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JournalofHumanKineticsvolume69/2019,137‐147DOI:10.2478/hukin‐2019‐0021137
SectionII‐ExercisePhysiology&SportsMedicine
1‐UniversityofWarmiaandMazuryinOlsztyn,FacultyofEnvironmentalSciences,DepartmentofTourism,Recreationand
Ecology,Olsztyn,Poland.
2‐DepartmentofHeavyDutyMachinesandResearchMethodology,FacultyofTechnicalSciences,UniversityofWarmiaand
MazuryinOlsztyn,Olsztyn,Poland.
3‐FacultyofHealthandLifeSciences,CoventryUniversity,Coventry,CV15FB,U.K.
4‐FacultyofPsychologyandPedagogy,InstituteofSportsSciences,EötvösLórándUniversity,Szombathely,Hungary.
5‐FacultyofSportandPhysicalEducation,UniversityofBelgrade,Belgrade,RepublicofSerbia.
6‐DepartmentofDanceandGymnasticsoftheUniversityofPhysicalEducationinPoznań,Poznań,Poland.
Authorssubmittedtheircontributiontothearticletotheeditorialboard.
AcceptedforprintingintheJournalofHumanKineticsvol.69/2019inSeptember2019.
InternationalStandardsforthe3‐MinuteBurpeeTest:High‐
IntensityMotorPerformance
by
RobertPodstawski1,PiotrMarkowski2,CainC.T.Clark3,DariuszChoszcz2,
FerencIhász4,StanimirStojiljković5,PiotrGronek6
Theaimofthisstudywastodevelopinternationalstandardsforevaluatingstrengthendurancewiththeuseof
the3‐MinuteBurpeeTest.Theresultsof3862women(Poland–2502,GreatBritain–500,Hungary–412,Serbia–
448)and5971men(Poland–4517,GreatBritain–500,Hungary–451,Serbia–503)aged18‐25(meanageof20.36
±0.94and20.05±1.25y,respectively)werecollatedbetween2004and2018.Thestudents’strengthendurancewas
evaluatedinthe3‐MinuteBurpeeTest.Theresultswereexpressedonauniformscalewiththe3‐sigmarulewhichwas
usedtodeveloptheT‐scorescaleforthe3‐MinuteBurpeeTest.Mencompleted56.69cycles/3minandwomen–
48.84/3minonaverage.Thebestmaleparticipantcompleted82burpees,andthebestfemaleparticipant–73burpees.
Themajorityofmaleandfemaleparticipants(66.71%and68.18%,respectively)werecharacterizedbyaverage
strengthenduranceinthe3‐MinuteBurpeeTest(rangeofscores:47‐66and37‐60cycles/3min,respectively).Very
goodstrengthendurance(76‐85and72‐83cycles/3min,respectively)wasnotedinthesmallestpercentageofmaleand
femaleparticipants(0.52%and0.26%,respectively).Similarstudiesshouldbecarriedoutinothercountriesandin
differentagegroupstodevelopobjectiveinternationalclassificationstandardsforvariously‐agedindividuals.
Keywords:strengthendurance,extremeeffort,3‐MBT,norms.
Introduction
Cardiorespiratoryenduranceandstrength
abilitiesarethebasiccomponentsofphysical
fitnessthatcontributetosignificanthealth
benefits.Thereisamplescientificevidenceto
suggestthatregularaerobicandresistance
trainingisahighlyeffectivestrategyfor
managingandimprovingphysicalfitness,
preventingfatigueandmotivatingindividualsto
pursuetheirfitnessgoals(KlikaandJordan,2013).
Theseexercisestrategieshavetobesafe,effective
andefficientinordertodelivertangibleresults
fortime‐constrainedindividuals,whoshouldbe
abletoperformtheprograminanylocation
withouttheneedfordedicatedequipment(Klika
andJordan,2013).
