poured for the whole volume of the walls and roofs to avoid
construction joints, the largest dimensions could reach 70 meters in length and 9 meters in height and for
a thickness of around 10cm to 2 meters. In most cases, concrete is mixed on the construction site for as
long as 18 hours in some cases. Moreover, the maximum height from which the concrete was poured is
limited to 15 centimeters to avoid segregation and the required temperature is below 25 C
As concrete is the most used material in the construction industry, many researchers are concerned with
its development to increase its performance while decreasing its bad effects and restrictions (6, p. 87).
Thus, the main challenge for concrete industry is reducing its impact on the environment and while
improving its durability and cost efficiency. Nano concrete is the key for that challenge, through adding
artificial pozzolana, ash and other very fine materials, concrete performance could be improved (6, p. 87).
In the next part, the research will examine some of the Nano-concrete types according to the additives
while discussing its use and properties.
NANO-CONCRETE TYPES
As stated earlier, this research will discuss some Nano-concrete types, its mixes, additives, and
properties. The reason behind selecting these types is because that they are the most commonly used, also
the research is tries to focus on Nano-concrete in already constructed buildings rather than Nano-concrete
in unconstructed buildings. This is because the research tries to understand the impact of Nano-concrete
on contemporary existing architecture.
1- Self-Compacting Concrete (S.C.C.)
Self-compacting concrete S.C.C., was first developed in Japan in early 1990s. The main issue tries to
tackle and to make it easier to deal with concrete in site. And according to Walraven (10, p. 82) it was a
revolutionary step forward in contemporary construction
The idea of (S.C.C.) is to have concrete that flows when placed into formwork and the compact itself was
under the influence of self-weight only without the need for vibration. While S.C.C. succeeded in
achieving that, it also came with further advantages such as high concrete quality in terms of its surface
finish and durability. Hence, ordinary Portland cement concrete could be replaced with smaller amount of
S.C.C. (11, p. 28)
S.C.C., while still liquid, can fill complex geometric shapes with dense reinforcement such as a
asymmetric voided slab ceiling which should merge into cones without transition zones. The curing stage
is the key for producing smooth finish of surfaces. Pumping S.C.C. to the formwork can provide uniform
color and texture for the most complicated forms (12, p. 60)
According to Birgisson (1, p. 23), an effective way for producing S.C.C. is by adding Nano
`-materials like nano-silica to the concrete mix. This additive will improve concrete's
compression strength as well thus making it stronger than ordinary concrete mixes (13, p. 8). Moreover,
S.C.C. improved performance in terms of heavily reinforced structures with complicated geometry
therefore it can eliminate the need for skilled workers and vibrators which are usually used in such cases
(14, p. 802). Addition, S.C.C is suitable for producing excellent white surfaces with marble-like finish
which is required in some architectural designs without the need of any extra finishing. (15, p. 7). The
advantages of S.C.C. could be summarized
Sustainability: S.C.C. increases sustainability through increasing concrete durability and
aesthetic appearance thus lowering the amount of material needed in buildings (15, p. 2016)Filling
ability: S.C.C. could flow in full homogeneity formworks
Passing ability: S.C.C. could flow through narrow sections, without being blocked by large
aggregate particles
Wasit Journal of Engineering Science Vol. (5), No. (2), 2017
Resistance to segregation: S.C.C. can flow without segregation during transportation or casting
Pumping ability: S.C.C. could be pumped to highest parts of the building during construction
Working environment: The use of S.C.C reduces noise during construction specifically noise
caused by vibration. It also reduces the need for hazard precautions resulted from electrical cables and
vibrators
Concrete strength: S.C.C. has improved strength when compared with ordinary concrete when
hardened (16, pp. 3-4)
Eliminating the need for vibration: S.C.C. has a honey-like consistency, thus it needs no
vibration. It could be used in heavily reinforced structure elements without the need for vibration to
produce complex forms
Reducing labor costs: S.C.C can save up to 50% in labor costs. This is because it could be
poured up to 80% faster than ordinary concrete mixes (17, p. 12)
Finish surfaces quality: S.C.C. can be used to make marble like surfaces i f needed in design
which is almost impossible with ordinary concrete mixes (16, pp. 3-4), moreover, S.C.C. produce surfaces
with no porous (18, p. 423).
