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Published online: March. 30, 2019
Journal of Integrative Neuroscience
J. Integr. Neurosci. 2019 vol. 18(1), 1–10
©2019 Poznanski et al. Published by IMR Press. All rights reserved.
ORIGNAL ARTICLE
Theorizing how the brain encodes consciousness based on
negentropic entanglement
R. R. Poznanski1,∗, L. A. Cacha1, A.Z.A. Latif1, S.H. Salleh2, J. Ali3, P. Yupapin4,5, J. A. Tuszynski6,7 and M.A Tengku1
1Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
2Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
3Laser Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
4Computational Optics Research Group, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Ton Duc Thang University, District 7, Ho
Chi Minh City, Vietnam
5Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, District 7, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
6Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada
7Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
*Correspondence: romanrichard@unisza.edu.my (R.R. Poznanski)
DOI: 10.31083/j.jin.2019.01.0105
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
The physicality of subjectivity is explained through a
theoretical conceptualization of guidance waves inform-
ing meaning in negentropically entangled non-electrolytic
brain regions. Subjectivity manifests its influence at the mi-
croscopic scale of matter originating from de Broglie ‘hid-
den’ thermodynamics as action of guidance waves. The
preconscious experienceability of subjectivity is associ-
ated with a nested hierarchy of microprocesses, which are
actualized as a continuum of patterns of discrete atomic
microfeels (or “qualia”). The mechanism is suggested to
be through negentropic entanglement of hierarchical ther-
modynamic transfer of information as thermo-qubits orig-
inating from nonpolarized regions of actin-binding pro-
teinaceous structures of nonsynaptic spines. The resultant
continuous stream of intrinsic information entails a negen-
tropic action (or experiential flow of thermo-quantum inter-
nal energy that results in a negentropic force) which is en-
coded through the non-zero real component of the mean
approximation of the negentropic force as a ‘conscious-
ness code.’ Consciousness consisting of two major sub-
processes: (1) preconscious experienceability and (2) con-
scious experience. Both are encapsulated by nonreductive
physicalism and panexperiential materialism. The subpro-
cess (1) governing “subjectivity” carries many micropro-
cesses leading to the actualization of discrete atomic mi-
crofeels by the ‘consciousness code’. These atomic mi-
crofeels constitute internal energy that results in the trans-
fer intrinsic information in terms of thermo-qubits. These
thermo-qubits are realized as thermal entropy and sensed
by subprocess (2) governing “self-awareness” in conscious
experience.
Keywords
de Broglie hidden thermodynamics; negentropic entanglement; guid-
ance waves; negentropic force; macro-quantum waveequation; thermo-
qubits; electron clouds; preconscious experienceability; consciousness
code
1. Introduction
Molecular biologist, the late Francis H.C. Crick summarized
one of our greatest intellectual challenges: to explain how con-
sciousness1can arise from below brain chemistry (Crick,1994b):
“We all know that quantum mechanics is the basis of chem-
istry, so no one can say that quantum mechanics is not im-
portant. But what people are trying to say is that there is
something more than chemistry involved. And I can’t see
that they have any grounds for that yet. Because they have
not shown even in outline, not even as a sketch, what myster-
ies of the brain’s function would be explained if something
of this type did take place.”
Stuart Hameroff and Sir Roger Penrose (Hameroff and Pen-
rose,1996a,b) took the challenge and developed the “Orch OR”
theory of consciousness. Although their avant-garde model can-
not be criticized on the basis that consciousness needs to bridge the
gap between micro- and macro-events in the brain, it can be crit-
icized for not being a proper biological model (Georgiev,2007).
The philosophical basis of the model is neutral monism whereupon
conscious episodes arise not from matter, but from a sequence
of quantum state reductions (wave-function collapses). Superpo-
sition is separation of space-time curvature which self-collapses
causing consciousness to connect to the structure of the universe.
Therefore, the “Orch OR” theory connects the preconscious intrin-
sically to the fine-scale structure of the universe by orchestrated
quantum-state reduction in space-time geometry (see Hameroff
1Consciousness means a process of preconscious experienceability (subjectivity)
leading to conscious experience (self-awareness).
and Penrose (2017) for a review). How experiential and physi-
cal entities arise from this aspectless neutral entity as advanced by
the “Orch OR” theory remains highly contentious as a biological
model of brain-based consciousness.
The electromagnetic force holds atoms and molecules together
and thus is a determinant of atomic and molecular structure includ-
ing protein turnover (Meijer and Geesink,2018). In the pioneering
days of quantum mechanics, pilot-waves guided by the electromag-
netic field waves were developed in the 1920s mainly through so-
called Bohr-Kramers-Slater model. However, the pilot-wave the-
ory of de Broglie-Bohm (see de Broglie (1987) and Bohm (1990)
for a review) is independent of the electromagnetic field. The
pilot-wave theory represents a more fundamental theory where-
upon an electron is a particle at its core and an active field sur-
rounds the core where the latter guides the motion of the elec-
tron referred to as a guiding wave. This active field represents in-
ternal energy is due to ‘hidden’ thermodynamics according to de
Broglie’s wave theory. Bohm (1952) called this energy his ‘quan-
tum potential’. The de Broglie-Bohm theory is applicable at the
sub-atomic scale (10−15 m) but may produce changes of negligi-
ble importance at the atomic scale of 0.1 nm (10−10 m) or above,
including the macro-quantum realm. This realm borders quantum
physics and quantum chemistry. It can be quantified to be the scale
where quantum processes prevail over classical processes.