Conventionally,resistancetrainingisnot
combinedwithaerobictrainingandisusually
performedontwoorthreeconsecutivedaysofthe
week.Accordingtotheguidelinesofthe
AmericanCollegeofSportsMedicine(ACSM),
everyresistanceexerciseshouldbeperformedin
setsof8‐12repetitionsforeachmajormuscle
groupwithintensityof40‐80%1RM.The
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138 Internationalstandardsforthe3‐MinuteBurpeeTest
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recommendedrecoverytimebetweensetsistwo
tothreeminutes.Eachmusclegroupshouldbe
exercisedintwotofoursets(KlikaandJordan,
2013).Accordingtostandardguidelines,weekly
aerobictrainingshouldinvolve150minutesof
moderateintensityexercise(46to63%ofmaximal
oxygenuptake,VO2max)for30to60minutesper
sessionand/or75minutesofvigorousintensity
exercise(64to90%ofVO2max)for20to60minutes
persession(KlikaandJordan,2013).
Despitetheunequivocaleffectivenessof
cardiorespiratoryenduranceandresistance
training(Maioranaetal.,2000),themainfactors
thatdiscourageindividualsfrompursuingthese
typesofexercisearetheconsiderablelengthof
trainingsessions,aswellasthelimitations
associatedwiththestructureandcharacterof
thesetwodifferenttrainingregimes(Klikaand
Jordan,2013).High‐intensitycircuittraining
(HICT),wherebodyweightisusedforresistance,
offersapracticalsolutiontotheaboveproblem.
High‐intensitycircuittraining(HICT)
High‐intensitycircuittraining(HICT)that
reliesonbodyweightforresistanceappearstobe
aneffectivesolutionforcardiorespiratoryand
resistancetraining.AccordingtotheTop20
WorldwideFitnessTrendsfor2018,HICTisthe
mostpopularformofexerciseinfitnessclubs
(Thompson,2017).TheideabehindHICTisnot
new;however,thistypeoftrainingisgaining
popularity,whichcanbeattributedtoits
efficiencyandpracticalityinafast‐pacedsociety.
Aerobicandresistancetrainingiscombinedwith
shortrestintervalstodeliverconsiderablehealth
benefitswithinashorterperiodoftimethan
traditionaltraining(Gibalaetal.,2006).InHICT,
bodyweightisusedforresistance,andit
eliminatestheneedforequipmentandfacilities.
Forthisreason,HICTexercisesareoftenusedin
high‐intensityintervaltraining(HIIT)whichis
alsoanoptimalworkoutforimprovingmetabolic
andcardiovascularfunctions(Alonso‐Fernandez
etal.,2017).Therefore,HICTisatime‐efficient
strategywhichfacilitatestrainingadaptationtoa
similarextentascompetitivetraining(Martinset
al.,2016).HICTishighlyeffectiveinteamsports
(Alonso‐Fernandezetal.,2017),mostcombat
sports(Podstawskietal.,2016a),functional
trainingsuchascross‐fitandwatersports
(Claudinoetal.,2018).Fanetal.(2013)
demonstratedthathigh‐intensityexercises
performedforbothlessandmorethan10minutes
decreasedthebodymassindexandloweredthe
riskofobesity.Theobesityriskwasdecreasedby
5%inwomenand2%inmenpereveryminuteof
high‐intensityexercise.Thereisalsoevidenceto
indicatethatHICTimprovesexercisecapacityin
individualssufferingfromchronicortemporary
healthconditions(Claudinoetal.,2018).
Physiologicalresponsestotrainingare
significantlyinfluencedbytheintensityof
exerciseanddurationofworkintervals(Astrand
etal.,2003).Accordingtorecentresearch,
vigorousexercise(at80%ofVO2max)provides
greaterbenefitsthanmoderateexercise(at60%of
VO2max)(DiPietroetal.,2006).Individualscan
decreasetheirrelianceonequipmentandfacilities
byusingtheirbodyweightforresistance.
Therefore,HICTisatime‐efficientstrategyfor
trainingadaptation,whichisaseffectiveas
competitivetraining(Martinsetal.,2016).Based
onthelengthofworkintervals,HICTcanbe
classifiedas;long(3‐15min),moderate(1‐3min)
andshortHICT(10s–1min)(Guiraudetal.,
2012).Theintensityanddurationofwork
intervalsgenerallydeterminephysiological
adaptationandthebenefitsofhighintensity
training(Alonzo‐Fernandezetal.,2017;DiPietro
etal.,2006).
TheeffectivenessofHICTshouldbe
evaluatedwiththeuseofavalidandreliabletest
thatquicklyandsafelyprovidesreliable
informationonparticipants’strengthendurance.