2- Nano-Silica
By adding Nano-silica to concrete mixture improves its micro/nanostructure and mechanical
properties. Micro and Nano-scaled silica particles have a filler effect by filling voids between the cement
grains (3, p. 1069), thus, the resulted concrete could block water penetration which means the improved
durability. Additionally, it has higher compressive strength of about 3-6 times compared to ordinary
concrete mixes (17, p. 8). Furthermore, Nano-silica concrete increased mechanical strength due to the
lower water penetration and better durability (7, p. 14)
The addition of nano-silica to concrete results with a more sustainable concrete as it reduces the amount
of concrete needed for buildings, which in turn decreases cement, water and aggregate consumption,
therefore lowering production and transportation effects on the environment. This type of nano-concrete
is suitable for high speed building constructions as the concrete hits high strength after a very short time
after casting (3, p. 1075).
3- Nano-Titanium Dioxide TiO2:
Nano TiO2 is one of the concrete additives with high potentials. White cement containing TiO2
nanoparticles have photo-catalytic properties. This allows the concrete to maintain its aesthetic
characteristics over time (1, p. 22). When TiO2 is added to concrete or finishing materials it gives the
surface self-cleaning effect, therefore, it is commercially applied on building facades and in concrete
paving materials. This property is particularly important for new buildings and for the restoration of old
facades (1, p. 13). Also in the presence of sun light, it depollutes the environment by removing Harmful
gases from the atmosphere (3, p. 1072) (5, p. 212). Additionally, by adding Nano TiO2 to the concrete
increases its strength and wear resistance (7, p. 14).
4- Carbon Nano Tubes CNTS:
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are made from carbon. They are cylindrical in shape and have a diameter
of nanometers thus called nanotubes. They can be several millimeters in length and can either be single
walled or multi walled. CNTs possess many properties which could help to design an ideal construction
material. Theoretically, They have about 100 times the strength of steel whilst being only 1/6th its density
(19, p. 12
Carbon Nano-tubes are added to conventional structure materials for enhancing their strength and other
properties. Ordinary concrete is a brittle material, strong against compression forces but relatively weak
against tension forces. Mixing carbon nanotubes with the cementous materials to fabricate fiber
composites that can increase the compressive strength of cement. The addition of small amounts (1%
Volume) of carbon nanotubes, can improve the mechanical properties of mixture samples of Portland
cement and water (20, p. 70)
Moreover, Concrete can be transformed into a self-sensing concrete by properly embedding a network of
CNTs, which makes the concrete capable of detecting damages at early stages of loading (1, p. 21). -when
Wasit Journal of Engineering Science Vol. (5), No. (2), 2017
Carbon nanotubes are added to Concrete by 0.025% of its weight- acts as bridges across cracks and voids,
which ensures load-transfer in tension (5, p. 214). Hence, CNTs can be worked as a proxy for polymeric
chemical admixtures and remarkably improved mechanical durability by gluing concrete mixtures, that
is, cementitious agents and concrete aggregates, and prevented crack propagation (21, p. 3580).
