No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
The making of Mumbai as a global city: investigating the role of the offshore services sector
... Two decades ago, Saxenian's pioneering work emphasized how "venture capital firms are emerging to invest in firms that link Silicon Valley's technology and market access with India's software skills," promoting the economic development of Bangalore (Saxenian, 2002, 194). A wide range of studies have examined how the outsourcing and offshoring industry have established cross-border intercity networks and investment patterns that supported an early process of convergence between GFNs and GPNs (Grote and Täube 2007;Aranya 2008;Kleibert 2015;Lambregts, Kleibert, and Beerepoot 2018). From a sample of 219 M&A deals over the 1997-2004 period, Grote andTaübe (2006, 1293) concluded that "M&A activities of financial institutions are highly concentrated in the very few cities with IT clusters in India," with Mumbai attracting the largest share of foreign direct investments (FDIs) made by financial firms, ahead of Bangalore and New Delhi. ...
... They face downgrading. Lambregts et al. (2018) showed that companies from Mumbai, India, that provide back-office services to foreign clients have failed to progress to frontoffice activities. Even scholars who are enthusiastic about the role of services in the structural transformation of the South, such as Bhorat et al. (2018), acknowledge a sharp divide between the few jobs in advanced services and the many low-paid, low-skilled jobs in personal services, retail and the like (see also : Turok & Visagie, 2019). ...
Trade in services has grown more rapidly than trade in manufactured goods in recent decades. Countries from the Global South are chiefly responsible for this shift. The research note draws attention to service investment that originates in Southern economies and is directed at markets of the same (sub)continent. Such dynamics have been neglected by academic debates focussed on global value chains and offshored, largely generic services. The authors argue that direct integra-tion into global markets is often disadvantageous for firms from the South, as they tend to play a subordinate role, face the risk of disinvestment and hardly upgrade. Regional markets offer better opportunities. These ideas are applied to Argentina and South Africa. The fDi Markets database and qualitative information from secondary sources are used to get a better grasp of the expansion of Argentinean and South African providers of advanced services into Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa, respectively. It is shown that regional markets matter. It appears that they allow companies from Argentina and South Africa to be lead firms, internationalize their business activities and achieve various forms of upgrading.
... Many manufacturing industrial sectors such as automobile, heavy engineering and telecom have opened their operations in India and adapted to the local needs (Ojha 2014). Many IT services (Noronha and D'Cruz 2016), consulting, knowledge and business processing operations (Fernandez-Stark et al. 2011;Berry et al. 2016;Hoyler et al. 2018) have offshored to India. ...
The research aimed to assess the influence of multiple dimensions of innovation on performance. The research is motivated from the possible impact of the internal organizational factors on the firm performance. We investigate the effect of dynamic capabilities such as product innovation, process innovation, and innovation culture on the firm performance. We collect a sample of 115 respondents and unique primary data from the executives of Indian firms. Established scales were used to design the survey instrument. A measurement model was developed in AMOS to conduct the confirmatory factor analysis and validate the scale again. A path model was developed to test the hypotheses. We find support for process innovation but not for product innovation and innovation culture. We extend the analysis further to understand whether the size of the firms has differences in the results. We find further support for innovation culture in large-size firms. We discuss the results in the Indian context to substantiate our hypotheses.
... She argues that today one might identify 100 plus global cities, with even minor global cities inventing new instruments and building new markets. In this book, for example, Lambregts et al. (2018) emphasize how services offshoring has resulted in several million workers in second-and third-tier global cities producing electronically transmittable support services for global financial and other services. Particularly relevant to the aims of this book is Krijnen et al.'s (2017) assertion that little of the agency-centred literature on APS professionals has engaged with cities beyond the core of the world city network, or on the 'boundary-spanning' work through which cities beyond the core are incorporated in global accumulation processes. ...
