Ritual deposit from the Hun period from Telki (central Hungary). A preliminary report

Abstract

The paper presents a preliminary report on a new ritual deposit of the European Hun period, discovered near Telki in central Hungary. The archaeological and archaeometric analysis of the finds is currently in
progress. The assemblage is made up of elements of horse gear, personal adornments (the mounts of a shoeset and at least three belts) and weaponry. The analogies of the objects can be found in the supra-ethnic elite culture of the later Hun period in Europe. In view of its context, the assemblage is a structured deposit that was buried as part of a ritual. Comparable assemblages can be interpreted as tokens of the shared ideology of a newly emerging ‘imperial’ elite of the last phase of the Hunnic rule in Europe.

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HUNGARIAN
ARCHAEOLOGY
E-JOURNAL • 2019 SPRING www.hungarianarchaeology.hu
RITUAL DEPOSIT FROM THE HUN PERIOD FROM TELKI (CENTRAL HUNGARY).
A preliminary report.1,2
GerGely Szenthe – Viktória MozGai – eSzter horVáth – Bernadett Bajnóczi
The paper presents a preliminary report on a new ritual deposit of the European Hun period, discovered
near Telki in central Hungary. The archaeological and archaeometric analysis of the nds is currently in
progress. The assemblage is made up of elements of horse gear, personal adornments (the mounts of a shoe-
set and at least three belts) and weaponry. The analogies of the objects can be found in the supra-ethnic
elite culture of the later Hun period in Europe. In view of its context, the assemblage is a structured deposit
that was buried as part of a ritual. Comparable assemblages can be interpreted as tokens of the shared
ideology of a newly emerging ‘imperial’ elite of the last phase of the Hunnic rule in Europe.
The rst objects, found lying on the ground near
the Annalak hunting lodge (Fig. 1.), were presented
to the Hungarian National Museum by their nder,
Gábor Ehmann, in February 2016, who showed us
the exact ndspots of the artefacts he had found,
where we subsequently conducted an excava-
tion, during which additional objects came to light
(Fig. 2.). The site was investigated during two exca-
vation seasons in 2016 and 2018: aside from the
traces of a Celtic presence, most of the nds dated
to the fth century AD – the latter represent the rst
professionally excavated and documented Hun-pe-
riod sacricial assemblage in Hungary.
Until recently, ‘funerary sacricial deposits’ of the
European Hun period were interpreted as the mate-
rial relics of a funerary ritual of steppean origin and
as incontestable tokens of the presence of steppean
populations, specically of Huns. While the nds
from Telki most likely indeed represent the remains
of a funerary sacricial deposit, the assemblage itself
ne vertheless called for a fresh look at the very concept
and nature of these deposits. This re-examination is
en abled not only by the professional excavation and
by the eld documentation, an immense advantage
over the other similar assemblages, but also by the
various natural scientic analyses that are currently in
progress, some of which have already yielded a wealth
of new information about the objects themselves.
THE SITE AND THE SPATIAL PATTERNING OF THE FINDS
Telki Hill is the westernmost elevation of the hilly region encircling Budapest from the west, a location
accessible through a gulley from Zsámbék Valley (Fig. 3.). The site is located on a narrow plateau at the
1 This research was supported partly by the OTKA/NKFIH grant of Eszter Horváth (PD109234).
2 Supported BY the ÚNKP-18-4 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry of Human Capacities.
Fig. 1.: Telki, the location of the site
Fig. 2.: The site during the rst days of the excavation

