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Anlam ve Edebiyat Teorilerine Dair Türkçe Geleneksel Literatürü Tasnif Denemesi

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Ahmet Zahid Demirciler at Kırklareli University
Ahmet Zahid Demirciler
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Abstract

X. yüzyıldan XX. yüzyıla değin Arap harfleriyle yazılan Türkçenin zengin şiir ve nesir edebiyatı hâlen birçok araştırmanın malzemesi durumundadır. Sözü edilen yazı dilinde vücut bulan metin anlama ve değerlendirme faaliyetleri de bu bağlamda geçerliliğini sürdürmektedir. Ortak ve benzer bir terminolojiye sahip olan geleneksel literatür, tasnif, yöntem ve kısmen içerik bakımından farklılıklar gösterir. Söze yaklaşım yönleri dikkate alınarak “anlam teorileri” ve “edebiyat teorileri” biçiminde iki kategori olarak düşünülen literatür, bu makâlede Taşköprizâde’nin Mevzû’âtü’l-Ulûm’undan hareketle Arapça ve Farsça literatürdeki gelişim çizgilerine eklemlenerek tasnif edilecektir. Buna göre anlam ve edebiyat teorilerine dair Türkçe geleneksel literatür, belâgat, nakd-i şiir ve inşâ eserlerinden meydana gelmektedir. Poetic and prosaic literature of Turkish had been written with Arabic script between Xth and XXth centuries is still subject of many researches. In this respect, works and practices on text understanding and evaluation of this written language are still extant. Those traditional literature that possesses similar and common terminology differs from each other in point of classification, method and some content. Therefore those literature have been considered as two main categories which are “theories of meaning” and “literary theories” according to their way of approach. In this paper, those literature will be classified with regard to Tashköprüzade’s Miftah al-Saʻada and thereby will be linked to lines of development in Arabic and Persian literatures. Accordingly, traditional Turkish literature on theories of meaning and literary theories consist of works on al-balagha, naqd al-shi’r and insha.
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-
23, 1 (2019) 1-27. e-ISSN: 2602--2981)
ANLAM VE EDEBİYAT TEORİLERİNE DAİR TÜRKÇE
GELENEKSEL LİTERATÜRÜ TASNİF DENEMESİ*
Ahmet Zahid DEMİRCİLER
Öz
        
        
durumundad         
      
         
        

       
-      
        
      -   
eserlerinden meydana gelmektedir.
Anahtar Sözcükler: - -  

AN ATTEMPT TO CLASSIFICATON OF TRADITIONAL
WORKS ON THEORY OF MEANING AND LITERARY THEORIES
IN TURKISH
Abstract
Poetic and prosaic literature of Turkish had been written with Arabic
script between Xth and XXth centuries is still subject of many researches. In
this respect, works and practices on text understanding and evaluation of
* l--l-
etin--
 -

e-posta: ahmed.demirciler@gmail.com

2
this written language are still extant. Those traditional literature that
possesses similar and common terminology differs from each other in point
of classification, method and some content. Therefore those literature have
        
      
ah al-
Sa            
Persian literatures. Accordingly, traditional Turkish literature on theories of
meaning and literary theories consist of works on al-balagha, naqd al-
and insha.
Keywords:   -  -  

Giriş
         
       
 ar; dil verimlerini betimleme, anlama ve
 
     
e edebiyat

         
         
      
      
        

Anlam ve edebiyat teorilerine dair T     
          

     eserlerin

       
      
        
        


Tasnif Denemesi
3
     - 
1
takip

           
     
       
         
        

2


        
       

       
    
          

3


        
     
       
       
         
      
ve   
 
        
       

1
       -
  -       
        
-e bir
bk. dipnot 13)
2
-

      
     

3
       
        
-

4
       
         
  
       
     imlerini konu edinmeleri ve
        
         
  

   
   -    

4
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
5
     
   
        
       (Kutluer 2000).
    -    
        
-     
      
       
4
      - -
- 
 -     
-
5

[. cognition / T        
--ilm- 
           - le ilim 
- -i
ilim    T. 
 -       -

---
tekrar-        (Kara 2005, 209-11).
       
        

          


Tasnif Denemesi
5
-
6

        
      -   
-        
         
edin
        
       
     - 
        
-
       -  
         
         
 -         
edilecektir
7
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Belâgat Literatürü
        
       

6
 (1313, 250,254-256)        
          -

-
         
          
    - t   ve ; ikinci alt
  
  
   u-, - 
-   

  
   
ve nahiv gramere dair teorilerdir. -
        ebdi-r bir
  ortak hayaller .
 ve , -     -  
eserlerini bilme, bunlara telmihlerde bulunma veya bunlardan antolojiler meydana
             eya
         

7
    T   
           
       
(1987)

6
       
  




- 

-       
       
       
      
seb
   -    
  -
      i: 88).   
       
