ArticlePDF Available

Abstract

The aim of this study was to develop international standards for evaluating strength endurance with the use of the 3-Minute Burpee Test. The results of 3862 women (Poland-2502, Great Britain-500, Hungary-412, Serbia-448) and 5971 men (Poland-4517, Great Britain-500, Hungary-451, Serbia-503) aged 18-25 (mean age of 20.36 ± 0.94 and 20.05 ± 1.25 y, respectively) were collated between 2004 and 2018. The students' strength endurance was evaluated in the 3-Minute Burpee Test. The results were expressed on a uniform scale with the 3-sigma rule which was used to develop the T-score scale for the 3-Minute Burpee Test. Men completed 56.69 cycles/3 min and women-48.84/3 min on average. The best male participant completed 82 burpees, and the best female participant-73 burpees. The majority of male and female participants (66.71% and 68.18%, respectively) were characterized by average strength endurance in the 3-Minute Burpee Test (range of scores: 47-66 and 37-60 cycles/3 min, respectively). Very good strength endurance (76-85 and 72-83 cycles/3 min, respectively) was noted in the smallest percentage of male and female participants (0.52% and 0.26%, respectively). Similar studies should be carried out in other countries and in different age groups to develop objective international classification standards for variously-aged individuals.
JournalofHumanKineticsvolume69/2019,137147DOI:10.2478/hukin20190021137
SectionII‐ExercisePhysiology&SportsMedicine
1‐UniversityofWarmiaandMazuryinOlsztyn,FacultyofEnvironmentalSciences,DepartmentofTourism,Recreationand
Ecology,Olsztyn,Poland.
2‐DepartmentofHeavyDutyMachinesandResearchMethodology,FacultyofTechnicalSciences,UniversityofWarmiaand
MazuryinOlsztyn,Olsztyn,Poland.
3‐FacultyofHealthandLifeSciences,CoventryUniversity,Coventry,CV15FB,U.K.
4‐FacultyofPsychologyandPedagogy,InstituteofSportsSciences,EötvösLórándUniversity,Szombathely,Hungary.
5‐FacultyofSportandPhysicalEducation,UniversityofBelgrade,Belgrade,RepublicofSerbia.
6‐DepartmentofDanceandGymnasticsoftheUniversityofPhysicalEducationinPoznań,Poznań,Poland.

Authorssubmittedtheircontributiontothearticletotheeditorialboard.
AcceptedforprintingintheJournalofHumanKineticsvol.69/2019inSeptember2019.
InternationalStandardsforthe3MinuteBurpeeTest:High
IntensityMotorPerformance
by
RobertPodstawski1,PiotrMarkowski2,CainC.T.Clark3,DariuszChoszcz2,
FerencIhász4,StanimirStojiljković5,PiotrGronek6
Theaimofthisstudywastodevelopinternationalstandardsforevaluatingstrengthendurancewiththeuseof
the3MinuteBurpeeTest.Theresultsof3862women(Poland2502,GreatBritain500,Hungary412,Serbia
448)and5971men(Poland4517,GreatBritain500,Hungary451,Serbia503)aged1825(meanageof20.36
±0.94and20.05±1.25y,respectively)werecollatedbetween2004and2018.Thestudents’strengthendurancewas
evaluatedinthe3MinuteBurpeeTest.Theresultswereexpressedonauniformscalewiththe3sigmarulewhichwas
usedtodeveloptheTscorescaleforthe3MinuteBurpeeTest.Mencompleted56.69cycles/3minandwomen
48.84/3minonaverage.Thebestmaleparticipantcompleted82burpees,andthebestfemaleparticipant73burpees.
Themajorityofmaleandfemaleparticipants(66.71%and68.18%,respectively)werecharacterizedbyaverage
strengthenduranceinthe3MinuteBurpeeTest(rangeofscores:4766and3760cycles/3min,respectively).Very
goodstrengthendurance(7685and7283cycles/3min,respectively)wasnotedinthesmallestpercentageofmaleand
femaleparticipants(0.52%and0.26%,respectively).Similarstudiesshouldbecarriedoutinothercountriesandin
differentagegroupstodevelopobjectiveinternationalclassificationstandardsforvariouslyagedindividuals.
Keywords:strengthendurance,extremeeffort,3MBT,norms.
Introduction
Cardiorespiratoryenduranceandstrength
abilitiesarethebasiccomponentsofphysical
fitnessthatcontributetosignificanthealth
benefits.Thereisamplescientificevidenceto
suggestthatregularaerobicandresistance
trainingisahighlyeffectivestrategyfor
managingandimprovingphysicalfitness,
preventingfatigueandmotivatingindividualsto
pursuetheirfitnessgoals(KlikaandJordan,2013).
Theseexercisestrategieshavetobesafe,effective
andefficientinordertodelivertangibleresults
fortimeconstrainedindividuals,whoshouldbe
abletoperformtheprograminanylocation
withouttheneedfordedicatedequipment(Klika
andJordan,2013).
Conventionally,resistancetrainingisnot
combinedwithaerobictrainingandisusually
performedontwoorthreeconsecutivedaysofthe
week.Accordingtotheguidelinesofthe
AmericanCollegeofSportsMedicine(ACSM),
everyresistanceexerciseshouldbeperformedin
setsof812repetitionsforeachmajormuscle
groupwithintensityof4080%1RM.The
Bereitgestellt von Uniwersytet Warminsko Mazurski | Heruntergeladen 03.03.20 08:25 UTC
138 Internationalstandardsforthe3MinuteBurpeeTest
JournalofHumanKinetics‐volume69/2019http://www.johk.pl
recommendedrecoverytimebetweensetsistwo
tothreeminutes.Eachmusclegroupshouldbe
exercisedintwotofoursets(KlikaandJordan,
2013).Accordingtostandardguidelines,weekly
aerobictrainingshouldinvolve150minutesof
moderateintensityexercise(46to63%ofmaximal
oxygenuptake,VO2max)for30to60minutesper
sessionand/or75minutesofvigorousintensity
exercise(64to90%ofVO2max)for20to60minutes
persession(KlikaandJordan,2013).
Despitetheunequivocaleffectivenessof
cardiorespiratoryenduranceandresistance
training(Maioranaetal.,2000),themainfactors
thatdiscourageindividualsfrompursuingthese
typesofexercisearetheconsiderablelengthof
trainingsessions,aswellasthelimitations
associatedwiththestructureandcharacterof
thesetwodifferenttrainingregimes(Klikaand
Jordan,2013).Highintensitycircuittraining
(HICT),wherebodyweightisusedforresistance,
offersapracticalsolutiontotheaboveproblem.
Highintensitycircuittraining(HICT)
Highintensitycircuittraining(HICT)that
reliesonbodyweightforresistanceappearstobe
aneffectivesolutionforcardiorespiratoryand
resistancetraining.AccordingtotheTop20
WorldwideFitnessTrendsfor2018,HICTisthe
mostpopularformofexerciseinfitnessclubs
(Thompson,2017).TheideabehindHICTisnot
new;however,thistypeoftrainingisgaining
popularity,whichcanbeattributedtoits
efficiencyandpracticalityinafastpacedsociety.
Aerobicandresistancetrainingiscombinedwith
shortrestintervalstodeliverconsiderablehealth
benefitswithinashorterperiodoftimethan
traditionaltraining(Gibalaetal.,2006).InHICT,
bodyweightisusedforresistance,andit
eliminatestheneedforequipmentandfacilities.