Beginning from a concern with how relational perspectives being developed within economic geography might contribute in important ways to relational understandings of global cities and the world city network, in this introductory chapter we outline a renewed critical agenda for global cities research that attends to issues of agency and practice in the making of global cities. We see the future development of this agenda as having four crucial elements: first, a need to incorporate perspectives on agency and practice from relational economic geography into global cities research; second, a need to specify the practices underlying global city making; third, a need to recognize the diversity of actors involved in global city making; and, finally, a need to account for the role of actors and practices not only in the making but also in the un-making of global cities. | Free access: https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781785368943/9781785368943.00008.xml
Defining city as an aggregate of firm-level activities, this chapter connects Indian city growth with spatially varying service sector performance. With empirical granularity, this chapter examines a new dataset to identify distinct levels of sectoral achievement, in terms of hierarchically classifying headquarter (HQ) agglomerations, contributing to uneven Indian city activity. Examining the financial records (prowess) of nearly 36,000 registered Indian firms between 1988 and 2014, the performance indicators of service-oriented firms are aggregated at city-level to gauge sectoral growth contributing to Indian urban development. Using a conceptual city classification, Indian cities are organised and mapped to their common HQ locations (using ArcGIS) to engage the performance-based findings with the geography of dissimilar service clusters across India. First, Mumbai, Delhi and Bangalore were identified as India’s Alpha, Beta and Gammaˉ financial, hardware and software agglomerations. Second, classifying contemporary activities, Alpha (1) and Beta (1) cities occupied the top tier with large-sized firms; Gammaˉ (6) cities occupied the middle tier with medium-sized firms; and Theta (45) cities occupied the bottom tier with many small-sized firms, implying a bigger role of dispersed small companies in complementing activities of big companies in nearby large cities. Third, the rising entrepreneurship of Theta cities near Alpha/Beta cities suggests the importance of regional and local policies in driving knowledge and resource spillover effects on city growth.
The majority of major cities in the world city network are capital cities. Between primacy and political specialization there are examples of countries where the capital city and a second city remain as major rival cities in contemporary globalization. In this paper we focus upon situations where the capital city is less important in global economic capacity: Rome and Milan, Berlin and Frankfurt, Abu Dhabi and Dubai, Delhi and Mumbai, Islamabad and Karachi.
This is an exercise in double comparisons: between cities in each pairing and between the pairings. Despite the massive differences – economic, cultural and political – amongst our chosen pairs of cities we have found communalities relating to the specific circumstance we are investigating. First, there is some evidence that economic centres are more global and less local than their capital cities. Second, more particularly, we have shown that in terms of global economic connections there is a very consistent pattern: economic centres have a much more coherent and telling integration into the world city network.
This article examines the prerequisites for a firm to qualify as a security-service provider for international ICT-ITES companies. From empirical data, four prerequisites were derived. They are pan-India/global outreach, adherence to international standards of service delivery, compliance with local labour legislations and the offering of a one-stop solution for multiple support-service needs. From among the various security-service providers, the ICT-ITES firms hire large corporate players for their guaranteed reliability, upgrading capability and professionalism. This effectively prevents the small local firms from availing opportunities to serve the ICT-ITES firms. The findings contribute towards the understanding of corporatisation of low-end (security) support services and the emergence of global standards in the delivery of security services.
The study of labour in global value chains is so far largely concentrated on the workers directly involved in the sequential chain structures. Limited research has been conducted on how global value chains impact on the indirect employment that is generated through the integration of places in global value chains. This article examines how new demand for security services from international client firms in Mumbai impacts on the quality standards and job contents of security guards. Using empirical data, this article highlights the increasing differentiation in terms of job contents and benefits for security guards. The emergence of new clients for security services has increased the need for trained, educated personnel to handle multiple, and sophisticated tasks leading to these jobs being better paid and more skilled. Indirect insertion in global value chains leads to upgrading of low-end support services, but do not offer new opportunities to those who are traditionally involved in these services.