The3‐MinuteBurpeeTest(3‐MBT)hasbeen
designedtoevaluatestrengthenduranceduring
boutsofextremephysicalactivity.The3‐MBTisa
classicexampleofanexerciseduringwhichthe
participanthastocompletethehighestpossible
numberofcyclesinvolvingsquats,backkicksand
theplankpositiononextendedarmsduring
severalminutesofextremephysicalexertion.
BriefHistory
Themainobjectiveofthetestisto
measureagilityandcoordination.Itconsistsofa
seriesof“burpees”–physicalexerciseswhich
beginwithasquatthrustandendinastanding
position.TheBurpeetestisimmenselypopular
amongathletes,andvariousversionsofthetest
havebeendeveloped.Themodifiedversionsof
thetestdifferinspatiotemporalstructure,and
everyvariantcanbeusedindependentlyto
evaluatedifferentmotorabilities.Thefollowing
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©EditorialCommitteeofJournalofHumanKinetics
versionsoftheBurpeetesthavebeendescribedin
theliterature:
•10sBurpeeTest–theoriginalBurpeetest
whichisusedintheMcCloyPhysicalFitnessTest
(McCloyandYoung,1954),
•20sBurpeeTest–usedinthe“Fitnessfor
health”test(Podstawskietal.,2016a),
•30sBurpeeTest–usedbyDenisiuk
(Podstawskietal.,2016a)intheMotorFitnessTest
forgirls,andbySakamaki(1983).
•60sBurpeeTest–usedbyDenisiuk
(Podstawskietal.,2016a)intheMotorFitnessTest
forboys,
•3‐minuteBurpeeTest–usedtoevaluate
elementaryschoolstudents,universitystudents
andearlyeducationteachers(Podstawskietal.,
2013,2014,2015).
Characteristicsofthe3‐MinuteBurpeeTest
Theclassificationstandardsforthe3‐MBT
havebeendevelopedinaseriesofrigoroustests
todeterminethecriteriaforevaluatingthetest’s
validityandreliability.Theconductedtestshave
confirmedthevalidityofthe3‐MBTandits
usefulnessforaccurateassessmentsofstrength
enduranceinyoungwomen.Inagroupoffemale
universitystudents,thevaluesofthereliability
coefficientsbetweensuccessivetrialsforthe3‐
MBTrangedfromverylow(satisfactoryfor
individualassessmentandforgroupcomparison)
toperfectreliability(Podstawskietal.,2016b).
Previousresearchhasdemonstratedthe
usefulnessofthe3‐MBTforevaluatingstrength
enduranceinvariousagegroups(Podstawskiet
al.,2015).Theauthor’spreviousstudyrevealed
thatbodymass,theBMIandbodyweightwere
significantlynegativelycorrelatedwiththe
numberofcompletedburpeecycles.The3‐MBTis
ahighlyvigorousworkoutwhichraisedtheheart
rate(HR)toanaverageof181.92b∙min‐1inthe
evaluatedgroupoffemaleuniversitystudents
(Podstawskietal.,2016a).
Theaimofthisstudywastodevelop
internationalstandardsforevaluatingstrength
enduranceofindividualsaged19‐25yearswith
theuseofthe3‐MinuteBurpeeTest(3‐MBT).
Methods
Participants
Thepresentedclassificationstandardswere
developedinastudyconductedin2004‐2018ona
large,representativeandrandompopulation
sampleof3862women(Poland–2502,Great
Britain–500,Hungary–412,Serbia–448)and
5971men(Poland–4517,GreatBritain–500,
Hungary–451,Serbia–503)aged18‐25years
(meanage:women–20.36±0.94years,men–
20.05±1.25years).Thestudywasconductedat
theUniversityofWarmiaandMazuryinOlsztyn,
theUniversityofPhysicalEducationinPoznań
(Poland),theUniversityCentreHartpury(Great
Britain),theUniversityofBelgrade(Serbia)and
theEötvösLórándinUniversityinSzombathely
(Hungary).Theuseofinternationalclassification
standardsensuredtheobjectivityofthestudy.
Procedures
Theresearchwasperformedin
compliancewiththeDeclarationofHelsinkiand
uponthepriorconsentoftheBioethical
CommitteeandtheauthoritiesoftheUniversity
ofWarmiaandMazuryinOlsztyn.All
participantsgavetheirwrittenconsenttotake
partinthestudy.