The subtle changes inherent at the macro-quantum realm can
be deciphered in terms of phase differences in thermo-quantum os-
cillations of electron clouds. Their existence depends on whether
thermo-quantum fluctuations dominate over thermal fluctuations
(Brownian motion). According to Beck and Eccles (1992) fewer
than ten electrons suffice to ensure quantum processes prevail over
thermal processes at typical length scales of the order of several
nanometers. The classification of fluctuations as thermo-quantum
or thermal depends on the thermal de Broglie wavelength ex-
pressed as follows:
λ
=2
π
¯
h2
m
κ
BT(1)
where ¯
h=h
2
π
is the reduced Planck constant (h=6.6×10−34 Js
is the Planck constant), m = 9.10×10−31 kg is the mass of electron
multiplied by the number of electrons,
κ
B= 1.38 ×10−23JK−1is
the Boltzmann constant and T = 310 K is the body temperature. For
example, if m = 10 electron masses and T = 310 K it follows that
the thermal de Broglie wavelength is a few nanometers. Hence if
the average molecular dipole-bound electron distance (L) at scales
of few nanometers
λ
∼Lthen the fluctuations can be treated clas-
sically. However, for greater number of electrons with an average
molecular dipole-bound electron distance, for example at the fem-
tometer scale
λ
≫L, thermo-quantum fluctuations dominate.
The de Broglie-Bohm theory being observer independent por-
trays consciousness to be not fundamental but arising from the in-
trinsic constituency of matter. In a non-reductionist perspective,
consciousness co-exists with cognition and has an affect accord-
ing to “biological naturalism” (Searle,2007). What this means
is that consciousness has no causal attribute to effect cognition
due to its lability, but consciousness affects the brain for cogni-
tion to decode consciousness in memory as conscious experience
(self-awareness). The affective role stems from the composite of
magnetic dipole moments forming an electromagnetic field as op-
posed to an effective role in the presence of a pre-existing electro-
magnetic field associated with cognition. Note that, free electrons
are evanescent in the cerebral fluid. Excited water molecules are
destroyed with the formation of ions, and electrons capture water
molecules and become solvated: H2O−−→H++ OH−. The mass
of the ion OH−is about 16 masses of the hydronium ion H+is ∼
2.7 × 10 −26 kg. From Eq. 1 it follows that
λ
∼1Å. That is, this ion
can migrate on a length comparable to the intermolecular spacing,
about 7 Å. Having lost most of the energy for excitation and ion-
ization of water molecules, the electron continues to interact with
the surrounding water molecules until it is in the potential barrier,
since it cannot overcome the electrostatic repulsion of the electron
cloud of the molecule through which it passes. In this case, the
free electron is in the region of relatively low potential energy, i.e.,
in the intermediate position corresponding to the element of free
volume in the fluid where it is stabilized by short-range repulsive
forces.
Where in neurons could such non-electrolytic regions exist?As
shown in Fig. 1, proteinaceous structures have apolar (hydropho-
bic) regions, for example in an enzymatic cleft (Mentre,2012).
These proteinaceous structures found in thin cylindrical nonsy-
naptic spines of cortical interneurons are isolated from neuronal
(synaptic) variability, especially thin sized nonsynaptic spines, ap-
proximately 0.09
µ
m in diameter compared with the larger pyra-
midal neurons of the neocortex (Arellano et al.,2007). Particu-
larly, nonsynaptic spines with clearly absent synaptic-head like
filopodia, containing cytoskeletal proteins bound to actin-filament
(see Fig. 1). The nonpolar hydrophobic regions of proteins con-
tain molecular dipole-bound electron densities that can undergo
phase difference oscillations that differ from the polarized regions
along actin filaments (Tuszynski et al.,2004). Macro-quantum po-
tential energy in nonsynaptic spines are theorized to carry intrinsic
information through a nested hierarchy of nonconscious micropro-
cesses. It is further suggested that ‘binding’ of intrinsic informa-
tion would be en route for decoding in memory. The functional
actin-filaments that are found in the cortical region near the mem-
brane of neurons, while the actin-binding proteins that fill nonsy-
naptic spines were first proposed by Woolf and Butcher (2011) as
a possible seat of biological consciousness.
Quantum chemistry underpins the so-called ‘quantum under-
ground’ where consciousness originates (see Craddock et al.
(2017) for a review). Due to inherent uncertainty in electron local-
ization, the weakest type of Van der Waals force, the so-called Lon-
don force, exhibit quantum effects and the resultant dipole oscilla-
tions (see Hameroff (2008) for a review). London forces are quan-
tum level instantaneous, but weak, induced dipole-induced dipole
couplings, due to charge separation resulting in attractive Coulomb
forces occurring between nonpolar
π
-electron resonance clouds of
two or more neutral atoms, molecules or macromolecules. Non-
polar hydrophobicity signifies absence of electrostatic forces and
hydrogen bonding. In nucleic acids and less commonly in pro-
teins, ‘benzene-rings’ are stacked precisely on top of each other
and hence support short-range interactions through London forces.