Gergely Szenthe et al. • Ritual deposit from the Hun period from Telki (central Hungary)
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HUNGARIAN ARCHAEOLOGY E-JOURNAL • 2019 SPRING
northern foot of the hill slope. The choice of loca-
tion for depositing the assemblage may have been
inuenced by the fact that Telki Hill is the rst
prominent landmark seen from the valley.
The nds laid at a depth of 0–50 cm and were
found in clusters over an approximately 18 m by
20 m large area (Fig. 4.). The nd clusters out-
lined a horseshoe-shaped area that had a more or
less northern orientation. The assemblage consists
of the elements of one or more sets of horse gear,
personal adornments (the mounts of a shoe-set and at least three belts) and some pieces of weaponry. The
south-easternmost artefact was the horse-bit (Fig. 5.). The articles found north of the horse-bit representing
the adornments of the headstall and the reins formed two clusters (Fig. 6.): they included double-headed,
garnet-inlaid and silver-gilt crescentic studs, small strap-ends, small silver buckles as well as a disc-shaped
and a lozenge-shaped pendant. Remains of the saddle and its strapping were found in the western clusters.
The silver gilt sheet fragments covered with a scale pattern (Fig. 7.) were identied as saddle ornaments.
The lunular pendants and the small, silver-gilt pyramidal bells most likely decorated the saddle straps.
Lying between the above articles were various other objects forming two separate clusters. Eighth golden
mounts of a shoe-set were uncovered in situ in the southern cluster (Fig. 8.). The northern cluster comprised
Fig. 4.: Spatial distribution of the nds
Fig. 3.: The location of the site on the northern slope of
Telki Hill (3D terrain model by Nicklas Larson, Hungarian
National Museum)

Gergely Szenthe et al. • Ritual deposit from the Hun period from Telki (central Hungary)
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HUNGARIAN ARCHAEOLOGY E-JOURNAL • 2019 SPRING
the remains of two iron belt sets, a silver-gilt belt buckle with niello inlay and a short dagger in a scabbard
with golden mounts. The rectangular iron buckles, the slender iron belt mounts, the chape mount of the
dagger scabbard and the scabbard mouthpiece, a semi-circular mount, and a lozenge-shaped mount are all
decorated with garnet inlays. An 11 cm long socketed arrowhead was found some 2–3 m north of the belt
and the dagger (Fig. 9.).
Fig. 6.: Harness ornaments
Fig. 8.: The shoe-setFig. 5.: The snafe-bit and its details during conservation
Fig. 7.: Scale-ornamented mounts, presumably from the saddle Fig. 9.: The iron arrowhead

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THE ARTEFACTS
The parallels to the articles of the Telki assemblage reecting their cultural connections can be found in
various Hun-period assemblages whose date ranges from the late fourth to the middle third of the fth cen-
tury. In addition to formal similarities, the manufacturing techniques and the materials both reect cultural
connections spanning immense territories.
ANALOGIES OF THE OBJECTS
Comparable horse gear ornaments are relatively widespread in the European Hun period. Scale-ornamented
sheets were the customary decorations of saddles. However, the analogies of the other objects such as the horse-
bit, the lunular pendants, bells, small split-end strap-ends, garnet-inlaid gold studs and various other mounts were
distributed over an extensive territory during the Hun period and their use can be dated from the late fourth to the
mid-fth century. Most of them lead eastward to the steppe and to the northern fringes of the Caucasus, while
some parallels are also known from the Carpathian Basin (cf. Anke 1998; BónA 1991).
Finds indicative of similar footwear are known from the elite burials of the Hun period and the ensu-
ing era (e.g. Blučina, TihelkA 1963, 471, 489, Obr. 15) and from sacricial deposits (Brut, GABuev 2014,
125–126, Ris. 8–9; the number of lunular and triangular mounts suggests at least two sets in the Sze-
ged-Nagyszéksós assemblage: FeTTich 1953, Taf. I. 9–13).
The two rectangular iron buckles are Mediterranean types, which rst appeared in the Mediterranean and
the Danube region as early as the third quarter of the fth century (QuAsT 1993, 84–86, 135–136; the exem-
plars geographically closest to the Telki buckles come from the Gepidic cemetery at Szentes-Berekhát:
QuAsT 2001, 432–433). An exact counterpart to the scabbard mouthpiece (Fig. 10, in purple frame) can
Fig. 10.: Chemical composition of the gold objects (diagram: Viktória Mozgai)

