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THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (ICIS 2016)
August 20-22, 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
705
RE-THINKING OF ASEAN REGIONAL INTEGRATION:
PEOPLE-ORIENTED TOWARDS COMMUNITARIAN
APPROACHES
Mohd. Fajar Ikhsan
Universiti Utara Malaysia
ok.isan@yahoo.co.nz
Ahmad Bashawir Abdul Ghani
Universiti Utara Malaysia
bashawir@uum.edu.my
Muhammad Subhan
Universiti Utara Malaysia
msubhan@uum.edu.my and subhanaceh@gmail.com
Abstract
Most recent discussions about regional integration among ASEAN members led to
the collective agenda called ASEAN Community whose goals are to create a
productive multilateral program. The program has been divided into three sectors
which are ASEAN Economic Community, ASEAN Political-Security Community, and
ASEAN Socio-Culture Community. The ASEAN integration process at least involves
three internal actors. First is political actors (governments, political elite, who get
benefits from security cooperation to avoid conflict among SEA states, etc.).Second
is business actors (economy elite, corporations, who run businesses and get benefits
from trade agreements) and third is people actors (society, communities, who receive
direct benefits from ASEAN integration). The first and second groups have direct
benefits from ASEAN integration, but for the third group, especially those from
grassroots (middle and low level society), they have lack of understanding on what
ASEAN is all about, and what are benefits and advantages of having ASEAN
integration to their life. This paper aims at three folds, first is to discuss, how relevant
the concept of communitarianism that bring ideas about the importance role of
communities in term of regional political aspects, especially to create a ‘real’ regional
community and regional identity. Second is to discuss how the ASEAN’s idea of
people-oriented can be implemented through the communitarianism approach. Third
is to discuss how states-oriented integration can move towards people-oriented
integration. The findings show that in creating regional integration, i.e. ASEAN
Community agenda, ASEAN should consider the role of communities and
acknowledge their existences in the ASEAN agenda so that it can be more integrated
society. Second, the legitimate role of the communities in ASEAN would able to cope
and helping some of social issues which occur in the society by using direct
community to community approach. Third, the communitarianism perspective is very
much relevant to the ASEAN’s idea about people-oriented approach, because
communitarianism offers the importance of community in a nation as a co-actor in the
regional integration process in helping mutual consciousness among the actors.
Fourth, the mix of ASEAN’s state oriented and people-oriented should be applied by
the organization to fulfill the agenda of ASEAN Community, by using both the top-
bottom model and the bottom-up model. Fifth, ASEAN should convince and deliver
THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (ICIS 2016)
August 20-22, 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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benefits to the community, so that the community can support the integration
agenda.
Keywords: Regional Integration; ASEAN Community; Communitarianism; Community
Involvement
Introduction: Regional Integration as a States Cooperation Model
The concept of regional integration has brought different ideas about the changing of
states behavior, from conflict and war relationship to be more collective and used
cooperative way in maintaining their connections. In some state-controlled domains
such as political-military, socio-economy aspects are remained as the main reason
why states need to be integrated with other adjacent areas or regions through
common institutions, agenda and rules.
The common acts are basically about mutual initiative in making collective
decision to determine the goals. Hence, the regional integration process cannot be
separated from Mitrany’s approach of functionalism theory and Hass approach of
neo-functionalism theory, which explain deep understanding and basic model of
states regional integration theory. These approaches believed that inter-states
integration should be able to share their government as one of institutional
governance and to create a ‘material interdependence’ (Mitrany, 1933). Another
assumption of these approaches stated that the development of world system is
influenced by the states and non-state actors which believed about the common
interest, shared needs, and mutual understanding of peace (Caporaso, 1998), refuse
the ideas of state power and political influence (Ziring, Riggs, and Plano, 2005),
rather than the idea of states self-interest that is believed by the realists (Rosamond,
2000).