Measurements
Bodyheightmeasurementswere
performedtothenearest0.1mmonaWB‐150
medicalscalewithastadiometerandaMartin
anthropometerbasedonstandardguidelines.
Bodymasswasdeterminedtothenearest0.1kg,
andtheresultswereusedtocalculatethe
participantsʹ BMI.Strengthendurancewas
evaluatedduringthe3‐MBT(Podstawskietal.,
2013).Duringinitialmeetingsbeforethestudy,
participantsperformedone3‐MBTweekly.Five
trialsofthe3‐MBTwerecompletedtoguarantee
reliableresults(Podstawskietal.,2016b).Before
thetest,participantswereinstructedonhowto
performthe3‐MBTcorrectly,andtheywere
allowedtimetopractice.Thetestwaspreceded
byanactivewarm‐up(10minutes).Thewarm‐up
routineincludedjogging,generalandspecific
resistanceandstretchingexercises.
Thecorrecttechniqueforperformingthe3‐Minute
Burpeetest
Strengthendurancewasevaluatedbased
onthenumberofburpeecyclescompletedin3
minutes.Thestagesofthe3‐MBTarepresentedin
Figure1
StageIBegininastandingposition(Figure
1a)andmoveintoasupportedsquatwithboth
handsontheground(Figure1b).
StageII Fromasupportedsquat(Figure1b),
kickyourfeetback(Figure1c)intoaplankwith
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140 Internationalstandardsforthe3‐MinuteBurpeeTest
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armsextended(Figure1d).
StageIIIReturnfromtheplankposition
(Figure1d)toasupportedsquat(Figure1e).
StageIVReturntoastandingposition(Figure
1j),extendyourarmsovertheheadandclapyour
hands(Figures:1f,1g,1h,1i).
Theparticipantsrepeatedthecycleinthe
specifiedorderasmanytimesaspossibleina
giventimelimit(3minutes).
Comments:Theplankpositionshouldbe
maintainedonextendedarmswithoutarchingthe
back,butanexceptioncanbemadefor
individualswithoutadequateupperbody
strength.Thelegsshouldbefullyextendedinthe
plankposition.Acyclewasnotcountedwhen
particularstageswerenotcorrectlyperformed.
Statisticalanalysis
Minimum,maximumandaveragevalues,
medianvaluesandstandarddeviationswere
determinedduringastatisticalanalysis.The3‐
sigmarulewasappliedtoexpresstheresultsof
themotorfitnesstestonauniformscaleandto
developtheT‐scorescaleforthe3‐MBT(Table1).
Theobtainedresultswereusedtocategorize
theleveloffitnessoftheparticipants.Theycan
alsobeusedtomonitorchangesinstrength
enduranceofthestudiedpopulation.
Results
Thedatadescribingmaleandfemale
participantsarepresentedinTable2,the
participantsʹscoresareshowninTable3,andthe
internationalclassificationstandardsforthe3‐
MBTareprovidedinTable4.
***Table2abouthere***
Malestudentsperformed56.69cycles/3min,
andfemalestudents–48.84cycles/3minon
average.Thebestmaleperformercompleted82
burpees,andthebestfemaleperformer–73
burpees.Maleparticipantswereheavierandtaller
thantheirfemalecounterparts.TheBMIwas
withinthenormforbothmaleandfemale
participants(men–20.05kg/m2,women–20.36
kg/m2)(Table2).
Theresultsofthe3‐MBTwereusedto
evaluatestrengthenduranceofindividualsaged
18‐25yearsona5‐pointgradingscalewiththeuse
ofthediscussedclassificationstandards.The
scoreswerepresentedintableformatfor
evaluationorself‐evaluationandtocross‐
referencetheresultsachievedinsame‐sexgroups.
Themajorityofmale(66.71%)andfemale
(68.18%)participantswerecharacterizedby
averagestrengthendurance.Mencompleted47‐66
cycles/3min,andwomen–37‐60cycles/3min.
Verygoodstrengthendurance(76‐85and72‐83
cycles/3min,respectively)wasnotedinthe
smallestpercentageofmaleandfemale
participants(0.52%and0.26%,respectively)
(Table3).