        

         
    -
V./VII.-
  Buna
           
 
       
           
       
        
tleler
        
 
         
          
-
          
       
-


Tasnif Denemesi
7
     
- -
   el- -Teby
 
        
-
 ve -     - 
471/1078-De-  
        -
          
       
Fahreddin er-      
  -    
-
-   
 
      - 
-
       
  -   
- 
        

          
        
         

diziminin an       

          
         
taksim edilir.
          
 
        e ve
       
        
    
8
   

     
8
      
  -926/1495-    


8
-
57).
        u
       

  
         
         
-
       
b
      
        

   
      ---


(1293/1876)-       rta
-  


-
 (bs. 1298
-
 (bs. 1303/1885- 
-Edeb (bs. 1305/1886-7),
  -Edeb   -
-
 
9
. Cev
 -i Hukuk dersleri neticesinde

10
 -      

9
Christopher Ferrard (1982) --

ve -
yi
        (2004b), anlam
ve ede        
        


10
Cevdet  (1987)    -  
         
(1303, 2)        
- -    -  
        
(1884) Mekteb-         ,
vetle muhtemeldir.

Tasnif Denemesi
9
       oyunca
          
       
     
      
        
      

        
         

       
        
            
(2000) ne dair

Nakd-i Şiir Literatürü
         
     
-
   -      -
-249).



        
         ar
11
. Pratik

-        
   -       
   gramere dair eserlerdir (Sezer 1994). Gelenekten gelen
-- 
        -
-
    --   
          
11

.

10
Tenkidin - - ilk defa bilimsel bir
    - 

-

     

          
          
     -    
        
        
        
         

 -    - 
         

12
--i
     -  
muhte        
        
     nakd- ; bir
         
       -  
         
        - 
t       

13

12
  (1315, 60) de -   
-
13
--
i, ---
--Kael-
Mas- -  - -
- 
 -
 -   - -   

  (Yalar 1997; Er 2011).      
nispet edilen eserlerin        yoksun olup,
uygulama
nakd-melerinin daha iyi bir tercih
 .      

Tasnif Denemesi
11
Arap dilindeki nakd-      
       rek,


14
.
       
rekabet sonucu birbirlerinin eserlerine getirdikleri tenkitlerdir (Kurtu

 ve  
 
    -
 - -       

-

-
15
 -
 
 -     
  Telif tarihi
       
        
       
   -3). Oysa   
         
          
        -  

14

       
        
          
       
  
   
       
tesiriyle, a 
fakat             

15
   
-Hasan Nasr b. el--
Muhammed b. Davud el-    -
-
-35).

12
        
(1949, 45) ifadesiyle -    
- 
 -    

     -  
      - 
        
        bul
 
-
da -
      -  
-

- 

-bareber

16
  
 -      
   
     
17
  
ile -

        
        
      -  
16
    
        
           
  -   - 
        
 -   -   
         
   -
 ve -   
-

17
-   -i,  - 
 - 
 -   -  
. -gibi ilm-i
       
2007). bk. . -i
bk. -72).

Tasnif Denemesi
13
-  
B-
- 
18
(Kut
1989).
        
        
   ibariyle nakd-   
          -
--
- 
   - -   
   
-
         
 -7 tarihinde tamamlanan - veya -


7-18; DeWeese 2005). Bunu
   
-    
       -  

          

   -   

        
         
 
-

          
bilgiler ise Bedr-     

 akd-       
    - -idir
19
.
      -   
18
     -, -, -
 
 , bu eserin eski  i   
etmektedir.
19
 (1986, 2) -    


14
         

      -


 
 -    
-       -
 

         
-
--
  -    - - i,
        
etin 1991c).
Nakd-      - 
  - -- 
(1284, 2-
    
  

   

    -        
bilgileri bir araya getiren bu eser, tam bir edebiyat teorisi olarak nitelenebilir.
 -       orilerinin


      
   
     -  
   
       
         


- a
         
    -   
         dde
  
-

Tasnif Denemesi
15
    
20
bizde en
- 
        -
98), 

         

-
-i

(bs. 1291/1874) --

-
-

- -
 - (1288-   
 ar ve tasnifleri itibariyle nakd-  

İnşâ Literatürü
         
        
prensipler ile        
    -    
         

       
 

     

           
        