Forthisreason,HICTexercisesareoftenusedin
highintensityintervaltraining(HIIT)whichis
alsoanoptimalworkoutforimprovingmetabolic
andcardiovascularfunctions(AlonsoFernandez
etal.,2017).Therefore,HICTisatimeefficient
strategywhichfacilitatestrainingadaptationtoa
similarextentascompetitivetraining(Martinset
al.,2016).HICTishighlyeffectiveinteamsports
(AlonsoFernandezetal.,2017),mostcombat
sports(Podstawskietal.,2016a),functional
trainingsuchascrossfitandwatersports
(Claudinoetal.,2018).Fanetal.(2013)
demonstratedthathighintensityexercises
performedforbothlessandmorethan10minutes
decreasedthebodymassindexandloweredthe
riskofobesity.Theobesityriskwasdecreasedby
5%inwomenand2%inmenpereveryminuteof
highintensityexercise.Thereisalsoevidenceto
indicatethatHICTimprovesexercisecapacityin
individualssufferingfromchronicortemporary
healthconditions(Claudinoetal.,2018).
Physiologicalresponsestotrainingare
significantlyinfluencedbytheintensityof
exerciseanddurationofworkintervals(Astrand
etal.,2003).Accordingtorecentresearch,
vigorousexercise(at80%ofVO2max)provides
greaterbenefitsthanmoderateexercise(at60%of
VO2max)(DiPietroetal.,2006).Individualscan
decreasetheirrelianceonequipmentandfacilities
byusingtheirbodyweightforresistance.
Therefore,HICTisatimeefficientstrategyfor
trainingadaptation,whichisaseffectiveas
competitivetraining(Martinsetal.,2016).Based
onthelengthofworkintervals,HICTcanbe
classifiedas;long(315min),moderate(13min)
andshortHICT(10s1min)(Guiraudetal.,
2012).Theintensityanddurationofwork
intervalsgenerallydeterminephysiological
adaptationandthebenefitsofhighintensity
training(AlonzoFernandezetal.,2017;DiPietro
etal.,2006).
TheeffectivenessofHICTshouldbe
evaluatedwiththeuseofavalidandreliabletest
thatquicklyandsafelyprovidesreliable
informationonparticipants’strengthendurance.
The3MinuteBurpeeTest(3MBT)hasbeen
designedtoevaluatestrengthenduranceduring
boutsofextremephysicalactivity.The3MBTisa
classicexampleofanexerciseduringwhichthe
participanthastocompletethehighestpossible
numberofcyclesinvolvingsquats,backkicksand
theplankpositiononextendedarmsduring
severalminutesofextremephysicalexertion.
BriefHistory
Themainobjectiveofthetestisto
measureagilityandcoordination.Itconsistsofa
seriesof“burpees”physicalexerciseswhich
beginwithasquatthrustandendinastanding
position.TheBurpeetestisimmenselypopular
amongathletes,andvariousversionsofthetest
havebeendeveloped.Themodifiedversionsof
thetestdifferinspatiotemporalstructure,and
everyvariantcanbeusedindependentlyto
evaluatedifferentmotorabilities.Thefollowing
Bereitgestellt von Uniwersytet Warminsko Mazurski | Heruntergeladen 03.03.20 08:25 UTC
byRobertPodstawskietal.139
©EditorialCommitteeofJournalofHumanKinetics
versionsoftheBurpeetesthavebeendescribedin
theliterature:
10sBurpeeTesttheoriginalBurpeetest
whichisusedintheMcCloyPhysicalFitnessTest
(McCloyandYoung,1954),
20sBurpeeTestusedinthe“Fitnessfor
health”test(Podstawskietal.,2016a),
30sBurpeeTestusedbyDenisiuk
(Podstawskietal.,2016a)intheMotorFitnessTest
forgirls,andbySakamaki(1983).
60sBurpeeTestusedbyDenisiuk
(Podstawskietal.,2016a)intheMotorFitnessTest
forboys,
3minuteBurpeeTestusedtoevaluate
elementaryschoolstudents,universitystudents
andearlyeducationteachers(Podstawskietal.,
2013,2014,2015).
Characteristicsofthe3MinuteBurpeeTest
Theclassificationstandardsforthe3MBT
havebeendevelopedinaseriesofrigoroustests
todeterminethecriteriaforevaluatingthetest’s
validityandreliability.Theconductedtestshave
confirmedthevalidityofthe3MBTandits
usefulnessforaccurateassessmentsofstrength
enduranceinyoungwomen.Inagroupoffemale
universitystudents,thevaluesofthereliability
coefficientsbetweensuccessivetrialsforthe3
MBTrangedfromverylow(satisfactoryfor
individualassessmentandforgroupcomparison)
toperfectreliability(Podstawskietal.,2016b).
Previousresearchhasdemonstratedthe
usefulnessofthe3MBTforevaluatingstrength
enduranceinvariousagegroups(Podstawskiet
al.,2015).Theauthor’spreviousstudyrevealed
thatbodymass,theBMIandbodyweightwere
significantlynegativelycorrelatedwiththe
numberofcompletedburpeecycles.The3MBTis
ahighlyvigorousworkoutwhichraisedtheheart
rate(HR)toanaverageof181.92bmin1inthe
evaluatedgroupoffemaleuniversitystudents
(Podstawskietal.,2016a).
Theaimofthisstudywastodevelop
internationalstandardsforevaluatingstrength
enduranceofindividualsaged1925yearswith
theuseofthe3MinuteBurpeeTest(3MBT).
Methods
Participants
Thepresentedclassificationstandardswere
developedinastudyconductedin20042018ona
large,representativeandrandompopulation
sampleof3862women(Poland2502,Great
Britain500,Hungary412,Serbia448)and
5971men(Poland4517,GreatBritain500,
Hungary451,Serbia503)aged1825years
(meanage:women20.36±0.94years,men
20.05±1.25years).Thestudywasconductedat
theUniversityofWarmiaandMazuryinOlsztyn,
theUniversityofPhysicalEducationinPoznań
(Poland),theUniversityCentreHartpury(Great
Britain),theUniversityofBelgrade(Serbia)and
theEötvösLórándinUniversityinSzombathely
(Hungary).Theuseofinternationalclassification
standardsensuredtheobjectivityofthestudy.
Procedures
Theresearchwasperformedin
compliancewiththeDeclarationofHelsinkiand
uponthepriorconsentoftheBioethical
CommitteeandtheauthoritiesoftheUniversity
ofWarmiaandMazuryinOlsztyn.All
participantsgavetheirwrittenconsenttotake
partinthestudy.
Measurements
Bodyheightmeasurementswere
performedtothenearest0.1mmonaWB150
medicalscalewithastadiometerandaMartin
anthropometerbasedonstandardguidelines.
Bodymasswasdeterminedtothenearest0.1kg,
andtheresultswereusedtocalculatethe
participantsʹ BMI.Strengthendurancewas
evaluatedduringthe3MBT(Podstawskietal.,
2013).Duringinitialmeetingsbeforethestudy,
participantsperformedone3MBTweekly.Five
trialsofthe3MBTwerecompletedtoguarantee
reliableresults(Podstawskietal.,2016b).Before
thetest,participantswereinstructedonhowto
performthe3MBTcorrectly,andtheywere
allowedtimetopractice.Thetestwaspreceded
byanactivewarmup(10minutes).Thewarmup
routineincludedjogging,generalandspecific
resistanceandstretchingexercises.
Thecorrecttechniqueforperformingthe3Minute
Burpeetest
Strengthendurancewasevaluatedbased
onthenumberofburpeecyclescompletedin3
minutes.Thestagesofthe3MBTarepresentedin
Figure1
StageIBegininastandingposition(Figure
1a)andmoveintoasupportedsquatwithboth
handsontheground(Figure1b).
StageII Fromasupportedsquat(Figure1b),
kickyourfeetback(Figure1c)intoaplankwith
Bereitgestellt von Uniwersytet Warminsko Mazurski | Heruntergeladen 03.03.20 08:25 UTC
140 Internationalstandardsforthe3MinuteBurpeeTest
JournalofHumanKinetics‐volume69/2019http://www.johk.pl
armsextended(Figure1d).
StageIIIReturnfromtheplankposition
(Figure1d)toasupportedsquat(Figure1e).