The City of London's competitiveness is founded on its global talent pool and ability to attract and retain workers of all nationalities. Drawing on ONS Long-Term International Migration data and fieldwork-based studies of banking, professional services and business education, the argument of this paper is 2-fold: that the City's competitiveness is significantly dependent on the functioning of its global labour market, of which a key factor is the immigration of European Economic Area (EEA) and non-EEA talent, and that a central determinant of the City's position as a leading international financial centre based around a highly competitive global labour pool will be UK immigration policy in the wake of the financial crisis of 2007-2008 and ensuing recession.
This article presents findings from a labour mobility survey of 250 former call centre agents in India's National Capital Region (September 2008) exploring individuals’ employment before, during and immediately after leaving India's high-profile call centre ‘industry’. These data are combined with forty-two in-depth interviews conducted in India's NCR (July 2006 to August 2008) with call centre agents, managers, ex-call centre agents, labour organizers and economic development officials, as well as representatives from different labour market intermediaries. The study gives a cautiously optimistic account about the call centre work and employment opportunities on offer in India's ‘IT Enabled Services – Business Processing Outsourcing’ (or ITES-BPO) industry, and their implications for young urban middle class graduates based on: (i) the movement of around one fifth of the ex-call centre agent sample into further study, facilitated by relatively high call centre salaries; (ii) the movement of ex-call centre agents into higher paying job roles in a wide range of sectors including banking, IT, insurance, marketing, real estate and telecommunications; and (iii) the development of transferable skills in Indian call centres that are recognized by ex-call centre agents and their subsequent employers as conferring a labour market advantage in other sectors of India's new service economy relative to colleagues without prior call centre work experience.
Fashioning a global city: global city brand channels in the fashion and design industries, Regional Studies. This paper approaches the ways in which fashion and design-based industrial actors contribute to creating images and myths that support global-city status. It is suggested that multi-channel systems of brand building and differentiation exist at regional and local levels, supportive of, and constituted by, cultural industries. The Italian city of Milan is used as a case study to show how the city is an arena where different brand channels are negotiated and formed to service fashion and design branding. For cultural industries, these systems are vital regional sources of advantage and necessary complements to other localized phenomena such as industrial agglomerations and clusters.
The paper is concerned with spatial clustering of economic activity and its relation to the spatiality of knowledge creation in various sorts of interactive learning processes. It questions the merit of the prevailing explanatory model where the realm of tacit knowledge transfer is confined to local milieus whereas codified knowledge may roam the globe almost frictionless. When doing so the paper highlights the conditions under which both tacit and codified knowledge can be exchanged locally and globally. A distinction is made between, on the one hand, the learning processes taking place among actors embedded in a community by just being there - dubbed buzz - and, on the other, the knowledge attained by investing in building channels of communication - called pipelines - to selected providers located outside the local milieu. It is argued, that the co-existence of high levels of buzz and many pipelines may provide firms located in outward looking and lively clusters with a string of particular advantages not available to outsiders. Finally, some prescriptive elements, stemming from the argument, are identified.
The changing geography of service employment and the relocation of back-office service tasks to developing economies present a challenge to contemporary world city network research and methodology, as cost-driven offshoring may wrongly suggest a city’s increased importance in global city rankings. In particular, financial service firms, but also management consultancies, law firms, and other advanced producer service firms have offshored tasks abroad. These firms’ offices are attributed a vital role in the world city network literature and form the basis for world city rankings using the interlocking network model. Based on empirical research on advanced producer service firms in Metro Manila, the Philippines, this paper argues that the existence of linkages and the appearance ‘on the map’ of dominant economic flows does not automatically lead to an increased command and control position of Manila. Instead, the attraction of lower-end services leads to Manila’s dependent articulation into global service production networks. The findings challenge the key assumptions about ‘command functions’ and ‘strategic role’ of global cities that underpin the global city rankings. The paper critiques current conceptualisations of command and control in global urban network theory in the light of changing intra-firm divisions of labour in advanced producer service firms, and stresses the importance of qualitative research.