          

  
        -i
       
         onu
       -  
 -      
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-
-

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olarak        


        
divan
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       
     eciyle



 
       

       

         
        

      


        
 -    -  
  
  -
         
   (Roemer 1971) ---
;   -    -
21
         
          
  .
      hesap defterleri tutulurdu. Pehleviler de
bu        
  . Daha sonra    
 birikiminden istifa 
       -23/634- 
    . Divanlarda istihdam edilen


Tasnif Denemesi
17
 - - ve    -

- 
22
.
        
       
       lana
        
        
t.y., 104-5)
 

   amalara dair bilgilere de rastlamak

       
      
kurulan devletlerin       
   
(Tokmak 2000) ve 
       
         

        
       (2006) 
        
        -  
       tabiplik
        
olan Mecma-        
         
-  - bilinen ilk eserin ise en
    
b. - -  - 


-
          
da 
        
-

 
   -  
22
Bu konuda daha genbk. .

18
il-   -    - 

-        olarak
        .
-
-

--
    -    
      -  
        
         
        

      
       
      

 

2001).

        
kazanan        
      


        

        
        
       

        
       
       
         
 
-
       

Tasnif Denemesi
19
         

       
        - 
-        
bir eser olarak nitelenebilir.
Nesir teorisi mahiyetindeki ilm-    
  
23
 -   
- --   -- 
 - -     
  - -  -

-
    -  
        
        
       
       - 



     -    
  

        
          
        
      ndekilerine
          
     -- 
24
        
-
       - 
23


24
Mehmed Rifat (1308a, 2)     -  
---
(1308b, 8), -
Edeb         Men-


20

-
        


- -  ve -     -
bahislerine; -- ve 
-

 -     -i

-        

       
yazma eserler de ilave edilmelidir.
Sonuç
       
         
       
         
-  -   -   

       
       
          

        
     
          
       
     
           
-
      
        
      
   -
de d

Tasnif Denemesi
21
      
       
      iyetinde
         
         
        

        
       
   -     
aruz,        
 

       
     

      

        
        


          

Nakd- k XIII./XIX.

        
Nakd-
 
-
         
      
Av       
   


22
KAYNAKÇA

-
    gat- . Haz. Mehmet

-
-Ayene-ye Miras, S 41: 219233.
     -  

   - 
 -. Haz.

---.

      -, 111.


Erdem, S 52: 139.
el-   -    
Ha
    -  ,
XXX:20-
Bilgegil, M. Kaya. 1980.      .
tesi.
-.
  
http://www.turkedebiyatiisimlersozlugu.com/index.php?sayfa=detay&detay
=80.
       LII (415,416,417
II--16.
        
Ansiklopedisi, III:424-
       ,
III:431

Tasnif Denemesi
23
    ,
III:432
        
Bilig, S 34: 145169.
   - - -
-
. 12. bs.
Kahire: Dar al-Maarif.
       Toplumsal
Tarih I (6): 5659.
     -
     
Central Asian literar       
 -163.
     
Ansiklopedisi, IX:360-
       
Kabus- 43 (43):
3756.
     , IX:37781.

     , XXII:334336.

       
XL:458
Erkal, Abdulkadir. 2009.     . Ankara:

     - 
 VII (VIII): 215272.

          
Journal of Ottoman Studies III: 165188.
. 1984.    
        
The Journal of Ottoman Studies IV: 1934.

24
      -
- XVII: 133176.

, S 8: 115127.

, S 11.

-
- - 
.

   --  opedisi, IX: 671

        


        
- XXI (2): 211-
38.
  X: 353

XXVI:
311
        
Teknik-Bir Felsefe Dili Kurmak: Modern Felsefe ve

   -  - -.
-Muthanna.
      

     , V:380-83. TDV

        
I: 634
    - 
http://shamela.ws/index.php/book/28181.

Tasnif Denemesi
25
       Ansiklopedisi,
XL: 461
      II: 165167.

      XXII: 123124.

    .   XXV:
49
--
    - -  

. 1308b. -Edeb
     , III: 595



-
-
Nahda.
. 1982. -
-
--Jahiz.
   -   - 
Keyhan-e Farhangi, S 154: 6467.
el-   -  - 

. Haz.

 -e

-  
& Londra: Brill & Luzac.
 XL: 573

       
       
 S 34: 6378.
-. Haz.


26
Rama -  en--
--
     Encyclopaedia of Islam, III:
12411244. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
-. Kahire: Maktaba al-
        . 1. bs.

. 2004a.       
Bilimevi.
      