StageIVReturntoastandingposition(Figure
1j),extendyourarmsovertheheadandclapyour
hands(Figures:1f,1g,1h,1i).
Theparticipantsrepeatedthecycleinthe
specifiedorderasmanytimesaspossibleina
giventimelimit(3minutes).
Comments:Theplankpositionshouldbe
maintainedonextendedarmswithoutarchingthe
back,butanexceptioncanbemadefor
individualswithoutadequateupperbody
strength.Thelegsshouldbefullyextendedinthe
plankposition.Acyclewasnotcountedwhen
particularstageswerenotcorrectlyperformed.
Statisticalanalysis
Minimum,maximumandaveragevalues,
medianvaluesandstandarddeviationswere
determinedduringastatisticalanalysis.The3
sigmarulewasappliedtoexpresstheresultsof
themotorfitnesstestonauniformscaleandto
developtheTscorescaleforthe3MBT(Table1).
Theobtainedresultswereusedtocategorize
theleveloffitnessoftheparticipants.Theycan
alsobeusedtomonitorchangesinstrength
enduranceofthestudiedpopulation.
Results
Thedatadescribingmaleandfemale
participantsarepresentedinTable2,the
participantsʹscoresareshowninTable3,andthe
internationalclassificationstandardsforthe3
MBTareprovidedinTable4.
***Table2abouthere***
Malestudentsperformed56.69cycles/3min,
andfemalestudents48.84cycles/3minon
average.Thebestmaleperformercompleted82
burpees,andthebestfemaleperformer73
burpees.Maleparticipantswereheavierandtaller
thantheirfemalecounterparts.TheBMIwas
withinthenormforbothmaleandfemale
participants(men20.05kg/m2,women20.36
kg/m2)(Table2).
Theresultsofthe3MBTwereusedto
evaluatestrengthenduranceofindividualsaged
1825yearsona5pointgradingscalewiththeuse
ofthediscussedclassificationstandards.The
scoreswerepresentedintableformatfor
evaluationorselfevaluationandtocross
referencetheresultsachievedinsamesexgroups.
Themajorityofmale(66.71%)andfemale
(68.18%)participantswerecharacterizedby
averagestrengthendurance.Mencompleted4766
cycles/3min,andwomen3760cycles/3min.
Verygoodstrengthendurance(7685and7283
cycles/3min,respectively)wasnotedinthe
smallestpercentageofmaleandfemale
participants(0.52%and0.26%,respectively)
(Table3).
The3MBTscoreswereconvertedtoaT
scaleof1to100toevaluateparticipantsʹstrength
endurance.Inthisapproach,theexistingmotor
fitnesstestbatteries(suchasEurofit)canbe
expandedtoincludethe3MBT.A5point
gradingscaleallowsforaquickassessmentof
participantsʹ strengthenduranceaspoor,weak,
good,verygoodorexcellent.Theresultsscored
byfemaleandmaleparticipantsinthe3MBT
wereexpressedonauniform5pointgrading
scalewiththeuseof3sigmarule.Participants
whoscoredbelowtheminimumthresholdofthe
firstintervalwereawarded1point,whereasthe
participantswhoscoredabovethemaximum
thresholdofthefifthintervalwereawarded100
pointsonthescale(Table4).
Discussion
Theaimofthisstudywastodevelop
internationalstandardsforevaluatingstrength
endurancewiththeuseofthe3MBT.Tothisend,
internationalstandardsforthe3MBTwere
ascertainedanduniformlypresentedusingrobust
statisticalprocedures.
Themajorityofthestudiedparticipantswere
characterizedbyaveragestrengthendurance
(68.18%ofwomencompleted3760cycles/3min,
and66.71%ofmencompleted4766cycles/3min).
Inastudycomparingstrengthenduranceofearly
educationteachersandfirstyearfemale
universitystudentsvs.preschoolchildrenand
elementaryschoolstudents,73.27%ofthe
evaluatedwomenachievedaverageresults,but
theirscorescomprisedasmallerrangeofvalues
(3650cycles/3min),probablyduetoamuch
smallersamplesize(520women)(Podstawskiet
al.,2014).
Bereitgestellt von Uniwersytet Warminsko Mazurski | Heruntergeladen 03.03.20 08:25 UTC
byRobertPodstawskietal.141
©EditorialCommitteeofJournalofHumanKinetics
Table1
Scorescaleforevaluatingstrengthenduranceinthe3MBT
PhysicalfitnesslevelStandardresultsTscale
Verygood>X+2SD÷<X+3SD81÷100
Good>X+SD÷<X+2SD61÷80
AverageXSD÷X+SD41÷60
Poor<X2SD÷>X‐SD21÷40
Verypoor<X3SD÷>X2SD1÷20
Table2
Bodymass,heightandBMIinthestudiedpopulation
Gender[No]
Age
[years]
Bodymass
[kg]
Bodyheight
[cm]
BMI
[kg/m2]No.ofcyclesTscale
Mean±stand.dev.(min÷max)
Men597120.05±1.25
(19÷25)
77.20±9.77
(55.0÷130.1)
180.99±6.08
(161.4÷203.0)
23.56±2.71
(17.1÷37.2)
56.69±9.52
(24.0÷82.0)
50.41±13.15
(1.0÷100.0)
Women386220.36±0.94
(19.0÷24.0)
60.21±8.92
(40.6÷101.3)
165.1±6.36
(139.8÷187.2)
22.13±3.41
(15.1÷38.2)
48.84±11.43
(10.0÷73.0)
50.87±12.97
(1.0÷100.0)
Table3
Fivepointgradingscaleforevaluatingfemaleandmaleparticipants
LevelTolerancerangeN%Averagerange
CyclesPointsCyclesPoints
Men
Verypoor28÷38*1÷202724.563413.6
Poor38÷4721÷4077512.984330.9
Average47÷6641÷60398366.715852.7
Good66÷7661÷8091015.246866.0
Verygood76÷85**81÷100310.527782.9
Women
Verypoor15÷26*1÷201453.752010.4
Poor26÷3721÷4040410.463231.8
Average37÷6041÷60263368.184951.6
Good60÷7261÷8067017.356467.1
Verygood72÷83**81÷100100.267281.3
*‐ascorebelowtheminimumvalueofthefirstintervalisequivalentto1pointonthescale.
**‐ascoreabovethemaximumvalueofthefifthintervalisequivalentto100pointsonthescale.
Bereitgestellt von Uniwersytet Warminsko Mazurski | Heruntergeladen 03.03.20 08:25 UTC
142 Internationalstandardsforthe3MinuteBurpeeTest
JournalofHumanKinetics‐volume69/2019http://www.johk.pl
Table4
InternationalclassificationstandardsbasedontheTscaleformenandwomenaged1825years
CyclesTscale
CyclesTscale
CyclesTscale
MenWomenMenWomenMen
1111361837615663
1211372041625764
1311382142635866
1411392343645968
1511402544656070
1613412744666171
1714422945676373
1816433246686575
1918443447696777
20110453648706978
21111463849717280
22113474150727481
23115484251737683
24117494352747884
25118504452758086
26120514553768188
27121524654778390
28123534755788591
29324544856798793
30526554957808995
31728565058819297
32930575258829498
3312315853598396100
3414335954608498100
35163560556185100100
Bereitgestellt von Uniwersytet Warminsko Mazurski | Heruntergeladen 03.03.20 08:25 UTC
byRobertPodstawskietal.143
©EditorialCommitteeofJournalofHumanKinetics
Figure1
Individualstagesofthe3MinuteBurpeetestfrontview.