With the advent of multinational corporations, the traditional urban service function has 'gone global'. In order to provide services to globalizing corporate clients, the offices of major financial and business service firms across the world have formed a network. It is the myriad of flows between office towers in different metropolitan centres that has produced a world city network. Through an analysis of the intra-company flows of 100 leading global service firms across 315 cities, this book assesses cities in terms of their overall network connectivity, their connectivity by service sector, and their connectivity by world region. Peter Taylor's unique and illuminating book provides the first comprehensive and systematic description and analysis of the world city network as the 'skeleton' upon which contemporary globalization has been built. His analyses challenge the traditional view of the world as a 'mosaic map' of political boundaries. Written by one of the foremost authorities on the subject, this book provides a much needed mapping of the connecting relationships between world cities, and will be an enlightening book for students of urban studies, geography, sociology and planning.
The changing international division of labour presents opportunities for developing countries to attract foreign investments and generate employment in the offshore service sector. This paper focuses on developments in the Philippines, which has become a large exporter of business process outsourcing services over the past decade. The sector employs close to 800 000 highly educated young workers, the majority of whom work night shifts in call centres. Where do offshore service firms invest in the Philippines, which spatial transformations occur as a result, and why? This paper maps the location of offshore service investments on a national and regional level and traces the genesis of service-based special economic zones (SEZs), which combine functions of service delivery for global markets with increasingly globalised consumption patterns. These service-based SEZs arise due to location choice factors of foreign investors in services offshoring, who require skilled labour and prefer modern and secure environments, modelled according to their home country. Changing government policies on spatial zoning facilitated the rise of these SEZs in central business districts in Metro Manila and existing powerful real estate developers not only enabled this development, but are also the primary local beneficiaries of this feature of contemporary globalisation.
From the late 1990s, the establishment of a new relational ‘turn’ in the study of world city connectedness in globalisation has run parallel to the wider relational turn occurring in economic geography. Early work, built firmly upon a qualitative approach to the collection and analyses of new intercity datasets, considered cities as being constituted by their relations with other cities. Subsequent research, however, would take a strong quantitative turn, best demonstrated through the articulation of the inter-locking world city network (ILWCN) ‘model’ for measuring relations between cities. In this paper, we develop a critique of research based around the ILWCN model, arguing that this ‘top down’ quantitative approach has now reached a theoretical impasse. To address this impasse, we argue for a move away from structural approaches in which the firm is the main unit of analysis, towards qualitative approaches in which individual agency and practice are afforded greater importance.
The paper discusses in a personal appreciation of the literature whether the ‘interlocking world city network model’ (IWCNM) has contributed to overcoming the evidential crisis of world or global city research. After a brief summary of the main arguments made by John Friedmann and Saskia Sassen, the paper deduces methodological implications that follow from their economic-geographical conceptualisation of global cities. In the third and fourth sections of the paper I recapitulate the rationale(s) given by Peter Taylor for the IWCNM and assess the model's contribution to empirically corroborating the global city concept. The paper's main claim is that the IWCNM bypasses the theoretical core of the global city paradigm, for which reason an evidential crisis continues to undermine the strength of the global city argument. Accordingly, in the last section of the paper a research strategy is proposed that is apt to take global city studies a step forward.
The paper begins with an introduction into the interlocking network model (INM) initially specified by Peter Taylor in the context of the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) research network. For that purpose, the intellectual background, purpose, key principles and subsequent applications of the INM are presented. Since the overall purpose of the Special Issue is to take research inspired by the INM further, this paper gives, second, an overview of some of the main critiques raised against the INM. Third, the relevance of the different papers of the Special Issue is framed within these critiques. The papers in the Special Issue can be divided in two groups: while the first set discusses the measurement framework, the second focuses on the conceptual remit of the INM.
The US financial services industry grew from 4.9 percent of GDP in 1980 to 7.9 percent of GDP in 2007. A sizeable portion of the growth can be explained by rising asset management fees, which in turn were driven by increases in the valuation of tradable assets, particularly equity. Another important factor was growth in fees associated with an expansion in household credit, particularly fees associated with residential mortgages. This expansion was fueled by the development of nonbank credit intermediation (or “shadow banking”). We offer a preliminary assessment of whether the growth of active asset management, household credit, and shadow banking—the main areas of growth in the financial sector—has been socially beneficial.