In fact, inter-state regional integration cannot be separated from political and
military aspects (i.e. NATO, Warsaw Pact). From military alliance’s perspective they
believed that the basic understanding in the creation of a state’s regional institution is
to organize themselves against possible threats by other countries, and to protect
their shared territories. Even so, the ambition of states integration based on the
ideas of functionalism and neo-functionalism has brought about some specific issues
that need to be solved among state members, such as non-traditional security issues
such as economic, trade zone, border dispute, cultural issues, natural disasters, etc.
Regional integration can be seen as the extended process of individual state’s
THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (ICIS 2016)
August 20-22, 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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national interest into inter-state interest level (institutions with formal norms and
rules) with a ‘voluntarily mingle’ (Haas, 1971) or sometime use a coercive act
through transnational manner. Such Haas’s views about European Union (EU)
regional integration, he believed that the context of ‘spill over’ effects occurred in EU
integration process, from economic area then spread into other areas such as
political spectrum, and became a supra-national body. The EU integration shows
about the dialectics of common interest among European countries, where the
egoism of individual states by what the realist viewed about state’s authority and
sovereignty has slightly sidelined.
According to Lombaerde and Langenhove (2007), there are at least eight
important points of regional integration initiatives: (1) Strengthening of trade, (2)
Private sector development, (3) Economic and infrastructure growth, (4) Strong
public sector institutions and good governance, (5) Development of an inclusive civil
society, (6) contribution to peace and security, (7) Environment programs, and (8)
Inter-region interaction. The above structure of regional initiatives shows that the
global political shifted after post-war period, mutual cooperation needs to be
undertaken within the framework of multilateral projects and agenda to develop and
maintain the national interest and long peace. States leaders are also considered as
main contributors to the evolution of international relations subject with valid
empirical evidence and have created the phenomenon become more complex to be
analyzed especially with regards to the discussion about regional trade blocs,
regional politics, and economic development or crisis, and so forth.
In practice, the state’s regional integration are basically run by government
and political actors which represent national (society-people) views and ideas to get
more benefits and advantages from their cooperation. It can be seen that regional
integration is as a cooperative model created among the states involved in making
positive possibilities and opportunities to fulfill their national agenda. In short,
integration is not an end in itself, but a process to support economic growth
strategies, greater social equality and promote democratization process (Haokip,
2012). In fact, the level of integration depends upon the willingness and commitment
of independent sovereign states to share their sovereignty and common values.
Based on these facts, there are some of questions that need to be addressed.
First, if the regional integration inside the institution is a cooperative model among
states to create more profits or advantages to their own country, will the people and
THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (ICIS 2016)
August 20-22, 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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communities in these countries get direct benefit from it? Is there any part of the
regional integration that needs to be played by the communities to assist the states
relationship through people to people interaction?
In the case of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), it is
another example where states regional integration is planned to be more tight (or
highly integrated) in their relationship. Today, ASEAN’s main agenda is to create and
build ASEAN Community which reflects into three sectors, namely ASEAN Economic
Community, ASEAN Political-Security Community, and ASEAN Socio-Culture
Community. From the terminology of ‘community’, it seems that ASEAN wanted to
develop the doctrine or the utterance of ‘community’ as used by the EU during
1950s-1990s in creating more ‘intimate’ relationship among their members. Then the
next question to be addressed is that, Do the ‘communities’ (people/society) in SEA
region really know and understand what ASEAN is all about? Or is it a necessary
action for betterment of their future life?
According to the article written by analysts Michael H. Fuchs and Stefanie
Merchant on www.thediplomat.com, dated 1 July 2016 titled “What ASEAN Can
Learn From Brexit”, they highlighted several things. First, they stated that ‘leave
campaign’ or Brexit voters tended to be older, less educated, and live in rural areas,
but in that case, these groups are ironically benefit the most from EU integration,
however their concerns focused on the loss of jobs, rising inequality, etc. Second,
Brexit shows that citizen’s education about regional institutions is vital, where it can
be seen from the lack of accurate knowledge about the EU and its relationship with
Great Britain. An EU Survey found that nearly half of EU citizens said that they did
not understand how the EU works.