Gergely Szenthe et al. • Ritual deposit from the Hun period from Telki (central Hungary)
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HUNGARIAN ARCHAEOLOGY E-JOURNAL • 2019 SPRING
be cited from the Pouan burial (third quarter of the fth century, kAT. MAnnheiM 2001, 145–146). The
silver-gilt niello-ornamented buckle (Fig. 11, in dark blue frame) is a well-known late Roman variant of
Gala-type military belt sets that were widely used both in Western and in Eastern Europe (kAzAnski 1993a,
120–124; nAGy 2004, 242–249). The large, socketed, barbed arrowhead (Fig. 9.) differs markedly from the
three-winged arrowheads used widely by steppean nomads during the fth century and has more in com-
mon with the form of late Roman specimens.
All in all, while the pieces of the horse gear can be dated to the late fourth and earlier fth century, the
actual date of the deposition and of the assemblage as a whole is obviously dened by the latest pieces,
namely the iron belt set and the shoe-set (Fig. 8.), which can be assigned to the middle third or to the third
quarter of the fth century. The initial phase of this broad date is consistent with the generally accepted
chronology of Hun-period sacricial assemblages.
MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY
The chemical composition of the objects and their decoration was determined using non-destructive analyt-
ical methods. The gold objects were manufactured from high-quality gold (> 90 wt%). Based on the gold,
silver and copper content, they form different groups, indicating the possible use of different ore sources
(Fig. 10.). The different chemical groups coincide with the different typological and chronological groups.
Objects with a gold content higher than 99 wt% were most probably produced by re-melting late Roman
gold coins (solidi).
The silver objects were made of high-quality silver (> 90 wt%). Copper was added intentionally as an
alloying element to increase the hardness of the soft silver (Fig. 11.). The objects can be grouped according
Fig. 11.: Chemical composition of the silver objects (diagram: Viktória Mozgai)

Gergely Szenthe et al. • Ritual deposit from the Hun period from Telki (central Hungary)
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HUNGARIAN ARCHAEOLOGY E-JOURNAL • 2019 SPRING
to their gold and lead content, indicating the possible use of different ore sources (Fig. 11.). Most of the
silver objects are embellished with re-gilding, indicated by the presence of mercury. A silver-gilt buckle is
decorated with niello inlay made of silver sulphide.
THE GARNET INLAYS
Golden objects decorated with gemstones, most often with red garnets, are typical elements of Hun-period
ritual deposits. Approximately forty objects representing ne polychrome metalwork were unearthed at
Telki, most of them crafted from gold. In the case of the two large belt buckles and the associated mounts,
the base metal is iron and only the cells are made of gold (Fig. 12.). The objects are decorated with some
230 inlays in all, of which no more than four are glass inlays (two whitish and two green plates), the rest
being predominantly red garnets. Most of the garnets are one millimetre thin, at-cut slabs, with carefully
polished surfaces and bevelled or straight-cut edges (Fig. 13.). The at slabs are mounted in cloisonné cell-
work or in a single cell. In order to enhance their optical effect, plain or patterned (cross-hatched) backing
foils were placed between them and the backing paste (Fig. 14.). The garnets are currently undergoing
gemmological and geochemical analyses in order to determine their geological sources (Fig. 15.). Based
on the preliminary results, most of the garnets are intermediate pyrope-almandine crystals originating from
placer deposits in Sri Lanka, known as Taprobane in the written sources, which were then transported to the
production sites via long-distance trade routes.
Fig. 12.: Golden cloisonné cellwork on the large iron buckle
(detail). Photo: Eszter Horváth
Fig. 14.: Pressed grid-patterned backing foil from
a triangular mount of the shoe-set. Photo: Eszter Horváth
Fig. 13.: Loose at-cut garnet from the large iron buckle.
Photo: Eszter Horváth
Fig. 15.: Mineral inclusions in one of the garnet inlays
of the mount with round pendant. Photo: Eszter Horváth