The3‐MBTscoreswereconvertedtoaT‐
scaleof1to100toevaluateparticipantsʹstrength
endurance.Inthisapproach,theexistingmotor
fitnesstestbatteries(suchasEurofit)canbe
expandedtoincludethe3‐MBT.A5‐point
gradingscaleallowsforaquickassessmentof
participantsʹ strengthenduranceaspoor,weak,
good,verygoodorexcellent.Theresultsscored
byfemaleandmaleparticipantsinthe3‐MBT
wereexpressedonauniform5‐pointgrading
scalewiththeuseof3‐sigmarule.Participants
whoscoredbelowtheminimumthresholdofthe
firstintervalwereawarded1point,whereasthe
participantswhoscoredabovethemaximum
thresholdofthefifthintervalwereawarded100
pointsonthescale(Table4).
Discussion
Theaimofthisstudywastodevelop
internationalstandardsforevaluatingstrength
endurancewiththeuseofthe3‐MBT.Tothisend,
internationalstandardsforthe3‐MBTwere
ascertainedanduniformlypresentedusingrobust
statisticalprocedures.
Themajorityofthestudiedparticipantswere
characterizedbyaveragestrengthendurance
(68.18%ofwomencompleted37‐60cycles/3min,
and66.71%ofmencompleted47‐66cycles/3min).
Inastudycomparingstrengthenduranceofearly
educationteachersandfirst‐yearfemale
universitystudentsvs.pre‐schoolchildrenand
elementaryschoolstudents,73.27%ofthe
evaluatedwomenachievedaverageresults,but
theirscorescomprisedasmallerrangeofvalues
(36‐50cycles/3min),probablyduetoamuch
smallersamplesize(520women)(Podstawskiet
al.,2014).
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Table1
Scorescaleforevaluatingstrengthenduranceinthe3‐MBT
PhysicalfitnesslevelStandardresultsT‐scale
Verygood>X+2SD÷<X+3SD81÷100
Good>X+SD÷<X+2SD61÷80
AverageX–SD÷X+SD41÷60
Poor<X–2SD÷>X‐SD21÷40
Verypoor<X–3SD÷>X–2SD1÷20
Table2
Bodymass,heightandBMIinthestudiedpopulation
Gender[No]
Age
[years]
Bodymass
[kg]
Bodyheight
[cm]
BMI
[kg/m2]No.ofcyclesT‐scale
Mean±stand.dev.(min÷max)
Men597120.05±1.25
(19÷25)
77.20±9.77
(55.0÷130.1)
180.99±6.08
(161.4÷203.0)
23.56±2.71
(17.1÷37.2)
56.69±9.52
(24.0÷82.0)
50.41±13.15
(1.0÷100.0)
Women386220.36±0.94
(19.0÷24.0)
60.21±8.92
(40.6÷101.3)
165.1±6.36
(139.8÷187.2)
22.13±3.41
(15.1÷38.2)
48.84±11.43
(10.0÷73.0)
50.87±12.97
(1.0÷100.0)
Table3
Five‐pointgradingscaleforevaluatingfemaleandmaleparticipants
LevelTolerancerangeN%Averagerange
CyclesPointsCyclesPoints
Men
Verypoor28÷38*1÷202724.563413.6
Poor38÷4721÷4077512.984330.9
Average47÷6641÷60398366.715852.7
Good66÷7661÷8091015.246866.0
Verygood76÷85**81÷100310.527782.9
Women
Verypoor15÷26*1÷201453.752010.4
Poor26÷3721÷4040410.463231.8
Average37÷6041÷60263368.184951.6
Good60÷7261÷8067017.356467.1
Verygood72÷83**81÷100100.267281.3
*‐ascorebelowtheminimumvalueofthefirstintervalisequivalentto1pointonthescale.
**‐ascoreabovethemaximumvalueofthefifthintervalisequivalentto100pointsonthescale.
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Table4
InternationalclassificationstandardsbasedontheT‐scaleformenandwomenaged18‐25years
CyclesT‐scale
CyclesT‐scale
CyclesT‐scale
MenWomenMenWomenMen
1111361837615663
1211372041625764
1311382142635866
1411392343645968
1511402544656070
1613412744666171
1714422945676373
1816433246686575
1918443447696777
20110453648706978
21111463849717280
22113474150727481
23115484251737683
24117494352747884
25118504452758086
26120514553768188
27121524654778390
28123534755788591
29324544856798793
30526554957808995
31728565058819297
32930575258829498
3312315853598396100
3414335954608498100
35163560556185100100
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©EditorialCommitteeofJournalofHumanKinetics
Figure1
Individualstagesofthe3‐MinuteBurpeetest–frontview.