In their article, Michaels H. Fuchs and Stefanie Merchant said that, there was
one study found that only a quarter of Southeast Asian citizens know what ASEAN is
all about, and while the study did not ask about the ASEAN Economic Community,
one can infer that the understanding of the AEC would be far less. By looking to the
EU case – Brexit issue above, then what makes ASEAN is very confident to
introduce and promote ASEAN’s regional integration as using ‘community’ term? A
quick survey about the ‘people understanding about ASEAN’ has been conducted to
support this study. A pilot survey held in Medan, Indonesia towards thirty participants
found that ten person of participants know what ASEAN is (but they did not know
what the real benefit or what the effect of ASEAN to their life), fifteen participants did
THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (ICIS 2016)
August 20-22, 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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not know what ASEAN is all about, and only small portion of the participants quite
understand about the ASEAN and AEC.
During Kuala Lumpur Declaration on a People-Oriented, People-Centered
ASEAN on 27 April 2015, the ASEAN wanted to shift their orientation from state-
oriented to people-oriented approach. The change in ASEAN approach seems will
bring less impact to the society unless a massive effort needs to be conducted to
campaign to the people on ASEAN agenda and how ASEAN will benefit their life.
This paper is trying to understand more about the key role, function of communities
in making real regional integration of ASEAN.
Regional Integration through Communitarian Approach
As aforementioned, the regional integration concept can be seen from liberalism,
functionalism, and neo-functionalism school of thoughts. Another perspective to
understand the phenomenon is to observe regional integration and its correlation to
communitarianism theory. The terminology of communitarianism has been coined
into scholarly discourses since 20th Century. However, the ‘word’ of communitarian
itself was introduced by Goodwyn Barmby in 1840s. This understanding shifted
attention to the community and society and dissociate individuals.
As what Amitai Etzioni views on communitarianism theory that communities
have two characteristics: first, relationships among a group of individuals,
relationships that often crisscross and reinforce one another; and secondly, a
measure of commitment to a set of shared values, norms, and meanings, and a
shared history and identity or culture. The communitarianism has criticized classic
liberalism in several areas such as autonomy of individuals and universalism. The
theory has made several assumptions. First, it emphasizes the ethical and
psychological value of community members, and second, communitarianism is rated
as anti-liberalism or it is a critique of the liberalism values. At this time, we can see
that, inside the communities, there are individual autonomies existed that shares
their common values to be one flexible represented entity. Communitarianism
wanted to play important role in the state levels, because they believed that mutual
goal cannot be achieved by individual act, but it should be achieved through
integrated society.
There are similar ideas and features of integration between regional
integration concept (for states interest) with community (which basically integrated
THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (ICIS 2016)
August 20-22, 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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for society interest), where both are giving their ‘hope’ into one specific institution or
agency which underline the functions of integrated system. However, in practice,
states regional integrations conduct their interest based on political, economy,
security and strategic agenda, while communities mostly address their interest based
on ethical, norms, local wisdom, and humanitarian values. It’s very much compatible
with what Viola (2004) stated that the idea of community is closely linked to the
reasons for the formation of a ‘commonality’, i.e. to the benefits that common life
brings to the individuals participating therein. If there is a community, the common
good must be significant, i.e. it must concern the benefits of those taking part in it.
What we can see from both concepts are that states regional integration
should be able to put communities in line with the regional organization, because
there is a similarity of character in term of process in making a mutual body or
organization. In human life, communities played an important role in every single
aspect, so then states need to collaborate with the people to unify and create same
perceptions about states regional integration such as the case of ASEAN for
instance. As mentioned earlier, ASEAN should learn from Brexit, especially in terms
of developing the communities within ASEAN nations, and give communities places
to play their strategic role, so that communities could deliver their knowledge,
experiences, benefit to society at the grass-root level, then the communities can
understand the important function of ASEAN to their life.