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RITUAL DEPOSITS OF THE FIFTH CENTURY AND THE TELKI ASSEMBLAGE
REFLECTIONS OF THE DEPOSITION RITES IN THE ASSEMBLAGE AND ITS CONTEXT
The deposition of the objects in small clusters and the roughly north to south alignment of the overall dis-
tribution of the nds was not mere chance, as most burials were oriented to the north during the Hun period
(ToMkA 2007, 256; nAGy 2004, 239). The overall impression from the position of the nd clusters relative to
each other is that their spatial patterning appears to roughly correspond to human body regions, with the head
to the north, surrounded by the elements of the horse gear on both sides. On the testimony of the objects, sev-
eral artefact sets of the same function were buried during the ritual; however, none were intact except for the
shoe-set. Several associated articles were found in the different clusters, indicating that the pits had been dug
simultaneously and that the broken or ripped-up objects had been deposited at the same time. The pre-deposi-
tional deliberate destruction of some of the assemblage’s artefacts such as the saddle mounts is quite obvious.
THE CULTURAL CONTEXT OF THE TELKI ASSEMBLAGE
The sacricial deposits of the Hun period represent an important, but nevertheless little-known religious
practice regarding the ner details of the ritual (see szenThe manuscript). Here, we shall only discuss those
traits of the relevant Migration-period deposits that bear some resemblance to the features of the Telki
deposit and thus any conclusions drawn from the comparisons are strongly limited.
It would appear that several parallel cultural traditions of ritual deposition wholly independent of each
other can be distinguished during the fourth and fth century in Eastern and Central Europe, one of these
being the assemblages containing magnicent female jewellery of the elite of Germanic peoples (Goths and
Gepids, see BierBrAuer 1975 and QuAsT 2011; for similar assemblages from Eastern Europe, see kAzAnski
1993b, 228, Fig. 5; for the Szilágysomlyó hoards, see kiss 1999, 164–165). In contrast, the Telki assem-
blage can be best tted into a warrior and mounted nomadic steppean tradition. Nevertheless, the analogies
to deposits with a similar composition (weaponry, costume accessories, personal articles and horse gear)
but without a funerary context can all be found in Central Europe. On the Eastern European steppe, compa-
rable assemblages are mostly known from kurgans and kurgan cemeteries, either from barrows erected over
graves, or from ones lacking any human remains. According to the current scholarly consensus, the latter
contained the remains of the ritual feast (ToMkA 1986, 473–474, koMAr 2013, zAseckAjA 1994, 13–16). In
some cases, a kurgan was lacking, but the assemblage was accompanied by a cauldron, as at Makartet and
Höckricht (koMAr 2013, ledeBur 1838, 46–49). All other assemblages that can be regarded as ritual depo-
sits usually contained a single object such as a cauldron (MAsek 2017), a sword (isTvánoviTs – kulcsár
2008, 286; isTvánoviTs – kulcsár 2013), a damaged saddle (similar nds are also known from settlement
contexts: Nyíregyháza, isTvánoviTs – kulcsár 2014; Göd-Bócsaújtelep, Mráv 2003; Szederkény-Kuko-
rica-dűlő, nAGy 2007, 23; Sobari, PoPA 1997) or a few horse gear articles (Kapulovka, ruTkivs’kA 1970,
199–200). However, the cultural milieu of these nds differs substantially from those of the ritual deposits
resembling the one discovered at Telki. Among the latter, the largest comes from Szeged-Nagyszéksós on
the Hungarian Plain (FeTTich 1953), the others from Transdanubia: from the Pécs (hAMPel 1905, Bd. II.
370–383; AlFöldi 1932, 76, Taf. I–VII; Anke 2007, 298–301), Bátaszék (kovriG 1982) and Pannonhalma
area (ToMkA 1986), and one came to light at Katzelsdorf in Austria (nowoTny 2014, 236–237).
The three smaller assemblages from Pannonia contain virtually identical artefacts. In addition to the
horse-bit and the gold foil harness ornaments and gold foil decorations of the sword and a bow, resem-
bling the exemplar found at Pannonhalma, the Pécs assemblage contained a spearhead and arrowheads.
The Bátaszék assemblage also contained the gold foil decoration of the bow. The swords themselves have
survived at Pannonhalma and Bátaszék: in Pécs, the sword mounts and the sword pommel attest to the
presence of the weapon. The single artefact of uncertain function in the Bátaszék assemblage is the small
strap-end of gold foil, which may have been part of a harness set or of a shoe-set; the two small gold buckles
had either been used for the attachment of the weapons or for buckling the shoe straps.