It is only ring-like structures like ‘benzene-rings’ that can sup-
port oscillatory motion back and forth due to shared electron pairs
between two carbons, based on free electrons in
π
-electron reso-
2 Poznanski et al.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram illustrating (top left) a neuronal
branchlet studded with spines and (top right) shows a nonsynaptic
spine shaft containing cytoskeletal molecular proteins bound to actin-
filament networks within the spine shaft of uniform length approxi-
mately 0.7
µ
m and 100 nm in diameter. The quantized subspace
is where pilot-waves originate at picometer scale (∼0.1 nm) within
apolar hydrophobic regions of actin-binding proteins shown (bottom
left) form clathrate-like structures with water molecules (adapted from
Mentre,2012). The electron clouds at ∼10 pico-meter scale (bottom
right) is an order of magnitude smaller than most chemistry transfor-
mations and measurements and therefore below physical chemistry.
nance clouds. Hamerroff et al. (1982) postulated that London force
dipoles in nonpolar hydrophobic regions of cytoplasmic proteins
couple and oscillate coherently, and this coupling was suggested
to be necessary for consciousness.
Hameroff and Watt (1983) hypothesized that anesthetics bind
in nonpolar hydrophobic regions of cytoskeletal proteins, dispers-
ing endogenous London forces by inhibiting free electrons in
π
-
electron resonance clouds. Franks and Lieb (1984) found that
anesthetics acts directly within cytoskeletal proteins that bind to
actin-filaments in spines (see also Kaech et al.,1999). Actin-
filaments are found along the plasma membrane of neurons and
profusely fill dendritic spines (see Hotulainen and Hoogenraad
(2010) for a review). As a result, macroscopic description of sub-
neuronal dynamics that can provide a novel physical attribution to
‘long-range’ coherence in biological systems (Preto,2016) where
synchrony has been invoked as a neural basis for emergent con-
sciousness (Hamerroff et al.,1982;Hameroff,1994;Tory Toole et
al.,2018) as well as a precedence for unitary binding of conscious-
ness (Crick,1994a) resulting in a unified conscious field (Searle,
2017).
However, London forces cause dipole oscillations, but not nec-
essarily the phase-differences of the oscillating molecular dipole-
bound electrons succinctly referred to as quasi-free electron den-
sity distribution in proteins bound to actin filaments. Accord-
ingly, an alternative explanation which is below physical chemistry
is required. When usingde Broglie-Bohm approach, weescape
theneed for binding andquantum coherency in signaling at the
atomic scale. The formation of a macro-quantum state is a way
of preventing against dissipation and could be the result of pairing
molecular dipole-bound electrons of opposite spins, enabling the
formation of strong bonds for atoms to form molecular ions. Spin
pairing in molecules is dependent on the Pauli exclusion princi-
ple, yet molecular dipole-bound electrons can aid the formation
of a macro-quantum state through quantum (electron) tunneling
by way of a chiral potential (or selective guidance of electrons by
the accompanying magnetic field) selecting spin polarizations in
a dynamic network of atoms (Naaman,2016;Michaeli et al,2016;
Banerjee-Ghosh et al.,2018). which may give rise to more ‘elec-
tron smears’ without the need for quantum coherence.
We also assume that guidance waves and their resultant
thermo-quantum fluctuations govern subtle internal energy lead-
ing to hierarchical thermodynamic transfer of information in the
realm of preconscious. What is transferred from the macro-
quantum realm to the classical realm is information (theoretic) en-
tropy as thermo-qubits containing information on the phase rela-
tions between molecular dipole-bound electron clouds of multiple
systems. A pattern of macro-quantum potential energy entails the
transfer of thermo-qubits in the macro-quantum realm where the
process of thermo-quantum fluctuations is driven by de Broglie
‘hidden’ thermodynamics (de Broglie,1970). Thermo-quantum
fluctuations occur at quantum equilibrium as phase-differences
of dipole-bound electrons due to active fields of electron clouds,
which guides their motion involved in producing thermo-qubits.
The information we are discussing is intrinsic in the sense that it
remains ‘hidden’ from the operational explanations of cognitive
capacities. It is neither quantum information nor integrated infor-
mation, but interconnected ‘intrinsic’ information associated with
the internal thermo-quantum fluctuations that arise due to guid-
ance waves transferring thermo-quantum internal energy by means
of the macro-quantum potential (Grössing,2009;Nottale,2014).
This internal energy in the brain originates beneath the realm of
physical chemistry and is influenced by the ‘shape’ of the envelop-
ing field density of molecular dipole-bound electrons associated
with de Broglie ‘hidden’ thermodynamics.
How are the microprocesses actualized to achieve qualia?