5- Carbon Nano Fibers CNFs:
Carbon Nano-fibers may be used as tension reinforcement in concrete to increase the flexural strength
of a beam. This property is directly affected by the amount of fibers which are used, the orientation and
the quality of bond (22, p. 297). By adding CNFs of about 0.048% of total concrete weight improve
flexural strength of the matrix (5, p. 214). CNFs ensure load transfer in tension and they act as bridges
across voids (1, p. 4)
By adding Nano-fibers to concrete mixtures increase tensile strength by as much as five times. As a result
tensile forces from shrinkage or thermal change can be resisted (12, p. 63). The advantages of adding
nano-fibers to concrete are increasing the flexural strength, toughness, durability, air content, freeze thaw
and resistance to earthquakes. They also increase compressive strength, drying shrinkage resistance and
electrical resistivity. The only negative effect which is decreased compression, but this could be solved by
adding silica fume. The minimum fiber content to give these properties is about 0.1% of the total volume
(23, p. 179).
Using Nano-Concrete in Architecture, Case Studies as Examples
As mentioned earlier in this research, concrete is one of widely used construction materials. This
construction material has many advantages which explains why it is the most using in construction
material, however, the production and use of this material have some restrictions, limitations and
disadvantages which limit its use in contemporary architecture. Such limitations are the high CO2
emissions, need for vibrators for complex forms, rough surfaces which usually require finishing and many
more. In the beginning of the 21st century, huge advancements occurred which lead to the invention and
use of Nano-concrete, a form of concrete with Nano additives to improve its performance on the
nanoscale structure. Nano-concrete has many advantages over the traditional concrete mixes such as self-
compacting, self-cleaning, eco-friendly, depollution property, improved strength and durability, high
liquidity and other properties. Those properties had huge influence on architects around the world as it
gave them more flexibility and made concrete go back in line with the new architectural and construction
requirements and ambitions.
In this section, the research will discuss some of architectural projects in which Nano concrete was used.
It is important to mention that most of Nano concrete they used in building construction is Self-
Compacting Concrete, thus most projects which are discussed here is using S.C.C.. Other Nano concrete
types are less frequent in building construction and some of them still in the experimental phases.
National Museum of 21st Century Arts (MAXXI) in Rome, Italy, Zaha Hadid (Figure 1)
In this project, a 400mm thick reinforced S.C.C. was used to produce the required fair-faced walls
with extreme quality ,continuity, homogeneity and fine surface texture. To achieve continuous flow of
the design from one gallery to the other. (27, p. 6).
The S. Peter Apostle church , Pescara ,Italy ( Figure 2).
The achievement of this ship-like design required high fluidity of concrete (600mm after 1hr at 30Co),
high cube compressive strength (35 Mpa) and high durability of concrete due to it is exposure to sea
water (28, p. 219). That means the use of S.C.C to produce the highly reinforced structure without
vibrators. (17, p. 3).
Phaeno Science Centre, Wolksburg, Germany, by Zaha Hadid , 2005 (Figure 3)
S.C.C is used for making nice jagged angles, looming curves, fracted plans and daring protrusions
(29, p. 174). Pheano is a Schizophrenia of multiple systems , Disproportionally heavy cones ,
Prefabricated and cast in situ S.C.C. walls , Metal columns on specific spots The result is elegance of
complexity (30, p. 68).
The extension of the art museum Ordrupgaard Copenhagen in, by Zaha Hadid ,2001-2005
(Figure 4)
Wasit Journal of Engineering Science Vol. (5), No. (2), 2017
The choice of S.C.C. as the main construction material was due to the complex form with heavy
reinforcement (16, p. 802).
Arlanda Airport Control Tower, Stockholm, Sweden by Wingårdh Arkitektkontor AB, 1995
(Figure 5)
The reason of using S.C.C. is to achieve fast curing and weight-lifting speed A built height of 3.27m
for every four days. Additionally, achieving high-quality concrete with no vibration while reducing
noise to allow continuous concrete casting overnight (13, p. 28).
The Cathedral of Christ, the Light, Oakland, California (Figure 6).
S.C.C. was used for achieving the curved walls for its out coming sharp details and uniform
appearance (32, p. 257).
British Airways headquarters , 1998 (Figure 7).