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The Szeged-Nagyszéksós assemblage contained a neck-ring, two swords, a dagger, two knives, two
harness sets, the gold sheets of a quiver, a whip, remains of personal adornments (buckles, shoe-set) and
the fragments and ornaments of several drinking vessels (kürTi 1988, 163–164, with the earlier literature,
and most recently kürTi 2007, 258–261). One important trait of the hoard is that traces of burning were
noted on several objects (FeTTich 1953, 19, Pl. I. 5; 20, Pl. I. 18, 23–25; 21, Pl. III. 18, Pl. IV. 7–8, Pl. VI. 2;
22, Pl. VI. 13–14; the metal vessels are shown on Pl. XV) and that the nds formed at least two, but most
probably three clusters, among which the drinking vessels represent a thematically wholly different and
well-distinguishable unit, which would bespeak a deposition as a spatially and functionally discrete group.
Despite important shared characteristics (BónA 1991, 169–171), a detailed analysis reveals striking dif-
ferences between the sacricial assemblages. The Telki assemblage and the related ones are characterised
by the presence of several artefacts/articles of the same type or of their fragments. It would appear that the
pre-depositional deliberate destruction of the objects is another common trait.
The Nagyszéksós hoard is the single assemblage that contained highly valuable and prestigious metal
vessels. Burnt artefacts solely occurred in this assemblage in the Carpathian Basin. Nevertheless, in con-
trast to the Telki assemblage, the four other major assemblages are linked by the abundance of delicate gold
sheets. In view of its shoe-set, worn only by the crème de la crème of the elite (schMAuder 2002, 157–160,
hArhoiu 1997, 117–118), and the other articles arranged in groups, the Telki assemblage is closest to the
Nagyszéksós assemblage. Nevertheless, it differs from the other assemblages in that it lacks steppean weap-
onry and, in general, by the visibly minor signicance of weaponry. Yet, it is the weaponry and a few other
types in which the impact of late Roman culture can be discerned. If these are not simply coincidences,
which seems unlikely owing to the high number of artefacts in each assemblage, the similarities and the
differences can both be attributed to cultural factors.
The lack of any traces of burning and the composition of the Telki assemblage best recalls the assem-
blages from the Alanic cultural milieu of the northern Caucasus: for example, an assemblage whose compo-
sition has much in common with the ones from the Carpathian Basin was found in Kurgan 1 at Brut at some
distance from the grave (GABuev 2014). The parallels to the other pieces in the assemblage, particularly to
the horse gear ornaments, can likewise be cited from this milieu.
In view of the above, the Telki assemblage cannot be simply seen as reecting the ritual of a steppean
nomadic – possibly Hunnic – group. Aside from the Huns, the assemblage and its deposition rite could
equally well be associated with a Caucasian Alan, a Goth or an ofcer of Barbarian-Germanic stock who
had served in the late Roman army in Pannonia and had later entered the service of the Huns.
The redistribution of the immense riches of the aristocracy of the Hunnic Empire (BónA 1991, 55ff)
from the 420s, in the late phase of the Hunnic rule in Europe, led to the emergence of a spectacular ‘nou-
veau riche’ elite, who are also mentioned in the sources (BónA 1991, 93–121); during Attila’s reign, this
elite included not only Huns, but also the leaders of the subdued peoples. We know of the Gepidic Ard-
arich, of Valamir, Theodemir and Videmer, three Gothic brothers, and of the Scirian Edika, all mentioned
in the period’s histories, and the presence of a chancery elite of Latin origin also seems likely. This elite
was undoubtedly dominated by the military leaders. This military aristocracy, bound by common interests,
which expressed its social cohesion through a shared material and, probably, spiritual culture had probably
emerged by the close of the European Hun period. In our view, the Telki assemblage can be regarded as
part of the legacy of this imperial elite. Irrespective of its origins, the group performing the ritual had, to
all appearances, adopted and successfully mastered the sacricial rites practiced by the military elite of the
Hunnic Empire.
This aristocracy did not disappear after the disintegration of Hunnic power. Several magnicent assem-
blages, such as the one found at Blučina in Moravia (TihelkA 1963, 471, 489, Obr. 15) attest to the survival
of the culture that united the members of this elite. In this sense, it is not so important whether the Telki
assemblage was deposited during the Hun period or shortly afterwards. The sacricial rituals introduced
by the Huns and the Hunnic power were undoubtedly practiced for some time even after the Hun period
proper.

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