 XXVIII (1): 311344.
-
 XXXI: 281
318.
    -   

S     -    
, S 3: 89104.
    - - -
  

- -

-i Kays. 1909. al--. Haz. Mirza
den - Londra: E. J. Brill - Luzac & Co.
--

. 1299. -
        
Tarihi
  ed. 1313. - 
      
http://archive.org/details/mevzuatlulum01shkuuoft.

Tasnif Denemesi
27
        XXII:
416
Tolasa, Haru       
--TDED 24:
363380.
     -  
XX: 312
Xudoyberdiev, Erkin. 2008. Adabiyotshunoslikka Kirish 
Sharq.
   -  -  

--
.
 V:
383
       
      
.
     
Ansiklopedisi, I:173-
     - -
       
Dok
  
Mehmet Atalay. , sy 13.
... Bu konudaki tartışma için bkz. Demirciler (2019). "Edebiyat bilgisi kitapları" ile kastedilen ise edebiyatta yenileşme hareketleriyle beraber meydana çıkan hem Avrupalı hem Müslüman geleneklerden izler taşıyan çalışmalardır. 3 Bu eserlerin tespitiyle ilgili olarak bkz. ...
... "Edebiyat bilgisi kitapları" ile kastedilen ise edebiyatta yenileşme hareketleriyle beraber meydana çıkan hem Avrupalı hem Müslüman geleneklerden izler taşıyan çalışmalardır. 3 Bu eserlerin tespitiyle ilgili olarak bkz. Demirciler (2019). Yukarıda atıf yapılan on bir eser dışında yakın zamanda telif edilen Shareef'in (2015) 13-16 Eylül 2021September 13-16, 2021 Teşbı̇h, iki şeyʾi bir emrde müşterek itmekdür ḥurūf-ı teşbı̇hden biriyle. ...
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... yüzyıl itibariyle görülmeye başlanır. Giderek zengin bir literatür oluşturan bu minvaldeki çalışmalar tasnif, yöntem ve içerik farklılıklarıyla belâgat, nakd-i şiir, inşâ disiplinlerini meydana getirir (Demirciler, 2019). M. İzzet b. ...
... Yirmi üç yıl arayla baskısı yapılan edebiyata dair bu iki eserin de aynı kişi elinden çıkmış olması muhtemeldir 5 . Mustafa İzzet'in Def'ü'l-Mesâlib'i (Hacımüftüoğlu, 1988;Matlûb, 1967;Yalar, 1997) de nakd-i şiir ve inşâ disiplinleriyle de ilişkilendirilebilirler (Demirciler, 2019). ...
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  • Oct 2019
Babanlı M. İzzet b. Ahmed tarafından kaleme alınan Defʿüʾl-Mes̱ ālib fı̇̄ Edebiʾş-Şāʿir veʾl-Kātib, Türkçe geleneksel edebiyat bilgilerini konu edinen bir eserdir. İçerdiği edebî terimler bakımından Türkçe literatürün en zengini olarak nitelenebilir. Def’ü’lMesâlib’i, benzerlerinden ayıran en önemli özellik, belâgat, nakd-i şiir ve inşâ disiplinlerine dair geniş bir muhtevaya sahip olmasıdır. Bununla beraber yazar, bu üç disiplini ele alan bir eser kaleme aldığını açık bir şekilde ifade etmemiş ve kitabın tasnifinde de disiplinlerin bahislerini birbirinden keskin bir hatla ayırmamıştır. Bu makalede, yazarı tarafından bir ansiklopedi mâhiyetinde kaleme alınan eserdeki madde ve makâlelerin belâgat, nakd-i şiir ve inşâ disiplinlerinden hangilerine ait olduğu tespit edilecektir. Bu doğrultuda klâsik belâgat eserlerinin tasnif ve muhtevası esas alınacaktır. Belâgat dışında kalan bahisler ise nazım veya nesre ilişkin olmalarına göre ayrıştırılacaktır.
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BELAGAT-I OSMANİYYE'NİN AÇIKLAMALI GÜNÜMÜZ TÜRKÇESİ ÇEVİRİSİ ÜZERİNE ELEŞTİRİLER [Criticisms on The Annotated Contemporary Turkish Translation of Belagat-ı Osmaniyye]
Article
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  • Feb 2022