The outsourcing and offshoring of services to developing countries has created new opportunities for economic development for countries in the global South. This paper looks at the scope for agency of local institutional actors in the investment attraction of business process outsourcing companies. Drawing on empirical work from the Philippines, an analysis of the process of integrating lower-tier cities into global service production networks is presented. Specifically, the roles of local institutional actors in facilitating FDI attraction and strategically coupling local assets with the needs of multinational service corporations are discussed. Two contrasting cases, the cities of Baguio and Bacolod, show that considerable scope for intervention rests with local institutional actors. The findings have implications for policymaking and research concerned with the newest phase of outsourcing and offshoring in developing countries.
For all its success in ‘globalizing’ regional development, the Global Production Network (GPN) approach has arguably failed to account for the role of finance in the dynamics of the global economy and regional development. This lacuna is significant as finance is arguably even more globalised and networked than production. To address this gap the paper distills the concept of the Global Financial Network (GFN) from financial geography and related scholarship, with advanced business services, world cities, and offshore jurisdictions at the centre. Interactions between the GPN and the GFN are discussed, focusing on the financing and financializing of GPNs and the co-evolution of globalization and financialisation. Integrating finance into GPN entails more than a simple extension of the GPN approach; it would also enrich it conceptually, and enable it methodologically and empirically.
This paper examines the roles of Shanghai, Beijing and Hong Kong as financial centres by utilising interview and secondary data to analyse the decision-making of financial and regulatory actors, and the different functional roles of foreign banks in those cities. Their intercity relations demonstrate a complex mix of competition and collaboration that embeds them in evolving networks of interdependence. Empirical findings indicate differentiated markets leading to the distinctive development of Shanghai as a commercial centre, Beijing as a political centre and Hong Kong as an offshore financial centre, with all three financial centres performing distinctive and complementary roles within the regional banking strategies of foreign banks. The analysis first explains Hong Kong’s continued dominance in the region and, secondly, reveals insights into changing intercity relationships between these prominent Chinese cities that contribute to their distinctive development as financial centres.
Engelen E. and Glasmacher A. Multiple financial modernities. International financial centres, urban boosters and the Internet as the site of negotiations, Regional Studies. The 1990s and 2000s (the noughties') saw a large number of urban boosters trying to frame specific international financial centres (IFCs) as hotspots for global financial activities. This paper investigates the images projected through dedicated websites of different IFCs to trace the self-representations and self-understandings of IFCs and their boosters. It investigates, first, the extent to which urban boosters are deliberately pursuing financial strategies through the Internet; and, second, how their negotiations of the global and the local, space and place, the universal and the particular, modernity and tradition result in multiple modernities' as projected through the imaginaries on IFC websites.
The agglomeration of skilled international migrants in global cities' financial communities has parallelled the globalisation of financial capital, international markets and deregulation. International workers have clustered in global cities as a response to their geo-economic functions, and in particular those labour market demands created within transnational corporate headquarters. Within this context, this paper will provide a discussion of the significance of skilled international labour migration within a global city: the City of London's transnational investment banking community.
Mumbai, the sixth largest metropolitan region in the world and largest city in India, is a complex poly-nuclear agglomeration that exhibits a socio-spatial fabric characterised by a (con)fusion of First and Third World urban environments. Metropolitan complexity has developed over the past two centuries as the city has engaged with processes of transition from colonial to post-colonial, industrial to post-industrial, and from local-regional to national-international status. This paper identifies the key forces and processes underlying Mumbai's development from a colonial port-city to a present-day mega-urban region, and assesses the economic, social and environmental challenges that confront the city as it strives to attain its goal of joining the roster of globally important cities in the early 21st century.