Bereitgestellt von Uniwersytet Warminsko Mazurski | Heruntergeladen 03.03.20 08:25 UTC
144 Internationalstandardsforthe3MinuteBurpeeTest
JournalofHumanKinetics‐volume69/2019http://www.johk.pl
Earlyeducationteachersscored
significantlylower(p<0.001)thanfirstyear
femaleuniversitystudentsand,surprisingly,than
secondandthirdgradegirlsandboys,
respectively(allp<0.05).SiskaandBrodani(2017)
reliedonthe3MBTin3x3minsets,withaone
minuterestintervalinbetween(thetimingwas
identicaltoaboxingmatch),totestSlovakelite
athletesandkickboxers.Theyreportedanaverage
HRof160bpm,whichdecreasedby24bpm
duringtherestinterval.Inthesecondset,the
averageHRincreasedto163bpm,and
subsequentlydecreasedto135bpmduringthe
restinterval.ThehighestHRof164bpmwas
notedinthethirdset,whichrepresented93.18%
ofthemaximumvaluemeasuredinathletes.The
resultsreportedinSlovakathleteswerebelow
thosenotedinfemaleuniversitystudents(181.92
bmin1),likelybecausethestudentshadonly
completedasingle3minutetrial(Podstawskiet
al.,2016a).Moreover,theathletesʹ bloodlactate
concentrationreached14.1mmolinthefourth
minuteaftertheexercisebout,anditdecreasedto
8.6mmolinthe15thminuteofrecovery.With
regardtointernalresponsestoexercise,blood
lactateconcentrationandHRvaluesnotedby
SiskaandBrodani(2017)weresimilartothose
reportedbyotherauthorsforspecificboxing
exercises,sparringorcompetition.Accordingto
thecitedauthors,the3MBTisausefultoolfor
bothsportstrainingandfitnessevaluation.
Strengthenduranceofuniversitystudents
wasalsoevaluatedbasedontheresultsof500m
and1000mrowsonarowingergometer.On
average,maleparticipantscompletedthe500m
rowin111.3±10.75s(Choszczetal.,2012),and
femalestudentscompletedthe500mrowin145.7
±10.22s(Podstawskietal.,2014)whilethe1000m
rowin280.1±19.49s(Podstawskietal.,2012).
However,thesamplesintheabovestudieswere
toosmalltodevelopclassificationstandards.
Strengthenduranceisfrequently
evaluatedinmartialarts,suchasjudoandjujitsu,
andisbasedonthenumberofcompletedsitups
andbentarmhangscoresinbarmotortests
(Pietraszewskaetal.,2014).However,bothtests
involveonlysegmentalratherthanglobal
measurementsincludingallbodyparts.
Accordingtosomeauthors,strengthenduranceof
abdominalmusclesisdifficulttoassessinathletes
because,inmoststudies,thenumberof
completedsitupsismeasuredina1minutebout
(VidalAndreatoetal.,2011).Contextually,such
testsdonotassessstrengthendurancebecause
80%oftheenergyinthefirstminuteofexerciseis
drawnfromanaerobicprocesses,andonly20%of
theenergyisdrawnfromaerobicprocesses,
whereasintypicalendurancetests,physicaleffort
shouldbecontinuedforatleast45minutesatan
intensitycorrespondingto6080%of
individualizedVO2max(Astrandetal.,2003).
Therefore,thediscussedvariantofthe3MBTnot
onlymeasuresendurance,butalsostrength
endurance.Moreover,theanalyzedvariant
assessesstrengthendurancemoreaccuratelythan
its30s(Sakamaki,1983),and60s(Podstawskiet
al.,2013)versionusedinotherstudies.
Podstawskietal.(2013)previouslydemonstrated,
inastudyconductedamongfemaleuniversity
students,thatanthropometricfeaturesindicative
ofoverweightandobesity,includingbodymass
andtheBMI,exertedanegativeinfluenceon
strengthendurancemeasuredbythe3MBT.The
resultsofthe3MBTareconsistentwiththe
findingsofotherauthorswhoconcludedthat
bodymasswasthemostsignificant
anthropometricvariablewhichdeleteriously
impactedendurance,relativestrengthcapacity
andperformance,respectively(Podstawskietal.,
2012).Studiesinvolvingthebarhangtestrevealed
thatgreaterbodymassnegativelycorrelatedwith
strengthenduranceofjudoandjujitsuathletes
(Pietraszewskaetal.,2014).Thebentarmhang
testwasrationalizedforjudoandjujitsuathletes
consideringthatwelldevelopedarmand
shouldergirdlemusclescontributetoeffective
performanceofjudotechniques(VidalAndreato
etal.,2011).Thediscussedtestalsopartially
measuresstrengthenduranceofthewrist.In
sportssuchasjudoandjujitsu,acompetitor
holdstheopponentbytheclothing(judogi)for
longerduration,therefore,handgripstrengthis
crucialduringhandtohandcombat(Vidal
Andreatoetal.,2011).
Aprominentfeatureofthe3MBTisthat
itcanbeefficaciouslyusedinphysicalactivity
programsandfunctionaltraining;forinstance,in
physicalactivityprograms,strengthendurance
exerciseselicitpositiveadaptationsof
anthropometricvariables(significantdecreasesin
bodymass,theBMI,waistandhip
circumference),bodycomposition(significant
Bereitgestellt von Uniwersytet Warminsko Mazurski | Heruntergeladen 03.03.20 08:25 UTC
byRobertPodstawskietal.145
©EditorialCommitteeofJournalofHumanKinetics
increasesintotalleanbodymassandtotalfatfree
masswithsimultaneoussignificantdecreasesin
totalbodyfatandtotalbodyfatcontent),physical
capacity,cardiorespiratoryfitness(significant
increasesinVO2Peak,WRmax,TTEandWRvt)and
circulatoryvariables(decreasesinrestingDBP,
restingSBPandrestingHR)inobeseindividuals
(Moraesetal.,2012).Sanaletal.(2013)evaluated
theeffectsofstrengthendurancetraininginobese
participantsandobservedthatstrength
enduranceexercisesreducedtrunkfatcontentin
men,andlegfatcontentinwomen.Willisetal.
(2012)demonstratedthatanaerobicstrength
enduranceexercisesweremoreeffectivethan
aerobicenduranceexercisesindecreasingtotal
bodyfatcontentandincreasingleanbodymass
andtotalfatfreemass.
Infunctionaltraining,the3MBTcouldbe
appliedtoprotectathletes(forexample,soccer
andrugbyplayers)againstinjuries,inparticular
hamstringstraininjuries(HSI),whichare
prevalentinprofessionalsports,accountingfor
1226%ofallinjuriesinsprintdominatedsports,
andareamajorcauseofabsenceinbothtraining
andcompetition(Ekstrandetal.,2011).Matthews
etal.(2017)demonstratedthatcomplextraining
whichaimstodevelopmuscularenduranceand
maximumstrength,hasinjurypreventive
potential,bysignificantimprovementsinthe
postfatiguetorqueangleprofile,andreducing
eccentrichamstringtorqueatlongermuscle
lengths.Ferrautietal.(2010)reportedthattwo
concurrentstrengthtrainingsessionsperweek
(combinationofhighintensitytrainingforthe
lowerlimbsandstrengthendurancetrainingfor
thetrunkmuscles)increasedmusclestrength,
and,importantly,didnotimpairrunning
performanceorrunningeconomyamong
recreationalmarathonrunners.
Conclusions
Themajorityofuniversitystudents
(nearly70%offemaleandmalestudents)aged18
25yearswerecharacterizedbyaveragestrength
enduranceinthe3MBT.Verygoodstrength
endurancewasnotedinlessthan1%ofthe
evaluatedfemalesandmales.Testingstandards
shouldberegularlyrevisedandupdatedto
guaranteeandmaintainmaximumreliability.The
authorsofthepresentstudy,therefore,suggest
that,followingdevelopmentoftheclassification
standardsforthe3MBT,thistestcanbe
operationallydeployedtodeterminestrength
enduranceofindividualsfromdifferentage
groupsanddifferentcountries.Theobtained
scoreswillfacilitatethedevelopmentof
classificationstandardsfordifferentagegroups
andwillexpandtheinternationaldatabase.