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144 Internationalstandardsforthe3‐MinuteBurpeeTest
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Earlyeducationteachersscored
significantlylower(p<0.001)thanfirst‐year
femaleuniversitystudentsand,surprisingly,than
secondandthirdgradegirlsandboys,
respectively(allp<0.05).SiskaandBrodani(2017)
reliedonthe3‐MBTin3x3minsets,withaone‐
minuterestintervalinbetween(thetimingwas
identicaltoaboxingmatch),totestSlovakelite
athletesandkickboxers.Theyreportedanaverage
HRof160bpm,whichdecreasedby24bpm
duringtherestinterval.Inthesecondset,the
averageHRincreasedto163bpm,and
subsequentlydecreasedto135bpmduringthe
restinterval.ThehighestHRof164bpmwas
notedinthethirdset,whichrepresented93.18%
ofthemaximumvaluemeasuredinathletes.The
resultsreportedinSlovakathleteswerebelow
thosenotedinfemaleuniversitystudents(181.92
b∙min‐1),likelybecausethestudentshadonly
completedasingle3‐minutetrial(Podstawskiet
al.,2016a).Moreover,theathletesʹ bloodlactate
concentrationreached14.1mmolinthefourth
minuteaftertheexercisebout,anditdecreasedto
8.6mmolinthe15thminuteofrecovery.With
regardtointernalresponsestoexercise,blood
lactateconcentrationandHRvaluesnotedby
SiskaandBrodani(2017)weresimilartothose
reportedbyotherauthorsforspecificboxing
exercises,sparringorcompetition.Accordingto
thecitedauthors,the3‐MBTisausefultoolfor
bothsportstrainingandfitnessevaluation.
Strengthenduranceofuniversitystudents
wasalsoevaluatedbasedontheresultsof500m
and1000mrowsonarowingergometer.On
average,maleparticipantscompletedthe500m
rowin111.3±10.75s(Choszczetal.,2012),and
femalestudentscompletedthe500mrowin145.7
±10.22s(Podstawskietal.,2014)whilethe1000m
rowin280.1±19.49s(Podstawskietal.,2012).
However,thesamplesintheabovestudieswere
toosmalltodevelopclassificationstandards.
Strengthenduranceisfrequently
evaluatedinmartialarts,suchasjudoandju‐jitsu,
andisbasedonthenumberofcompletedsit‐ups
andbentarmhangscoresinbarmotortests
(Pietraszewskaetal.,2014).However,bothtests
involveonlysegmentalratherthanglobal
measurementsincludingallbodyparts.
Accordingtosomeauthors,strengthenduranceof
abdominalmusclesisdifficulttoassessinathletes
because,inmoststudies,thenumberof
completedsit‐upsismeasuredina1‐minutebout
(VidalAndreatoetal.,2011).Contextually,such
testsdonotassessstrengthendurancebecause
80%oftheenergyinthefirstminuteofexerciseis
drawnfromanaerobicprocesses,andonly20%of
theenergyisdrawnfromaerobicprocesses,
whereasintypicalendurancetests,physicaleffort
shouldbecontinuedforatleast4‐5minutesatan
intensitycorrespondingto60‐80%of
individualizedVO2max(Astrandetal.,2003).
Therefore,thediscussedvariantofthe3‐MBTnot
onlymeasuresendurance,butalsostrength
endurance.Moreover,theanalyzedvariant
assessesstrengthendurancemoreaccuratelythan
its30s(Sakamaki,1983),and60s(Podstawskiet
al.,2013)versionusedinotherstudies.