Qualia represents the content of thermo-qubits and it is obviously
a function of the nonconscious microprocesses, but there is no ev-
idence for qualia in cognitive processing. If we perceive a blue
bird, then the blueness is a quale. Yet, the essence of a quale
is not the color tonethrough cognitive processing,but rather it
is theactualization of the potential ‘feeling’. Therefore, qualia
are the phenomenal ‘feel’ of cognition, yet never a function of
cognition. The notion of ‘feelings’ constitute a multitude of dis-
crete atomic microfeels synonymous with the philosopher Alfred
Whitehead’s spatiotemporal chains of ‘occasions of experience.’
The experienceability process entails a continuum of patterns of
discrete atomic microfeels (‘qualia’) that constitutes a continuous
stream of intrinsic information in the preconscious. But to include
Volume 18, Number 1, 2019 3
qualities of a being, qualia must become part of cognition, which
mustconstitute 'cognized content'.The connection between pre-
conscious and its cognized content is through hierarchical ther-
modynamic transfer of information culminating in thermo-qubits,
which is a specific energy2transfer in the macro-quantum realm
where thermo-quantum fluctuations operate through de Broglie
’hidden’ thermodynamics (de Broglie,1987). Thermo-qubits ex-
ist for
λ
≫Land fade because of thermal agitation when
λ
∼L.
They get transferred within a nested hierarchy of microprocesses
at equilibrium and dynamical macroprocesses out of equilibrium
(Kosloff,2013).
From the viewpoint of irreversible thermodynamics of the hu-
man brain (Kirkaldy,1965), the nested hierarchy of nonconscious
microprocesses are ‘open’ dissipative systems, in the sense that
there is elimination of entropy across hierarchical levels (i.e.,
quasi-thermodynamic processes out of equilibrium). Therefore,
entropic exchange between hierarchical levels is assumed to take
place by way of hierarchical thermodynamic transfer of informa-
tion. Hierarchical thermodynamics includes weakly nonequilib-
rium thermodynamics, also known as ‘quasi-equilibrium’ thermo-
dynamics for systems close to equilibrium. Although the second-
law of thermodynamics states that entropy and internal energy
can only be created, but not eliminated in an ‘isolated’ thermo-
dynamic system, supporting local-equilibrium conditions (Collell
and Fauquet,2015), hierarchical thermodynamics purports quasi-
thermodynamic conditions in the sense that there is elimination
of entropy across hierarchical levels (i.e., spontaneous irreversible
processes out of equilibrium). In other words, any microprocess
consists of an operation cycle where the first stage of the entropic
exchange between hierarchical levels is ‘closed’; thus, the thermo-
dynamic transfer operates as an ‘isolated’ thermodynamic system
and during the second stage the entropic exchange between hier-
archical levels is ‘quasi-closed’; thus, the thermodynamic transfer
operates as an ‘open’ dissipative system far from equilibrium (Del
Castillo and Vera-Cruz,2011).
The fundamental mechanism providing the change from poten-
tiality to actuality may in principle be very similar for all noncon-
scious microprocesses involving hierarchic thermodynamic trans-
fer of information (Mahler,2015). The de Broglie's 'hidden' ther-
modynamics (de Broglie,1970) plays a role in thermodynamic
transfer of information across hierarchical levels. For example,
entropic exchange is assumed to take place in dissipative struc-
tures far from equilibrium by way of transfer of thermo-quantum
information as thermodynamic entropy. We now know that in such
a system negative entropy can result, and order can emerge from
disorder. For a wildly disordered system, large-scale order can
emerge and stabilize, and the more chaotic the disorder, the greater
the stability of the ordered patterns that emerge (Song,2018).
In a recent study, Poznanski et al (2018) had used negentropy
principle of information to bridge the explanatory gap (Levine,
1983). This principle links decreases in information (theoretic)
entropy with increases in thermal entropy (Brillouin,1953,1962).
Therefore, this is not just a quantitative descriptor of the causal
relations between measured events (subjective), but has a physical
reality in terms of thermal entropy, which is an objective property
of the brain (Collell and Fauquet,2015). The model states that
2Specific energy is energy per unit mass
brain-based consciousness is not solely based on quantum effects
(Baars and Edelman,2012;Hameroff et al,2014), but instead is a
concomitant of dynamic patterns reflecting information (theoretic)
entropy that is encoded from the lability in the phase differences
of thermo-quantum fluctuations as thermo-qubits. Thermo-qubits
carry intrinsic information through negentropic action within neu-
rons which can be a cause of hidden communication.
In scientific foundations of neurology, consciousness is labile
(Walshe,1972), but in clinical neurology, consciousness is often
defined to be ‘on’ or ‘off’ as for example, when the patient is ei-
ther asleep or in a coma and this observed by fMRI through coma-
causing lesions in functional connectivity networks (Fischer et al.,
2016). The same applies to psychological perspectives or higher
order theory of consciousness (Rosenthal,1997). However, such
attempts at understanding consciousness are not grounded in the
consciousness process as part of a spontaneous process. Theoreti-
cal work in this direction has been initiated by Marchetti (2018) in
which he details how consciousness is a ‘unique way’ of process-
ing information, yet without demonstrating what this ‘unique way’
could be physically. As well, Hameroff (2010) who first explored
the idea of a ‘conscious pilot’ embodied in the activity of subneu-
ronal structures forming a holoscope (i.e., cognized “wholes”). A
very recent paper by Schiffer (2019) points a way forward from the
traditional medical definition of consciousness and puts forward
the hypothesis that preconscious experienceability becomes sub-
jective upon interaction with intrinsic information, while a further
encounter with cognition leads to awareness thereby becoming full
conscious experience (or the conscious Self).