References
AlonsoFernandezD,LimaCorreraF,GutierrezSánchezÁ,AbadiaGarciadeVicuńaO.Effectsofahigh
intensityintervaltrainingprotocolbasedonfunctionalexercisesonperformanceandbody
compositioninhandballfemaleplayers.JHSE,2017;12(4):11861198.Doi:10.14198/jhse.2017.124.05
AstrandPO,RodahlK,DahlHA,StrömmeSB.TextbookofWorkPhysiology.PhysiologicalBasesofExercise.
FourthEdition.Ill,HumanKinetics;2003
ChoszczD,PodstawskiR,KonopkaD.Modelingofanthropometricdeterminantsofrowingergometer
performanceonadistanceof500metersforphysicallyinactivemales.JPhysEdSport,2012;12(3):274
283
ClaudinoJG,GabbettTJ,BourgeoisF,deSouzaH,MirandaRCh,MezêncioB,SoncinR,CardosoFilho
CA,BottaroM,HernandezAJ,AmadioAC,SerrãoJC.CrossFitOverview:SystematicReviewand
MetaAnalysis.SportsMedOpen,2018;4:11.doi:10.1186/s4079801801245
DiPietroL,DziuraJ,YeekelCW,NeuferPD.Exerciseandimprovedinsulinsensitivityinolderwomen:
evidenceoftheenduringbenefitsofhigherintensitytraining.JApplPhysiol,2006;100(1):1429
Bereitgestellt von Uniwersytet Warminsko Mazurski | Heruntergeladen 03.03.20 08:25 UTC
146 Internationalstandardsforthe3MinuteBurpeeTest
JournalofHumanKinetics‐volume69/2019http://www.johk.pl
EkstrandJ,HagglundM,WaldenM.Epidemiologyofmuscleinjuriesinprofessionalfootball(soccer).AmJ
SportsMed,2001;39(6):12261232
FanJX,BrownBB,HansonH,KowaleskiJonesL,SmithKR,ZickCD.Moderatetovigorousphysicalactivity
andweightoutcomes:doeseveryminutecount?AmJHealthPromot,2013;28(1):4149
FerrautiA,BergermannM,FernandezFernandezJ.Effectsofaconcurrentstrengthandendurancetraining
onrunningperformanceandrunningeconomyinrecreationalmarathonrunners.JStrengthCondRes,
2010;24(10):2770–2778
GibalaMJ,LittleJP,EssenMV,WilkinGP,BurgomasterKA,SafdarA,RahaS,TarnopolskyMA.Shortterm
sprintintervalversustraditionalendurancetraining:similarinitialadaptationinhumanskeletal
muscleandexerciseperformance.JPhysiol,2006;575(3):901911.DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2006.112094
GuiraudT,GremeauxV,JuneauM,Bosquet,L.Highintensityintervaltrainingincardiacrehabilitation.
SportsMed,2012;42(7):587605.https://doi.org/10.2165/11631910
KlikaB,JordanC.Highintensitycircuittrainingusingbodyweight:Maximumresultswithminimal
investment.ACSM’sHealthFitnessJ,2013;17(3):813
MaioranaA,O’DriscollG,CheethamC,CollisJ,GoodmanC,RankinS,TaylorR,GreenD.combinedaerobic
andresistanceexercisetrainingimprovesfunctionalcapacityandstrengthinCHF.JApplPhysiol,2000;
88:15651570
MartinsC,KazakovaI,LudviksenM,MehusI,WisloffU,KulsengB,MorganL,KingN.Highintensity
trainingandisocaloricmoderateintensitycontinuoustrainingresultinsimilarimprovementsinbody
compositionandfitnessinobeseindividuals.IntJSportNutrExercMet,2016;26:197204.
https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.20150078
MatthewsMJ,HeronK,ToddS,TomlinsonA,JonesP,DelextratAD.CohenDD.Strengthandendurance
trainingreducesthelossofeccentrichamstringtorqueobservedaftersoccerspecificfatigue.PhysTher
Sport,2017;25:253946
McCloyCH,YoungMD.Testsandmeasurementinhealthandphysicaleducation.NewYork:Appleton
CenturyCrofts;1954
MoraesWM,SouzaPR,PinheiroMH,IrigoyenMC,MedeirosA,KoikeMK:Exercisetrainingprogram
basedonminimumweeklyfrequencies:effectsonbloodpressureandphysicalfitnessinelderly
hypertensivepatients.RevBrasFisioter,2012;16:114121
PietraszewskaJ,BurdukiewiczA,Stachoń A,WitkowskiK,AndrzejewskaJ,StefaniakT,ChromikK,
HarmacińskiD,MaślińskiJ.Isthelevelofstaticandstrengthenduranceareflectionofmorphological
differentationamongjudoandjujitsuathletes?ArchBudo,2014;10:6773
PodstawskiR,ChoszczD,SiemianowskaE,SkibniewskaKA.Determiningtheeffectofselected
anthropometricparametersonthetimeneededtocover1000monarowingergometerbyphysically
inactiveyoungwomen.IsokineticsandExerciseScience,2012;20:197204.DOI:10.3233/IES20120459
PodstawskiR,HonkanenA,BoraczyńskiT,BoraczyńskiM,MańkowskiS,ChoszczD.Physicalfitness
classificationstandardsforPolishearlyeducationteachers.SouthAfrJResSportPhysEduRec,2015;
37(1):113130
PodstawskiR,KasietczukB,BoraczyńskiT,BoraczyńskiM,ChoszczD.RelationshipBetweenBMIand
EnduranceStrengthAbilitiesAssessedbythe3MinuteBurpeeTest.IntJSportSci,2013;3(1):2835
PodstawskiR,MańkowskiS,RaczkowskiM.Thelevelofstrengthandendurancestrengthabilitiesofthe
femaleearlyeducationteachersasexaminedbytheMedicineBallForwardThrowandthe3Mininute
Burpeetest:acomparativeanalysis.LASEJSportSci,2014;5(2):93109
PodstawskiR,MarkowskiP,ChoszczD,ŻurekP.Correlationsbetweenanthropometricindicators,heart
rateandendurancestrengthabilitiesduringhighintensityexerciseofyoungwomen.ArchBudoSci
MartialArtsExtremeSport,2016a;12:1724
Bereitgestellt von Uniwersytet Warminsko Mazurski | Heruntergeladen 03.03.20 08:25 UTC
byRobertPodstawskietal.147
©EditorialCommitteeofJournalofHumanKinetics
PodstawskiR,MarkowskiP,ChoszczD,JarosławKlimczak,RomeroRamosO,MerinoMarbanR.