Podstawskietal.(2013)previouslydemonstrated,
inastudyconductedamongfemaleuniversity
students,thatanthropometricfeaturesindicative
ofoverweightandobesity,includingbodymass
andtheBMI,exertedanegativeinfluenceon
strengthendurancemeasuredbythe3‐MBT.The
resultsofthe3‐MBTareconsistentwiththe
findingsofotherauthorswhoconcludedthat
bodymasswasthemostsignificant
anthropometricvariablewhichdeleteriously
impactedendurance,relativestrengthcapacity
andperformance,respectively(Podstawskietal.,
2012).Studiesinvolvingthebarhangtestrevealed
thatgreaterbodymassnegativelycorrelatedwith
strengthenduranceofjudoandju‐jitsuathletes
(Pietraszewskaetal.,2014).Thebentarmhang
testwasrationalizedforjudoandju‐jitsuathletes
consideringthatwell‐developedarmand
shouldergirdlemusclescontributetoeffective
performanceofjudotechniques(VidalAndreato
etal.,2011).Thediscussedtestalsopartially
measuresstrengthenduranceofthewrist.In
sportssuchasjudoandju‐jitsu,acompetitor
holdstheopponentbytheclothing(judogi)for
longerduration,therefore,handgripstrengthis
crucialduringhand‐to‐handcombat(Vidal
Andreatoetal.,2011).
Aprominentfeatureofthe3‐MBTisthat
itcanbeefficaciouslyusedinphysicalactivity
programsandfunctionaltraining;forinstance,in
physicalactivityprograms,strengthendurance
exerciseselicitpositiveadaptationsof
anthropometricvariables(significantdecreasesin
bodymass,theBMI,waistandhip
circumference),bodycomposition(significant
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increasesintotalleanbodymassandtotalfat‐free
masswithsimultaneoussignificantdecreasesin
totalbodyfatandtotalbodyfatcontent),physical
capacity,cardiorespiratoryfitness(significant
increasesinVO2Peak,WRmax,TTEandWRvt)and
circulatoryvariables(decreasesinrestingDBP,
restingSBPandrestingHR)inobeseindividuals
(Moraesetal.,2012).Sanaletal.(2013)evaluated
theeffectsofstrengthendurancetraininginobese
participantsandobservedthatstrength
enduranceexercisesreducedtrunkfatcontentin
men,andlegfatcontentinwomen.Willisetal.
(2012)demonstratedthatanaerobicstrength
enduranceexercisesweremoreeffectivethan
aerobicenduranceexercisesindecreasingtotal
bodyfatcontentandincreasingleanbodymass
andtotalfat‐freemass.
Infunctionaltraining,the3‐MBTcouldbe
appliedtoprotectathletes(forexample,soccer
andrugbyplayers)againstinjuries,inparticular
hamstringstraininjuries(HSI),whichare
prevalentinprofessionalsports,accountingfor
12‐26%ofallinjuriesinsprintdominatedsports,
andareamajorcauseofabsenceinbothtraining
andcompetition(Ekstrandetal.,2011).Matthews
etal.(2017)demonstratedthatcomplextraining
whichaimstodevelopmuscularenduranceand
maximumstrength,hasinjurypreventive
potential,bysignificantimprovementsinthe
post‐fatiguetorqueangleprofile,andreducing
eccentrichamstringtorqueatlongermuscle
lengths.Ferrautietal.(2010)reportedthattwo
concurrentstrengthtrainingsessionsperweek
(combinationofhighintensitytrainingforthe
lowerlimbsandstrengthendurancetrainingfor
thetrunkmuscles)increasedmusclestrength,
and,importantly,didnotimpairrunning
performanceorrunningeconomyamong
recreationalmarathonrunners.
Conclusions
Themajorityofuniversitystudents
(nearly70%offemaleandmalestudents)aged18‐
25yearswerecharacterizedbyaveragestrength
enduranceinthe3‐MBT.Verygoodstrength
endurancewasnotedinlessthan1%ofthe
evaluatedfemalesandmales.Testingstandards
shouldberegularlyrevisedandupdatedto
guaranteeandmaintainmaximumreliability.The
authorsofthepresentstudy,therefore,suggest
that,followingdevelopmentoftheclassification
standardsforthe3‐MBT,thistestcanbe
operationallydeployedtodeterminestrength
enduranceofindividualsfromdifferentage
groupsanddifferentcountries.Theobtained
scoreswillfacilitatethedevelopmentof
classificationstandardsfordifferentagegroups
andwillexpandtheinternationaldatabase.
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Correspondingauthor:
RobertPodstawski
UniversityofWarmiaandMazuryinOlsztyn,FacultyofEnvironmentalSciences,
DepartmentofTourism,RecreationandEcology,M.Oczapowskiego5,10‐719Olsztyn,Poland,
Phone601652527,
E‐mail:podstawskirobert@gmail.com
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