In view of the above, we postulate a new theory on how the
brain encodes consciousness based on ‘negentropic entanglement’
of intrinsic information. Negentropic entanglement binds noncon-
scious entities to ‘potential’ conscious entities, temporally, thus
acting as an integrator of thermo-qubits conveying ‘meaning’ ex-
pressed at the fundamental level, arising at the atomic scale of mat-
ter from de Broglie ‘hidden’ thermodynamics. The ‘meaning’ of
negentropic entanglement is ascribed to the negentropic action or
experiential flow of macro-quantum potential energy in a nested
hierarchy of nonconscious microprocesses as thermo-qubits re-
flecting internal thermo-quantum fluctuations associated with the
lability in the phase differences of the molecular dipole-bound
electron oscillations.
2. Methods
Quantum chemistry governs the behavior of electrons that are
bound to atomic nuclei resulting in stable inter-atomic bonds in
the formation of molecules. The guidance wave theory is at the
atomic scale yet independent of quantum chemistry. A wave func-
tion has characteristics of a macroscopic quantum state referred to
as ‘quantum-like’ (Gould,1995). It is not the standard wave func-
tion of quantum mechanics, used to measure potentialities, but de-
scribing the passage of a potentiality to actuality based on the wave
function’s averaged statistical characteristics. The wave function
(
ψ
) is dimensionless and describes the instantaneous state of the
enveloping ‘active’ field density of molecular dipole-bound elec-
trons modeled by the macro-quantum wave equation:
i
γ∂ ψ
∂ τ
=−
γ
2
2m ∇2
ψ
+U
ψ
+
ε
|
ψ
2|
ψ
(2)
4 Poznanski et al.
where
ε
is a parameter that regulates the strength of the nonlin-
earity in units of [energy], m is the mass of electrons in units of
[mass] and the action parameter (
γ
) carries dimensions of [en-
ergy][time]. This is known as the modified nonlinear Schrödinger
equation or nonlinear macro-quantum wave equation. Like the so-
called the Gross-Pitaevskii equation (Barenghi and Parker,2016)
that includes interactions through the addition of an interaction po-
tential term |
ψ
2|
ψ
may give more insight on the individual elec-
tron cloud interactions. Eq. 2 when
ε
=0 is simplified to the lin-
ear Schrödinger equation and can be solved by substituting the
Madelung transformation:
ψ
=
ρ
(x,t)e
iS
γ
into (Eq. 2), upon sep-
arating the imaginary and real parts. The real part describes how
the ‘shape’ of the enveloping field density of molecular dipole-
bound electrons is represented by the phase differences of the os-
cillating molecular dipole-bound electrons expressed in terms of
the Hamilton-Jacobi equation (Gould,1995):
∂
s
∂
t+1
2m (∇S)2+U+Q=0(3)
where S=i
2
γ
ln
ψ
∗
ψ
is the action function of the phase differences
of oscillating molecular dipole-bound electrons in units of [en-
ergy][time],
ψ
∗is the complex conjugate of the wave function
and ∇is the gradient (in one-dimension
∂
∂
x). The constant of in-
verse proportionality (
ν
) in the relation
γ
=
ν
/∇Scarries dimen-
sions of [length] [energy] [time]. The constant of inverse propor-
tionality (
ν
) between the ‘action’ parameter (
γ
) in units of [en-
ergy][time] and the gradient of the action function (∇S) in units of
[energy][time]/[length]:
∇S=i
γ
1
√
ψ
∗
∂
√
ψ
∗
∂
x−1
√
ψ
∂
√
ψ
∂
x(4)
The action function is under the action of two ‘potentials’: (i) the
classical potential energy function U(x,t) in units of [energy] and
(ii) the macro-quantum potential energy in units of [energy]:
Q(x,t) = −1
2m
γ
2∇2
ρ
(x,t)
ρ
(x,t)(5)
where
ρ
(x,t)is the enveloping field density distribution (dimen-
sionless) , x is the length scale and ∇2is the Laplacian (in one-
dimension
∂
2
∂
x2). The macro-quantum potential (Q) like the quan-
tum potential (Bohm,1990) is an emergent potential that is not
explicitly given in Eq. 3 until the solution of Eq. 2 is found via
the Born rule, linking the amplitude of the wave function to the
enveloping field density distribution:
ρ
(x,t) = |
ψ
|2. The Born
rule implies quantum equilibrium conditions. Note: The macro-
quantum potential applies to a single electron density cloud and it
is not a super macro-quantum potential which applies in the case
of several electron density clouds and how they interact together.