Methodologicalaspectofevaluationofthereliabilitythe3MinuteBurpeeTest.ArchBudoSciMartial
ArtsExtremeSport,2016b;12:137144
PodstawskiR,ChoszczD,KonopkaS,KlimczakJ,StarczewskiM.Anthropometricdeterminantsofrowing
ergometerperformanceinphysicallyinactivecollegiatefemales.BiolSport,2014;31(4):315321
SakamakiT.Astudyoftheburpeepushasasimplemethodofmeasuringendurance.NipponIkaDaigaku
Zasshi,1983;50(2):173190
SanalE,ArdicF,KiracS:Effectsofaerobicorcombinedaerobicresistanceexerciseonbodycompositionin
overweightandobeseadults:genderdifferences.Arandomizedinterventionstudy.EurJPhysRehabil
Med,2013;49:111
SiskaL,BrodaniJ.UseofBurpeesinCombatSportsConditioningTrainingAPilotStudy.IJSPE,2017;3(4):
16.http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/24546380.0304001
ThompsonWR.Worldwidesurveyoffitnesstrendsfor2018.ACSM’sHealthFitnessJ,2017;21(6):1019
VidalAndreatoL,FranzóideMoraesSM,LopesdeMoraesGomesTetal.Estimatedaerobicpower,
muscularstrengthandflexibilityineliteBrazilianJiuJitsuathletes.SciSport,2011;26:329337
WillisLH,SlentzCA,BatemanLA,ShieldsAT,PinerLW,BalesCW,HoumardJA,KrausWE.Effectsof
aerobicand/orresistancetrainingonbodymassandfatmassinoverweightorobeseadults.JAppl
Physiol,2012;113:18311837
Correspondingauthor:
RobertPodstawski
UniversityofWarmiaandMazuryinOlsztyn,FacultyofEnvironmentalSciences,
DepartmentofTourism,RecreationandEcology,M.Oczapowskiego5,10719Olsztyn,Poland,
Phone601652527,
Email:podstawskirobert@gmail.com
Bereitgestellt von Uniwersytet Warminsko Mazurski | Heruntergeladen 03.03.20 08:25 UTC
... Burpees are multi-joint exercises that use major muscle groups of the body, such as the pectoralis major, deltoids, quads, hamstrings, and trunk, and can be performed anywhere without a specific gym or equipment, in addition to having stimulation of metabolic mechanisms such as heart rate (HR) and blood lactate levels (BLa) [13][14][15][16][17]. There are also a variety of tests using the burpee, including 10 seconds [18], 20 seconds [19], 30 seconds [19], 60 seconds [19], and 3 minutes [19][20][21][22][23][24]. ...
... It has been reported that the short duration of about 10-20 seconds is mainly related to instantaneous force while 30-60 seconds is related to lean body mass and the number of cycles of burpees performed [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. ...
... In particular, a 3-minute duration has been reported to be highly related to a variety of field tests, including maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), countermovement jump height, isometric mid-thigh pull, isometric bench press, and lean body mass in women [19][20][21][22][23][24]. Therefore, it is expected that the relationship between the various field tests of the new fitness test will also be high. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background Japan has conducted a national physical fitness survey every year since 1964, when the first Tokyo Summer Olympics were held. The survey is a test that evaluates eight physical fitness components: speed, total body endurance, instantaneous force, dexterity, muscle strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and agility, but it requires specialized equipment and space, and it takes time to measure them all. Aims The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the 3-minute burpee test (3MBT), which has been reported to be associated with various physical fitness components, and a “new physical fitness test.” Materials and methods The relationship between the “new physical fitness test” and the 3MBT was examined in 122 college students (male=70, female=52) with no health problems. Results The “new physical fitness test” and the 3MBT showed a moderate relationship between the 20-m shuttle run (r = 0.685, p < 0.05), side stepping (r = 0.566, p < 0.05), standing long jump (r = 0.545, p < 0.05), grip strength (r = 0.461, p < 0.05), sit and reach (r = 0.305, p < 0.05), and sit-ups (r = 0.572, p < 0.05), indicating a moderate relationship. Because this study used the Pearson product-rate correlation analysis, it is not possible to definitively assert a relationship with physical fitness factors. Conclusions However, the 3MBT is a very useful test because it requires whole-body strength, power, endurance, and aerobic capacity.
... Athletes who practice CrossFit have long appreciated the benefits and high efficiency of «Burpee», while the exercise has a lot of modifications. It can be performed both in light conditions and in complicated ones [1,2]. The «Burpee» exercise can be effective for the safe development of the muscles of adolescents, as they work with their own weight. ...
... Every teacher and coach should be looking for the best use of time for the development of the physical qualities of their students. The popular and uncomplicated physical exercise «Burpee» can be called unique, since it does not require special and expensive equipment, does not require a lot of space for its implementation, and at the same time, it affects a large number of muscles [1,2]. Exercise «Burpee» requires a fairly good level of physical fitness, while the exercise itself can be in different variations. ...
... The 5-second rule was set based on the pilot testing conducted with 10 DS young individuals. The mechanics of the MBT were adjusted to accommodate the characteristics of the participants and minimize the potential for error (Podstawski et al., 2019). The end of the test was determined by the inability of the participant to comply with the 5-second rule. ...
Article
Full-text available
Purpose: This study aimed to establish national norm values for body composition and fitness levels among individuals with Down syndrome. It also aimed to investigate gender differences in body composition features and fitness parameters, analyze the impact of the region where individuals with Down syndrome reside, and compare their fitness levels with international peers. Methods: The sample included 81 participants, 40 females (height: 146.6±4.88 cm, weight: 63.6±16.4 kg) and 41 males (height: 157.4±6.21 cm, weight: 66.8±14.8 kg). To assess the physical fitness levels of the participants with Down syndrome, a modified version of the ALPHA testing protocol was used. Findings: The results demonstrated significant gender differences (p<0.05) in body composition and fitness parameters, with males generally exhibiting better outcomes compared to females. Moreover, significant disparities (p<0.05) in body composition and fitness parameters were observed among individuals with Down syndrome residing in different regions of Kosovo. Noteworthy gender disparities exist in terms of body composition and physical fitness metrics, with male participants achieving superior results compared to their female counterparts. Furthermore, noticeable variations were observed among the regional Down syndrome centers, with participants from older centers displaying improved fitness metrics and body composition features compared to those from newly established facilities. Conclusion: Gender differences in body composition and fitness were evident, with males outperforming females, except in muscle mass. Future studies should explore fitness and health barriers in Kosovo's DS population, with a focus on improving physical activity through tailored strategies.
... The participants repeat the cycle as many times as possible within the time limit of 1 min [43]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: To assess changes in the anthropometric and motor characteristics of male and female Polish university students between 1994 and 2024. Methods: The first study was conducted in 1994 on 712 female and 495 male university students aged 19–25 years (19.94 ± 1.09), and the second study was conducted in 2024 on 323 female and 339 male university students aged 19–25 years (19.92 ± 1.08). The participants’ body mass and height were measured, and the students participated in a modified version of Pilicz’s test consisting of four motor ability tests. The changes in the students’ performance over time were also analyzed in the context of their socioeconomic status (SES), including the place of permanent residence and the parents’ education. Results: The students’ BMI values (as well as body mass and body height in female students) were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in 2024 than in 1994. The male students examined in 1994 demonstrated significantly higher strength abilities in the medicine ball forward throw test. In turn, the females studied in 1994 received significantly better scores in motor ability tests, including the zig-zag run, 1-Minute Burpee Test, and the medicine ball forward throw (29.4 s, 22 cycles, 591.3 cm, respectively) than those examined in 2024 (30.1 s, 19.3 cycles, and 463.3 cm, respectively). The variations in the results were similar when the participants’ SES was considered in the analysis, which suggests that these factors had no significant effect on the analyzed characteristics over time. Conclusions: This study revealed a greater decline in the anthropometric and motor characteristics of female than male university students over a period of 30 years. The observed changes were not influenced by SES factors such as the place of permanent residence or the parents’ education.
... Ahora, si se analiza de forma individual cada prueba para el AMRAP de 2 minutos de saltos dobles existe un trabajo efectuado por Maté-Muñoz y Cols que identificó un total de 88,03 repeticiones en un Tabata de saltos dobles en sujetos físicamente activos sin experiencia en HIFT (2 min 40 segundos efectivos; 8 sets de 20 seg/10 seg) (Maté-Muñoz et al., 2017), mientras que, en el AMRAP de 3 minutos de burpees encontramos que en el test de 3 min de burpees se ha identificado una media de 56,69 repeticiones para hombres y 48,84 repeticiones en mujeres, aunque los mejores puntajes han sido 82 repeticiones en hombres y 73 repeticiones en mujeres (Podstawski et al., 2019). ...