In this article I assert that global cities are critical nodes in Global Commodity Chains because it is from them that producer services are provided. I explore forward linkages of producer service firms in Mexico City, showing that there are important service flows to companies responsible for the globalization of the 'Mexican' economy. Based on this finding I also indicate reasons why Mexico City 'on the map' of global cities and of Global Commodity Chains. I argue that both access to local knowledge and close contact to clients are key factors. A third issue dealt with is the position of Mexico City in the geography of governance of commodity chains. The analysis suggests that it is useful to break up global city functions into the management of the world economy and into its command and control, because Mexico City is certainly a place for the former, while the scope of influence exercised from the city is rather limited.
The article explores how participation in the transnational interactive services industry impacts on the social identifications of Indian call centre workers. The article's analytical framework builds from Bourdieu's work on social stratification, contemporary theorizations of aesthetic labour and conceptualizations of the commodification of self as integral to aesthetic labour. The research data are drawn from a large scale survey and in-depth interviews with Indian call centre workers, focusing on their lifestyles and social values. Comparison is made with Indian and international youth cohorts. The research findings demonstrate the extent to which this group has adopted transnational middle class values and lifestyles. The article concludes that Indian call centre workers can be characterized as part of an emergent global middle class sharing common lifestyles and values with their counterparts in western countries.
Summary This research reports the findings from a study on nine knowledge process outsourcing (KPO) vendors working in the financial services industry. It delineates financial business processes along a low to high-end continuum. Findings suggest that KPO vendors are gradually moving along the value pathway offering more complex intellectual value activity based products and services to clients. However, they face many challenges including gaining the confidence of potential clients about outsourcing knowledge-intensive work, and finding effective solutions to mitigate outsourcing risk. Our paper concludes by developing a taxonomy of KPO scenarios to provide a backdrop for further academic research and to illustrate current practice.
Since 1995, the offshoring of services to India has rapidly evolved from a curiosity only studied by a few scholars to a phenomenon portending a major shift in the geography of global economic activity. The article examines the evolution of Indian global services provision quantitatively and qualitatively through the use of four case studies. The first case study examines the challenge that the Indian information technology systems integrators (ITSIs) pose to the formerly larger-but now roughly comparable in terms of employment-incumbent developed-nation ITSIs. Because IT systems have become central to nearly every enterprise, the second case study illustrates the wide variety of enterprises that now have significant Indian offshore operations. The third case study describes the rapid growth of offshore integrated circuit design in India, a nation with now commercial-scale integrated circuit production. The final case study describes the emergence of high-opportunity entrepreneurial startups in India and the increasing number of Silicon Valley startups that very early in their lives or even as part of their business model have significant operations in India. The concluding discussion situates India within the global economy and speculates upon its future evolution. Copyright 2009 by The Policy Studies Organization.
[Excerpt] Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010 (Key Indicators 2010), the 41st edition of this series, is a statistical data book presenting economic, financial, social, and environmental indicators for the 48 regional members of the Asian Development Bank. It presents a special chapter in Part I—this year on the role of Asia’s middle class in global and domestic economies—followed by statistical tables with short, non- technical commentaries on economic, financial, social, and environmental developments. In Part II, the first set of statistical tables and commentaries looks at the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and progress in the region toward achieving key targets. In Part III, the second set is grouped into seven themes providing a broader picture of economic, financial, social, and environmental developments. The special chapter discusses original evidence-based research and studies of select countries to highlight and understand the importance of Asia’s emerging middle class. It contends that its expansion is crucial to greater, more efficient, and inclusive poverty reduction in the region. Yet as the middle class expands it also creates many new challenges. The chapter stresses that much of the middle class exists only just above poverty levels, leaving it highly vulnerable to falling back. Additionally, as incomes rise and lifestyles change, it will create new environmental and health challenges. Policies are needed that both bolster the new status of the middle class and deal with the adverse consequences. This issue of Key Indicators, for many variables, also contains statistics detailing the impact of the global economic crisis on Asia’s economies, starting in the second half of 2008 and through 2009 as economies around the world contracted. Comparisons of these data with the pre-crisis years up to 2007 show how the crisis affected economic growth, international trade, inflation, government revenue and fiscal balance, international tourism, and other key variables. The crisis seems not to have had as serious an impact on Asia and the Pacific as had been feared in 2008. Most of the larger economies proved resilient, and governments met shrinking domestic demand with extraordinary spending measures, allowing deficits to rise to boost final demand. The crisis did nonetheless interrupt the strong growth trends seen before 2007. Its cost is to be measured in the gains forgone in the slowdown. The statistics for monitoring progress toward the MDGs, which stop at 2008 for most variables, do not yet capture the impact of the global crisis. In Part II, the assessments of country progress toward the MDGs are made strictly on the basis of the trends of indicators observed in the past. Future issues of Key Indicators may change these assessments as post-crisis data become available.