This is a simplification of the model since we ignore such inter-
actions between electrons in density clouds and between multiple
electron density clouds. If we introduce the simple case of a static
classical potential energy with a unitary value U=1 and letting
ε
=
0 then the solution of Eq. 2 is readily found, viz.
ψ
(x,t) =
ψ
0(x,t)e−i
γ
t(6)
and enveloping field density distribution
ρ
(x,t) = |
ψ
0|2where
ψ
0(x,t) satisfies the macro-quantum reduced wave equation:
i
γ∂ ψ
0
∂
t=−
γ
2
2m ∇2
ψ
0(7)
Eq. 7 ignores the effects of the classical potential energy U=0
and considers solely the quantum effects of the molecular dipole-
bound electron densities.
The separation of variables method yields a solution of Eq. 7 in
terms of spatial region of length (average molecular dipole-bound
electron distance) L, subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions (Pri-
bram,1991):
ψ
o(x,t) = 1
L∞
∑
n=1
cne−2
γ
t(
γ
2
L2
π
2n2t−
γ
L
π
x)(8)
where cnare Fourier coefficients independent of time in units of
[length]. In the ontological interpretation of quantum mechan-
ics, a ‘pilot-wave’ guides the enveloping field density of molec-
ular dipole-bound electrons whose ‘shape’ determines their phase
differences of the thermo-quantum fluctuations in a way, so it
also acts as an ‘information channel’ through a context-dependent
energy redistribution (Hiley,2002;Sbitnev,2009;Dennis et al.,
2015). Moreover, Q conveys meaning as an information channel
and as a quantum ‘corrector’ of the total energy. The kinetic en-
ergy is 1
2m (∇S)2and from Eq. 3 the total energy is −
∂
S
∂
t.
With Born’s rule and application of the chain and product rules,
Eq. 5 becomes:
Q(x,t) = −1
4m
γ
2∇2
ρ
ρ
−1
2
(∇
ρ
)2
ρ
2(9)
and together with ∇
ρ
/
ρ
=∇(ln
ρ
)Eq. 9 reduces to:
Q(x.t) = −
γ
2
8m ∇(ln
ρ
)2−
γ
2
4m ∇2(ln
ρ
)(10)
Intrinsic information is not Shannonian, but Fisherian (in the sense
of uncertainty), and observer-independent thus it is computable.
The non-computability in the sense of Gödelian information (Ci-
curel and Nicolelis,2015) is a kind of intrinsic representation of
the brain within cognition, representing intrinsic information via
uncertainty in the brain. In the context of thermodynamic effects,
Q is proportional to Fisher information (theoretic) entropy (mea-
sure of the uncertainty of data in an ‘information channel’) and
the negentropic force can be explicitly determined from the gra-
dient of the local Boltzmann thermal entropy (cf., Tsekov,2012).
The negentropic force is due to thermo-quantum internal energy
(Q) as per de Broglie ‘hidden’ thermodynamics arising from the
microscopic scale of matter. In view of the negentropy principle
of information (Brillouin,1953,1962), the negentropic action re-
flects a ‘consciousness guidance’ because information (theoretic)
entropy is subjective at the scale of measurement. Therefore, Q in
the context of thermo-quantum fluctuations, produces negentropic
action, which is not a mechanical action but simply the action of
S where negentropic action can be channeled through the negen-
tropic force.
The quantum force FQ=−∇Q has been evaluated based on the
de Broglie-Bohm theory:
FQ=
γ
2
4m
ρ
2
ρ
∇3
ρ
−1
2∇(∇
ρ
.∇
ρ
)−∇
ρ
(∇2
ρ
−∇
ρ
.∇
ρ
ρ
)(11)
Volume 18, Number 1, 2019 5
Figure 2. The mean approximation of the negentropic force in units of Newton per unit mass as a function of space resulting from the macro-
quantum potential energy (Q) for (a) L = 1, t = 0.1,
γ
= 1.0 (b) L = 0.1, t = 0.01,
γ
= 0.01. and (c) L = 1.5, t = 0.5,
γ
= 2. Real component
is shown in blue and imaginary component is shown in red. The values of the parameters were arbitrarily chosen.
The negentropic action representing experiential flow of specific
energy that results in a negentropic force can also be explicitly
represented by the gradient of the local Boltzmann thermal en-
tropy ∇SQ(Tsekov,2012). Defining the Boltzmann thermal en-
tropy (Sbitnev,2009) as a logarithmic function SQ=−1
2ln(
ρ
)and
Eq. 10 becomes:
Q(x,t) = −
γ
2
2m ∇SQ2+
γ
2
2m ∇2SQ(12)
Here the first-term on the RHS is viewed as the macro-quantum
‘corrector’ of the kinetic energy term and the second-term on the
RHS influences the classical potential energy term U in Eq. 2.
The kinetic energy becomes 1
2m (∇S)2−
γ
2
2m ∇SQ2and the
classical potential energy becomes U+
γ
2
2m ∇2SQ. This implies
that the kinetic energy of the oscillating molecular dipole-bound
electrons contains a negentropic term. Note: (∇S)2has unit of
([energy][time]/[length])2= [mass][energy]. A mean approxima-
tion of the negentropic force determined directly by Eq. 12 through
FQ=−∇Q is responsible for the of phase differences of the oscil-
lating molecular dipole-bound electrons (cf. Dennis et al.,2015;
Heifetz et al.,2016).