İlmî ve siyasi kimliğiyle on dokuzuncu yüzyıla damgasını vuran Ahmet Cevdet Paşa’nın kaleme aldığı Belagat-ı Osmaniyye; klasik belagat geleneğini devam ettiren, bunun yanında konuları çok sayıda Türkçe örnek eşliğinde ele alan önemli bir eserdir. Eser, yazıldığı devirde büyük yankı uyandırmış ve uzun süre devam edecek olan tartışmaların odağında yer almıştır. Başta belagat sahasında çalışanlar ile Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı bölümü öğrencileri ve akademisyenleri olmak üzere birçok kişi bu eserden hâlâ istifade etmektedir. Bu bakımdan gerek yazıldığı dönemde gerekse günümüzde belagat, edebiyat ve kültür tarihimiz açısından Belagat-ı Osmaniyye’nin büyük bir önemi haiz olduğu söylenmelidir. Bu yazıda “üniversite öğrencileri, akademisyenler, aydınlar ve araştırmacılar için anlaşılabilir temel kaynak” olma iddiasıyla hazırlanan ve Belagat-ı Osmaniyye’nin açıklamalı günümüz Türkçesine çevirisini içeren bir çalışmadaki yanlışlar ve özensizlikler tespit edilerek örneklendirilecektir. Çalışmadaki yanlışlar gösterilirken sadece eleştiri yapılmayıp bazı konuların açıklığa kavuşması, okuyucu için yazının daha faydalı olması ve bundan sonra yapılacak başka çalışmalarda benzer yanlışların tekrarlanmaması adına doğruya ve olması gerekene de işaret edilecektir. Doğru bir üslupla ve fayda amacı gözetilerek yapılan eleştiriler sonraki çalışmaların niteliğine olumlu katkılar sağlar. Yazımızın en temel amacı da budur.
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İran'ın Farslaşma Süreci ve Bu Süreçte Farsçanın Rolü
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  • Dec 2008
İran, Selçuklulardan 1925 yılına kadar Türk hâkimiyeti altında yaşamıştır. Fars siyasal kimliği daha çok 1920'li ve 30'lu yıllara ait bir olgudur. Farsçılık akımının ortaya çıkışı yeri Hindistan'dır. Günümüz Farsçası, Pehlevicenin devamı değildir. Farsçanın etkinliği, özellikle Samanoğulları devrinde birçok İslam kaynağının Farsçaya aktarılmasından sonra başlamıştır. 1925'te kurulan Pehlevi idaresi framason aydınlarla işbirliği yaparak Farslaştırma politikasını başlamışlar ve bunda da kısmen başarılı olmuşlardır.
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Destûrü'l-Kâtib fî Ta'yîni'l-Merâtib
  • 219-233
  • Ahmedî Dârânî
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Ahmedî Dârânî, Alî Ekber, ve Ekrem Herâtyân. 1387. "Destûrü'l-Kâtib fî Ta'yîni'l-Merâtib". Ayene-ye Miras, S 41: 219-233.
Molla Lütfî'nin Risâle-i Mevlânâ Lütfîsi
  • Jan 1991
  • Mustafa Aksoy
Aksoy, Mustafa. 1991. "Molla Lütfî'nin Risâle-i Mevlânâ Lütfîsi".
Nefāyisüʾl-Fünūn fı ̇ ʿArāyisiʾl-ʿUyūn
  • Şemseddin Amülî
Amülî, Şemseddin. 1317. Nefāyisüʾl-Fünūn fı ̇ ʿArāyisiʾl-ʿUyūn. Haz. Muhammed Bâkır Hânsârî.
  • Jan 1949
  • 1-11
  • Ahmed Ateş
Ateş, Ahmed. 1949. "Giriş". Kitāb Tarcumān al-Balāġa, 1-11.
Bedr-i Dilşâd". Türk Edebiyatı İsimler Sözlüğü
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Ceyhan, Âdem. 2013. "Bedr-i Dilşâd". Türk Edebiyatı İsimler Sözlüğü. Ahmet Yesevi Ü.
Arûz: Arap Edebiyatında Arûz
  • Jan 1991
  • 431-432
  • Nihad M Çetin
Çetin, Nihad M. 1991a. "Arûz: Arap Edebiyatında Arûz". İslâm Ansiklopedisi, III:424-37. İstanbul: TDV İSAM. ---. 1991b. "Arûz: İran Edebiyatında Arûz". İslâm Ansiklopedisi, III:431-432. İstanbul: TDV İSAM.
Arûz: Türk Edebiyatında Arûz
  • Jan 1991
  • 432-437
Anlam Ve Edebiyat Teorilerine Dair Türkçe Geleneksel Literatürü Tasnif Denemesi 23 ---. 1991c. "Arûz: Türk Edebiyatında Arûz". İslâm Ansiklopedisi, III:432-437. İstanbul: TDV İSAM.