The design needed concrete boxes shimmed to exact height and angle (up to two degrees from the
vertical axis). Precast S.C.C. elements were delivered to the site for achieving the design while
guaranteeing the exact shape (29, p. 109).
Contemporary Arts Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, Zaha Hadid , 2003 (Figure 8)
S.C.C. was used for constructing the roll and vertical portion of the urban carpet (30, p. 18).
BMW Central building Zaha Hadid, Leipzig, Germany 2003 (Figure 9) .
The cascading floor system structure was made with S.C.C. while the roof was assembled with series
of steel H-Beams (31, p. 46).
The façade of Jublee church in Rome by Richard Meirs & Partners (Figure 10).
TiO2 Nano concrete was used to construct walls that maintain its aesthetic characteristics over time
while achieving self-cleaning effect.
The façade Air France headquarters at Charles de Gaulle airport (Figure 11), Cite de la
Musiqueet des Beaux Arts in chambray and Hotel de Police.
In these projects, TiO2 Nano concrete was used to achieve white walls with self-cleaning effect while
depolluting the environment that is one of Air France's key goals.
The New Enexis building in Zwolle (Netherlands) (Figure 12).
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) have been used with concrete to manufacture façade elements with large
sizes that can be mounted in a very short period, for constructing the new Enexis building in Zwolle
(Netherlands). The low panel weight resulted in a fast and easy installation. In addition, the specific
shape of the panels will contribute significantly to the low energy consumption of this energy neutral
building.
Marine and Offshore (Figure 13) .
CNF was used to enhance ultrahigh performance concrete coating for marine and offshore rooftops;
retainer walls; repair material. CNF was used for its superior bonding strength to other cementitious
materials and to steel.
Figure 3: Phaeno Science Centre 1
Figure 2: The S. Peter Apostle
church 2
Figure 1:National Museum of
21st Century Arts MAXXI 3
Wasit Journal of Engineering Science Vol. (5), No. (2), 2017
Figure 6: The Cathedral of Christ,
the Light, Oakland, California 4
Figure 5: Arlanda Airport Control
Tower, Stockholm, Sweden 5
Figure 4: The extension of the
art museum Ordrupgaard in
Copenhagen 6
Figure 9: BMW Central building,
Leipzig, Germany7
Figure 8: Contemporary Arts
Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 8
Figure 7: British Airways
headquarters.9
Figure 11: Air France headquarters at Charles de Gaulle airport
10
Figure 10: Jublee church in
Wasit Journal of Engineering Science Vol. (5), No. (2), 2017
Rome by Richard Meirs &
Partners 11
Figure 13: Marine and Offshore
12
Figure 12: The New Enexis building in Zwolle
13
Conclusion
- Nano-concrete is important not only as an enhanced construction material but also in the context of
energy and effort conservation effort. Contemporary architects use Nano-Concrete as construction
material for its extraordinary properties. Thus enabling the construction of more creative forms which was
impossible to construct the use of ordinary concrete mixes. Self-Compacting Concrete (S.C.C.) which is
produced through the addition of small amount of nano-SiO2 results in concrete with high strength and
durability. Hence, it could be used to construct complex shapes and improved concrete's mechanical
strength.
- Self-cleaning concrete could be made by adding nano-TiO2. This results in a self-cleaning concrete with
special photo-catalytic property to convert air pollutants into harmless substances with sunlight help. It
also causes cement for rapidly hydrate.
- Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanofibers (CNFs) can improve concrete's mechanical durability and
prevent after-curing cracks, CNTs to improve resistance to corrosion, fatigue, wear and tear, and abrasion.
Additionally, it indirectly contributes to energy saving which are usually needed for repairing or replac ing
deteriorated infrastructure.
- All these new characteristics added to concrete's characteristics and properties, made Nano-concrete as
new favorite construction material by architects as it allow long-spans, unusual and complex forms,
consistent appearance and many more properties.
Wasit Journal of Engineering Science Vol. (5), No. (2), 2017
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