3. Results
The negentropic force can be explicitly represented by the gra-
dient of the macro-quantum potential energy FQ=−∇Q, where Q
is expressed by Eq. 12 which is shown in Fig. 2. The real compo-
nent indicates changes to the average phase difference of the os-
cillating molecular dipole-bound electrons, while the imaginary
component signifies the movement of the phase differences from
their average values. The sense of a negentropic force specifies the
direction (positive or negative) in which the force moves along the
line of action, which in Fig. 2 is shown that the real component of
FQis both spatially positive and negative in amplitude. A negative
amplitude of FQindicates the direction is reversed to the mean ap-
proximation. This implies that zero amplitudes reflect coherence,
while non-zero amplitudes, designate incoherency necessary for
the negentropic action (or experiential flow of thermo-quantum
internal energy that results in a negentropic force) to be encoded.
The negentropic action representing experiential flow of specific
energy that results in a negentropic force appears to be on-going
without dissipating, defining what is meant by negentropic entan-
glement. The movement from the average values has certain re-
gions where FQis zero. However, the average values are never
zero which is an indication that FQis continuous supporting the
concept of negentropic entanglement.
A temporal variation in the mean approximation of the negen-
tropic force is shown in Fig. 3. The nonzero-real values of FQ
indicate that mean approximation of the negentropic force can be
used to encode changes to the average phase differences, while a
non-zero imaginary component signifies the fluctuation from this
mean-approximation of FQ. The sense of continuity with time in
both real and imaginary component of FQcomes about from the
phase differences of thermo-quantum fluctuations guided by the
6 Poznanski et al.
Figure 3. The sense of the negentropic force in units of Newton per unit mass as a function of time resulting from the macro-quantum potential
energy (Q) for (a) L = 1,
γ
= 1.0, x = 0.1 (b) L = 0.1,
γ
= 0.01,x = 0.025 and (c) L = 1.5,
γ
= 2, x = 0.5. Real component is shown as a
continuous line (blue) and imaginary component is shown as a dashed line (red). The values of the parameters were arbitrarily chosen.
macro-quantum potential energy. The mean approximation of the
negentropic force as given by the non-zero real value of FQsignify
the phase differences of the oscillating molecular dipole-bound
electrons. They can differ from coupled molecular dipoles that os-
cillate between different orientations associated with endogenous
London forces over long distances.
The spatial variation in the mean approximation of the negen-
tropic force at a smaller scale to Fig. 2 is shown in Fig. 4. The
amplitude of FQdepends on the typical length scale (see Eq. 1).
The smaller the length scale the greater is the magnitude of ne-
gentropic force. When L = 0.1 (b) the amplitude is significantly
greater compared when L = 1 (a) and L = 1.5 (c). We can surmise
from this result that at smaller length scales the quantum processes
prevail to reveal significant thermo-quantum fluctuations, while at
larger length scales, less significant thermo-quantum fluctuations
occur. The ‘consciousness code’ arises when quantum effects are
not negligible and phase differences of thermo-quantum fluctua-
tions of the oscillating molecular dipole-bound electrons are evi-
dent. When the thermal de Broglie wavelength (
λ
) is much smaller
than the average molecular dipole-bound electron distance (L), the
fluctuations can be treated classically as thermal fluctuations. On
the other hand, when the thermal de Broglie wavelength (
λ
) is
on the order of or larger than the average molecular dipole-bound
electron distance (L), quantum effects will dominate, and the fluc-
tuations must be treated non-classically as thermo-quantum fluc-
tuations.
A relation between consciousness and negative entropy was
proposed by (Song,2018) where the latter was declared as a ‘visi-
ble image of invisible consciousness’. The negentropic action can
be channeled through the negentropy information principle as a
‘consciousness guidance’ consisting of dynamical patterns reflect-
ing thermo-qubits. The ‘consciousness guidance’ is labile. Both
real and imaginary components of FQhave unique patterns that
may signify informational content influenced by the ‘shape’ of
the enveloping ‘active’ field density (cf. Figs. 3-4). This con-
tinuous real component of the mean approximation of the negen-
tropic force points to continuous streams of information (theoretic)
entropy (subjectivity) that are encoded in diverse way from the
lability in the phase differences of thermo-quantum fluctuations.
Due to application of the negentropy information principle, a ‘con-
sciousness guidance’ arises from the gradient of the local Boltz-
mann thermal entropy (∇SQ). The quantum ‘corrector’ of the ki-
netic energy −
γ
2
2m ∇(SQ)2of the oscillating molecular dipole-
bound electrons contributes to the ‘consciousness guidance’ since
information (theoretic) entropy is subjective at the scale of mea-
surement. The ‘consciousness guidance’ is encoded through the
non-zero real component of the mean approximation of the negen-
tropic force to form a ‘consciousness code’.