Book
Full-text available
El libro Perfil fisiológico en practicantes de entrenamiento funcional de alta intensidad presenta resultados de una investigación cuyo propósito fue determinar el perfil fisiológico en practicantes de entrenamiento funcional de alta intensidad en Cúcuta, Colombia. Este trabajo describe los hallazgos principales de una investigación aplicada desde la perspec-tiva de la fisiología del ejercicio y el entrenamiento funcional de alta inten-sidad, por lo que, el contenido del presente documento se vuelve un elemento necesario para la consulta, investigación y aplicación por parte de educadores físicos, entrenadores deportivos, nutricionistas, fisiotera-peutas, médicos y otros profesionales de la salud.
... The burpee is a high-intensity exercise that integrates both strength training and cardiovascular conditioning, commonly used in sports conditioning programs to improve endurance, strength, and power [16]. This complex exercise, which activates multiple muscle groups such as the legs, trunk, chest, and arms, is not only effective in increasing cardiovascular fitness through sustained elevation of heart rate but also in promoting intense metabolic and neuromuscular demand. ...
Article
Full-text available
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has emerged as a potential intervention to improve physical performance. This study investigates the effects of tDCS applied to the primary motor cortex (M1) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on performance in a maximal effort task, specifically the No-Jump Burpee exercise. Twenty healthy male subjects (26.0 ± 4.91 years) completed three experimental conditions (a-DLPFC, a-M1, and SHAM) in a double-blind crossover design. Prior to the performance of burpees to exhaustion, tDCS (2 mA, 20 min) was administered. The total number of repetitions, vastus lateralis muscle oxygen saturation, heart rate, and subjective perception of exertion (RPE) during exercise were measured. Repeated ANOVAs showed a significant effect of condition on the number of repetitions (p < 0.001). Subjects performed more repetitions under the M1 condition (68 ± 19.5) compared to DLPFC (63 ± 17.9) and SHAM (58 ± 18.0), with significant differences between all conditions. This study demonstrates that tDCS can improve performance in a physical endurance task such as the No-Jump Burpee. The findings suggest that tDCS may be a viable ergogenic tool for improving athletic performance. Future research should explore the underlying mechanisms and the practical application of these results in long-term physical training programs (NCT06472882).
Article
Full-text available
Objectives: This paper aimed to assess the motor performance in the Burpee Movement Program through the acceleration recorded by the Phyphox mobile app and define its relationship to strength and endurance parameters. Methods: Altogether, 15 students in physical education teaching completed the 3 × 3 min Burpee Movement Program, consisting of the repeated execution of a single burpee with maximum effort at regular intervals triggered by a sound signal. During the load phase, the intensity of the burpee and the fatigue index expressed in percentages were evaluated by means of the acceleration recorded through a mobile phone. In the second part of testing, we evaluated the performance parameters during a bench press and squat where the intensity was measured using a linear displacement transducer (Tendo Power Analyzer) and aerobic endurance was assessed with a 20 m shuttle run test (20 mSR). Results: The average intensity of the burpee ranged from 3.12 to 11.12 ms−2. The fatigue index ranged from −21.95% (which represented an increase in performance) to 33.63% (which represented a decrease in performance). The performances in the bench presses ranged from 58 to 480 W and from 175 to 696 W during the squats. The distance in the 20 m shuttle run test (20 mSR) ranged from 540 to 2000 m. The intensity of the burpee showed a significant correlation to the performances achieved in the bench presses and squats r = 0.82 and 0.79. The fatigue index showed a significant correlation to the 20 m shuttle run test (20 mSR) r = −0.67. Conclusions: These findings indicate that in, our case, the results from the Burpee Movement Program are significantly associated with the participants’ strength and endurance abilities. We recommend using BMP for the development of strength–endurance abilities, but further exploration is needed regarding the potential use of BMP as a diagnostic test.
Article
Strength endurance is considered one of the manifestations of human strength abilities. Indicators of strength endurance give some idea of a person's physical fitness, as well as the functional state of various organs and systems. In the course of the study, it was found that in recent years, specialists in the field of physical education have begun to show quite a lot of interest, especially in the indicators of strength endurance of students. Through this study, an attempt was made to find out the indicators of strength endurance of Armenian students and their compliance with international standards. The purpose of the study is to figure out the level of strength endurance of Armenian students. The study was carried out in February 2024 at Yerevan State Medical University named after Mkhitar Heratsi, V. Bryusov State University and the Armenian State Institute of Physical Culture and Sport. The study involved 177 participants. During the study, testing was carried out through 3-minute burpee test. The following data were obtained from the statistical analysis of the test results: male students - 38.55 (X), 11.97 (σ), 1.29 (m); female students - 34.31 (X), 14.39 (σ), 1.51 (m). From a comparative analysis of the indicators of female and male students, it became clear that female students lag slightly behind the male students in their indicators. The difference is statistically significant (t=2.13, p<0.05) and is 4.24. The data obtained were compared with the data of European (Polish, British, Hungarian, Serbian) students. It turned out that Armenian students have lower level of strength endurance than Europeans. Thus, the international standards of the Burpee 3 m test cannot be applied to Armenian students.
Article
Full-text available
O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito do exercício resistido calistênico com e sem restrição de fluxo sanguíneo (RFS) na pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD), pressão arterial média (PAM), frequência cardíaca (FC), duplo produto (DP), percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE), percepção subjetiva de dor (PSD) e o número de repetições (NR). Participaram do estudo 10 homens recreacionalmente treinados (24,9±7,1 anos), onde foram realizados dois protocolos experimentais de maneira randomizada e com um intervalo de sete dias para a execução do outro protocolo: a) realização de uma série até a falha concêntrica com RFS à 80% do ponto de oclusão, b) realização de uma série até a falha concêntrica sem RFS. Todas as variáveis foram verificadas antes da execução de cada protocolo, imediatamente após sua execução e 15 minutos após cada protocolo realizado, com exceção da PSE, PSD e NR, que foram verificadas apenas imediatamente após cada protocolo. Quando comparados os respectivos momentos de repouso, imediatamente após a série e 15 minutos após a conclusão de cada protocolo, foi observado que não houveram diferenças significativas entre eles referente à PAS, PAD, PAM, FC, DP, PSE e a PSD (p>0,05), contudo para o NR foi visto uma diminuição significativa para o protocolo associado à RFS (p=0,045). Conclui-se que a RFS parece causar efeitos hemodinâmicos e perceptivos de esforço e dor similares ao treinamento calistênico tradicional, diferindo apenas para a contagem de repetições mostrando um desempenho superior para o grupo sem RFS.
Article
Full-text available
Background: CrossFit is recognized as one of the fastest growing high-intensity functional training modes in the world. However, scientific data regarding the practice of CrossFit is sparse. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the findings of scientific literature related to CrossFit via systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: Systematic searches of the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Bireme/MedLine, and SciELO online databases were conducted for articles reporting the effects of CrossFit training. The systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines. The Oxford Levels of Evidence was used for all included articles, and only studies that investigated the effects of CrossFit as a training program were included in the meta-analysis. For the meta-analysis, effect sizes (ESs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated and heterogeneity was assessed using a randomeffects model. Results: Thirty-one articles were included in the systematic review and four were included in the meta-analysis. However, only two studies had a high level of evidence at low risk of bias. Scientific literature related to CrossFit has reported on body composition, psycho-physiological parameters, musculoskeletal injury risk, life and health aspects, and psycho-social behavior. In the meta-analysis, significant results were not found for any variables. Conclusions: The current scientific literature related to CrossFit has few studies with high level of evidence at low risk of bias. However, preliminary data has suggested that CrossFit practice is associated with higher levels of sense of community, satisfaction, and motivation.