Since 1991, when the policy of economic liberalisation began in earnest, the size and prosperity of India's middle class have grown considerably. Yet sound sociological and ethnographic information about its social structure and cultural values is still sparse, and as André Béteille comments: ‘Everything or nearly everything that is written about the Indian middle class is written by middle-class Indians…[who] tend to oscillate between self-recrimination and self-congratulation’. The former is exemplified by Pavan Varma's The Great Indian Middle Class (1998), which excoriates this class for its selfish materialism and the ‘retreat from idealism’ that was manifest in the smaller, ‘traditional middle class’ of the earlier, post-independence period. A good example of the opposite tendency is Gurcharan Das's India Unbound (2002), which celebrates ‘the rise of a confident new middle class’Das's diagnosis of what has changed is actually very similar to Varma's, but he insists that the new middle class is no ‘greedier’ than the old one, and the ‘chief difference is that there is less hypocrisy and more self-confidence’
- At
- Kearney
AT Kearney (2014), 2014 Global City Index and Emerging Cities Outlook, Chicago,
IL: A.T. Kearney.
Offshoring and Employment in the Developing World: Business Process Outsourcing in the Philippines
- M Bird
- C Ernst
Bird, M. and C. Ernst (2009), Offshoring and Employment in the Developing World:
Business Process Outsourcing in the Philippines, Geneva: International Labour
Organization.
Localizing production of the globalized knowledge enclaves: The role of the sub-national states in development of the IT-ITES clusters in India
- T Chatterji
Chatterji, T. (2013), 'Localizing production of the globalized knowledge enclaves:
The role of the sub-national states in development of the IT-ITES clusters in
India', in P. Cooke, G. Searle and K. O'Connor (eds), The Economic Geography
of the IT Industry in the Asia Pacific Region, London and New York: Routledge,
pp. 243-263.
Mumbai: India's Global City. A Case Study for the Global Cities Initiative: A Joint Project of Brookings and JPMorgan Chase
- G Clark
- T Moonen
Clark, G. and T. Moonen (2014), Mumbai: India's Global City. A Case Study for
the Global Cities Initiative: A Joint Project of Brookings and JPMorgan Chase,
accessed 23 October 2016 at www.jpmorganchase.com/corporate/Corporate-Responsibility/document/gci_mumbai_02.pdf.
Global Financial Service Offshoring: Scaling the Heights
- Deloitte
Deloitte (2005), Global Financial Service Offshoring: Scaling the Heights, London:
Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu.
Manila eclipses Mumbai as services outsourcing magnet', Financial Times
Financial Times (2015), 'Manila eclipses Mumbai as services outsourcing magnet',
Financial Times, 5 May, accessed 20 November 2015 at www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1658
baac-f30a-11e4-a979-00144feab7de.html.
Fortune India 500', special issue
- Fortune India
Fortune India (2011), 'Fortune India 500', special issue, December, summary
accessed 7 December 2015 at www.mxmindia.com/2011/12/fortune-india-bringsout-its-t op-500-ranking/.
The World According to GaWC
- Gawc
GaWC (2018), The World According to GaWC, accessed 11 May 2018 at http://
www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/gawcworlds.html.