4. Discussion
We clearly advocate that internal energy in the brain has a ca-
pacity for ‘feeling’ or experienceability without any claim that
such preconscious episodes are a fundamental property of nature,
providing the quality of that which is felt, i.e., a quale. This is
against the ‘anthropic principle’ that claims consciousness is fun-
damental (cf. panpsychism). Panpsychist materialism portrays
Volume 18, Number 1, 2019 7
Figure 4. The sense of the negentropic force in units of Newton per unit mass as a function of space resulting from the macro-quantum potential
energy (Q) for (a) L = 1,
γ
= 1.0, t = 0.1 (b) L = 0.1,
γ
= 0.01, t = 0.01 and (c) L = 1.5,
γ
= 2.0, t = 0.5. Real component is shown as a
continuous line (blue) and imaginary component is shown as a dashed line (red). The values of the parameters were arbitrarily chosen.
matter as inert as well as consciousness and therefore there is no
other way to account for consciousness.
Our work based on panexperiential materialism considers mat-
ter not to be inert, but fluid-like, manifesting its influence at the
atomic scale of matter through the action of guidance waves that
originate from properties of electron clouds in brains. Thus, pan-
experiential physicalism is notmutually incompatible to material-
ist physicalism and hence what we call ‘panexperiential material-
ism’, which is causally efficacious in the preconscious. The nonin-
ertness of matter due to experiential flow of internal energy in the
preconscious is associated with a nested hierarchy of nonconscious
microprocesses, which is actualized as a continuum of patterns of
discrete atomic ‘microfeels’(‘qualia’) (Holmgren,2014). Panex-
perientialist physicalism (Griffin,1997) considers actualized dif-
ferences in energy to be the cause of consciousness. There is,
however, a distinct difference between the notion of conscious ex-
perience and what panexperientialism claims to be preconscious
experienceability.
The idea that if conscious processes are indeed physical pro-
cesses, then there is something it is like, intrinsically, to undergo
certain physical processes (Nagel,1974). Pepperell (2018) argued
for consciousness as a physical process caused by the organization
of energy in the brain. Accordingly, it is specific energy trans-
fer described in terms of actualized differences that supervene on
neuronal activity. Although there is nothing in the brain that su-
pervenes on the physical brain processes, nonconscious processes
are physical brain processes too, but at a different hierarchical level
in accordance with nonreductive physicalism the supervenience is
‘unpacked ’through hierarchical thermodynamic transfer of infor-
mation.
Consciousness according to “biological naturalism” has no
causal power (Searle,2007,2017). Therefore, transmutation
of thermo-quantum fluctuations to normal-level neural signaling
(MacGregor,2006) is inconsistent with quantum indeterminacy
principle (Lewis and MacGregor,2006). As well, based on the in-
determinacy principle, thermo-qubits cannot be amplified by elec-
tromagnetic fields interacting with cognition. This is because po-
larized regions associated with cognitive neural signaling are com-
pletely omniscient of guidance waves, whose abode is hypothe-
sized to be in nonpolar hydrophobic regions of cytoskeletal pro-
teins bound to actin filaments. Therefore, our theory is not a dual-
aspect interactionist theory of mind in which the mind is an ener-
getic source and the mind-brain interaction occurs through a bind-
ing of an electromagnetic field.
The higher phase of consciousness expressed through con-
scious perception and decoded in memory remains to be explored.
The model supports the pioneering ideas of mathematical biolo-
gist Alfred Lotka’s conceptualization of consciousness not evolv-
ing from lower cell to higher cell organisms given an “elementary
flash of consciousness may be a native of matter” (Lotka,1956),
but rather it is the evolution of organisms that has allowed con-
sciousness to be decoded in memory and therefore expressed. Pre-
conscious experienceability is not expressed throughperception
like conscious perception must be.Thus, the notion of subjectiv-
8 Poznanski et al.
ity comes from the intrinsic information and not from outside of
the brain. This intrinsicness does not evolve, but is inherent in
qubit-like properties of electron clouds. For this reason, we have
advanced panexperiential materialism, where biological evolution
is bounded by a materialistic pre-existence of the physical nature
of subjective experience. That is, the popular notion of emergence
of consciousness has no precedence in the solution of the mind-
brain problem.
5. Conclusion
In this paper, we described how the internal energy process-
ing is encoded to form a ‘consciousness code’ through the negen-
tropy principle of information. In accordance with panexperiential
materialism, the experiential flow of macro-quantum potential en-
ergy was realized through the nonzero real component to the mean
approximation of the negentropic force. Such negentropic action
was continuous in terms of its spatial distribution implying ‘bind-
ing’ of intrinsic information that we defined to be ‘negentropic
entanglement’. By way of negentropic entanglement of hierarchi-
cal thermodynamic transfer of information as thermo-qubits, we
have shown the essential process of experienceability in the pre-
conscious.
Acknowledgement
We thank Alex Hankey, Jan Holmgren and Valeriy Sbitnev
for detailed comments. Phichai Youplao for technical assistance.
Funding support from UTM (FRGS-4F891) is greatly appreciated
(J.A).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regard-
ing the publication of this article.
Submitted: January 04, 2019
Accepted: March 23, 2019
Published: March 30, 2019
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