Article
Full-text available
The aim of this study is to measure the impact of 8-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) based on functional exercises on the following variables in handball female players: weight (kg), body mass index (BMI), % fat, jumping (cm), repeated sprint ability (RSA), aerobic capacity. Fourteen female players were randomly assigned either to an experimental group (GE, n=7) which would undertake a “mixed functional HIIT” (combining strength, coordination and plyometric exercises) before training sessions, or to a control group (GC, n=7), in which HIIT was replaced by usual warm-up exercises in the field. The intervention programme lasted 8 weeks, with two training sessions a week. A pre-test and post-test on each variable were carried out. The intra-group GC analysis showed no significant changes between the pre- and post-test in any variable. Figures for the GE, though, showed significant changes: a 3.45% (d=0.67) reduction in % fat of players, RSA execution time went down by 7.22% RSA (d=0.82), and VO2max increased by 6.19% (d=0.78). These results seem to point to “mixed functional HIIT” as an effective strategy to improve body composition and performance in female handball players.
Article
Full-text available
Abstract: The aim of our work was to design a specific endurance test, identical in duration to the boxing competition (3 x 3 min) and develop an assessment methodology. The essence of the test was to do one repetition of the Burpee at regular intervals triggered by a visual signal, which was signaled every 3 seconds using the FiTRO agility system. In this way, the athlete carried out 35 burpees in one round (3 min.), i.e. 105 burpees throughout the duration of the test. In terms of assessment, we measured the individual burpees in milliseconds (ms) along with the drop of performance, which was reflected by an increase in time as a percentage value. The intensity of load was monitored through heart rate and blood lactate. The average duration of a burpee was 1960.4 ms in the first round, 2050.2 ms in the second round and 2207.4 ms in the third round, and we also identified statistically significant differences in the mean values between the retries in each round (p < .01). The decrease in performance (index of fatigue) was 7.54% in the first round, 15.29% in the second round at 17.52% in the third round, and the total was 22.28%. The maximum heart rate reached 164 bpm, representing 93.18% of the maximum value. The level of lactate in the 4th minute after the load was 14.1 mmol and it dropped to 8.6 mmol 15 minutes after the load. We managed to create a short exercise program that can be used as a training and diagnostic tool. The decrease in performance, which is noticeable in a real match, was also demonstrated during the test. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a deeper analysis of the relationship of the possible better results in the test as a determining factor of success in the match.
Article
Full-text available
Objectives: To investigate the effect of two hamstring training protocols on eccentric peak torque before and after soccer specific fatigue. Participants: Twenty-two university male soccer players. Design: Isokinetic strength tests were performed at 60?/s pre and post fatigue, before and after 2 different training interventions. A 45-min soccer specific fatigue modified BEAST protocol (M-BEAST) was used to induce fatigue. Players were randomly assigned to a 4 week hamstrings conditioning intervention with either a maximum strength (STR) or a muscle endurance (END) emphasis. Main outcome measures: The following parameters were evaluated: Eccentric peak torque (EccPT), angle of peak torque (APT), and angle specific torques at knee joint angles of 10?, 20?, 30?, 40?, 50?, 60?, 70?, 80? and 90?. Results: There was a significant effect of the M-BEAST on the Eccentric torque angle profile before training as well as significant improvements in post-fatigue torque angle profile following the effects of both strength and muscle endurance interventions. Conclusions: Forty-five minutes of simulated soccer activity leads to reduced eccentric hamstring torque at longer muscle lengths. Short-term conditioning programs (4-weeks) with either a maximum strength or a muscular endurance emphasis can equally reduce fatigue induced loss of strength over this time period.
Article
Full-text available
Background & Study Aim: Reliability is one of the key adequacy criteria for evaluating motor ability tests and their relevance for physical fitness evaluations and also a verified "training trend". The aim of this study was the reliability of the 3-Minute Burpee Test (3MBT) as criterion of verification of "training trend" young women. Material & Methods: The study involved 72 female students of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (Poland), aged 19-21 years (mean 20.6 ±0.66 years). The reliability of 3MBT was determined based on the calculated values of correlation coefficients between the average number of cycles completed by the participants in 11 repetitions of the test. The "training trend" hypothesis was verified by the Friedman test and post-hoc tests. Heart rate (HR) was measured in the first and eleven repetition (immediately before and after the test, and 30-, 60- and 90 seconds after the test), and the differences between the measured values, including an increase in HR after the test and a decrease in HR 90 s after the test, were determined by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: The values of correlation coefficients between successive repetitions of the 3MBT are within the range of very low reliability (0.70 to 0.79) to perfect reliability (0.95 to 0.99). Statistically significant differences between the number of completed cycles in successive trials of the 3MBT point to the presence of a "training trend". These differences are observed up to the fifth repetition of the 3MBT. Conclusions: The 3MBT can be reliably used to assess endurance and strength abilities among young women. The "training trend" has to be eliminated before the test is used in evaluations of endurance-strength abilities. A minimum of 5 repetitions should be performed for the final test to deliver reliable results.
Article
Full-text available
Background & Study Aim: Close resemblance of starting activity relates to judo and ju-jitsu athletes divided into several weight categories. Any changes in weight category or lowering body mass before competitions are a common practice. The purpose of this study was to answer the question whether the level of static strength and strength endurance reflects morphological differentiation among judo and ju-jitsu athletes. Material & methods: The study involved 74 competitors training combat sports (judo n = 30; ju-jitsu n = 44) aged 19-26 years old. Training experience amounted from 5 to 12 years. Athletes represented weight categories from 66 to 100 kg. Several anthropometric measurements were performed. BMI index was used in the study. Somatic build was assessed according to the Sheldon’s method as modified by Heath and Carter. It was determined to which of the three following body build types: endomorph, ectomorph, mesomorph the participants belong. Tissue composition was determined with the use of BIA 101 impedance analyzer operating on Bodygram software. Handgrip strength, back muscles strength were measured and the following motor tests were performed: bent arm hang, standing broad jump, sit-up test. Results: The first set I (n = 51) is a group of athletes with significantly lower level of handgrip strength and back muscle strength, and higher strength endurance (measured with the duration of hang on the bar and the number of sit-ups). Representatives of the second set II (n = 23) can be characterized by the type of motor performance based on higher static strength, lower endurance strength measured with the duration of hang on the bar and the number of the number of sit-ups. All participants are mesomorphs, however the distribution of mesomorphic and ectomorphic components significantly differs in both groups. In set I the somatotype can be depicted with the following formula: 2.1- 5.8-2.1, whereas in set II: 2.2-7.1-1.3. Conclusions: The results suggest the necessity for combat sports athletes (judo, ju-jitsu) to adjust suitable fight techniques during offensive and defensive actions according to their somatic predispositions. Keywords: combat sports · anthropometric measurements · body composition · motor tests
Article
This study examined the effect of a novel circuit weight training (CWT) program on cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and body composition in 13 patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), using a prospective randomized crossover protocol. Peak exercise oxygen uptake (V˙o 2 peak ) increased after the 8-wk CWT program (19.5 ± 1.2 vs. 22.0 ± 1.5 ml ⋅ kg ⁻ ¹ ⋅ min ⁻ ¹ , P < 0.01), as did exercise test duration (15.2 ± 0.9 vs. 18.0 ± 1.1 min, P < 0.001). Submaximal exercise heart rate was lower after training at 60 and 80 W (121 ± 3 vs. 134 ± 5 beats/min, P < 0.01) as was rate pressure product, whereas ventilatory threshold increased, from 52 ± 3 to 58 ± 3% of V˙o 2 peak ( P< 0.05). CWT also increased maximal isotonic voluntary contractile strength for seven different muscle groups, from 392 to 462 kg ( P= 0.001). CWT, an exercise prescription specifically targeting peripheral abnormalities in CHF, improves functional capacity and muscular strength in these patients.
Article
Apply It: From this article, the reader should understand the following concepts: Tell the difference between a fad and a trend. Apply and use worldwide trends in the commercial, corporate, clinical (including medical fitness), and community health fitness industry. Read expert opinions about identified fitness trends for 2018.
Article
To understand the health benefits and practical application of a high-intensity circuit training exercise protocol.