The rise of the new middle class and the role of offshoring of services
- N Hatekar
- K More
Hatekar, N. and K. More (2016), 'The rise of the new middle class and the role of
offshoring of services', in B. Lambregts, N. Beerepoot and R.C. Kloosterman
(eds), The Local Impact of Globalization in South and Southeast Asia: Offshore
Business Processes in Services Industries, London and New York: Routledge,
pp. 169-182.
Services-led economic development: Comparing the emergence of the offshore service sector in India and the Philippines
- J M Kleibert
Kleibert, J.M. (2016), 'Services-led economic development: Comparing the emergence of the offshore service sector in India and the Philippines', in B. Lambregts,
N. Beerepoot and R.C. Kloosterman (eds), The Local Impact of Globalization in
South and Southeast Asia: Offshore Business Processes in Services Industries,
London and New York: Routledge, pp. 29-45.
India's Tata wins big Citi outsourcing deal
- Lakshman
Lakshman (2008), 'India's Tata wins big Citi outsourcing deal', Business Week, 10
October 2008, accessed 5 July 2013 at www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-10-10/
indias-tata-wins-big-citi-outsourcing-dealbusinessweek-business-news-stockmarket-and-financial-advice.
The Local Impact of Globalization in South and Southeast Asia: Offshore Business Processes in Services Industries
- B Lambregts
- N Beerepoot
- R C Kloosterman
Lambregts, B., N. Beerepoot and R.C. Kloosterman (eds) (2016), The Local Impact
of Globalization in South and Southeast Asia: Offshore Business Processes in
Services Industries, London and New York: Routledge.
Overseas plans: Indian banks undeterred by financial turmoil
- Livemint
Livemint (2008), 'Overseas plans: Indian banks undeterred by financial turmoil',
Livemint, 3 December 2008, accessed on 12 December 2015 at www.livemint.
com/Money/3yomFsOuJy9FomeEi5gwsL/Overseas-plans-Indian-banksundeterred-by-financial-turmoil.html.
Report of the High Powered Expert Committee on Making Mumbai an International Financial Centre
- D R Meyer
Meyer, D.R. (2009), 'International financial centers', in R. Kitchin and N. Thrift (eds),
International Encyclopaedia of Human Geography, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 146-152.
Ministry of Finance, Government of India (2007), Report of the High Powered
Expert Committee on Making Mumbai an International Financial Centre, New
Delhi: Sage India.
Why Nariman Point is running on empty
- Mumbai Mirror
Mumbai Mirror (2012), 'Why Nariman Point is running on empty',
Mumbai Mirror, 17 December, accessed 2 July 2013 at www. mumbaimirror.
com/mumbai/others/Why-Nariman-Point-is-running-on-empty/articleshow/17863545.cms.
Traffic handled at major ports during last 5 years
- Mumbai Port Trust
Mumbai Port Trust (2015), 'Traffic handled at major ports during last 5 years',
accessed on 7 December 2015 at www.mumbaiport.gov.in/writereaddata/ nmain
link File/File956.pdf.
The Evolution of BPO in India
- Pricewaterhousecoopers
PricewaterhouseCoopers (2005), The Evolution of BPO in India, accessed 12 June
2013 at www.pwc.in/en_IN/in/assets/pdfs/evolution-of-bpo-in-india.pdf.
Foreign Banks in India: At an Inflection
- Pricewaterhousecoopers
PricewaterhouseCoopers (2013), Foreign Banks in India: At an Inflection, accessed
27 November 2015 at www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/publications/2013/foreign-banksin-india.pdf.
Quarterly Statistics on Deposits and Credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks
RBI (2015a), Quarterly Statistics on Deposits and Credit of Scheduled
Commercial Banks, 2015 Q2, accessed 4 December 2015 at https://rbi.org.in/
Scripts/QuarterlyPublications.aspx?head=Quarterly%20Statistics%20on%20
Deposits%20and%20Credit%20of%20Scheduled%20Commercial%20Banks.
Calling India: How India Became the Offshoring Capital of the World
- S Sen
Sen, S. (2015), Calling India: How India Became the Offshoring Capital of the
World, New Delhi: Bloomsbury India.