Communities are the sub-unit of a state where they can give a direction to a
regional integration positively or negatively. The case of Brexit, the people of UK
already decided their choice through votes, highlighting the immigrant issues, lack of
job opportunities, economic gaps, and so forth which led their distrust to EU. In the
context of ASEAN, even ASEAN does not have a ‘vote form’ by the people to
determine their country in the organizational system like EU, yet ASEAN should
learn from the Brexit issue, where behind all that structured organization, some
groups of the people were not satisfied and were not putting adequate concerns on
the regional organizations itself. Meaning that, even well-organized regional
institutions are remained weak, if the organizations cannot fulfill and supply benefits
to the people, especially the failure to deliver the organization’s objectives to the
public.
The concept of regional integration are usually focused on the development of
economic growth in a region (intra-region) and/or inter-region. In many cases, the
THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (ICIS 2016)
August 20-22, 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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functions of regional economic integration leads to the strengthening of modern
liberalism ideas such as free trade zone, capital market, privatization, fiscal austerity,
deregulation, etc., which attracted discrepancy views pertaining to the ideas of
communitarianism, where the ideas of public participation was neglected. In
contrast, regional integration model believed that the more the states integrate one
another, the easier the economic or other issues can be solved.
However in practice, some critiques have been arisen in response to the
global economic development mechanism especially in term of market capitalism
and individualism behavior. Many people believed that the benefits of global trade
organizations or even regional trade organizations which use a neo-liberalism
approach only go to limited groups of people or only to political elite groups or big
business groups, whereas the economic consequences of the trade integration affect
all people; as the socialists say the integration actually neglects the collective
prosperity. Neo-liberalist such as Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman, believed that
a free market will encourage market efficiency, economic growth, income
distribution, and so forth that benefit to all people. However, if we look back into the
Brexit issue for instance, as the vote’s reflect, it shows that the benefits of the
integration especially in terms of economy equality was not or rarely reached to the
society or grass-root levels.
Although modern liberalism believes in cooperation and mutualism as an
alternative tool in sustaining peaceful conditions among neighboring countries, but
practically the ideas of classic liberalism which stressed on ‘the power of
individualism’ and ‘individual autonomy’ are still dominating today’s regional
integration characteristics and they most of the time neglect the ‘power’ of
communities. Sen (2009) argued that we should involve people in such an
integration effort, not only to the distribution of goods, but also how to create a
condition so that the people are able to use those goods to pursue their needs
effectively.
However, in ASEAN context, there is a meeting to represent the ASEAN’s
people called as ASEAN Civil Society Conference / ASEAN People Forum
(ACSC/APF) which invites civil society organizations, NGOs, people’s organizations
and people’s movements. In 2015, APF addressed to strengthen its involvement in
ASEAN within theme “Reclaiming the ASEAN Community for the People”. However,
we believe that, the meeting did not really impact to the public awareness and
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August 20-22, 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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people’s knowledge about the ASEAN itself. The ASEAN communities perhaps
admire a real platform, and not just a ceremonial meeting. ASEAN leaders will need
to learn how to create more activities and platforms to attract grass-root to be
involved directly in the ASEAN integration and finally get benefits from the
integration.
ASEAN Case on Regional Integration: States-Oriented towards People
Oriented??
By looking at the ASEAN integration, there are three groups who are directly
involved in the development of the ASEAN regional integration. First is the "states"
or governments. The states are the main actors in ASEAN integration that
responsible for encouraging and regulating multilateral cooperation (government-to-
government and business-to-business) which involved relationship among two or
more countries within SEA region. For instance, ASEAN has a main agenda based
on regional issues as in EU that begins with mutual needs and to create a regional
stability and peace. In the integration of ASEAN, member countries have some
common agreement which are not to interfere in the internal affairs of fellow
members, non-intervention doctrine, the resolution of dispute by peaceful means,
rejecting the use of deadly force, rejected use of forces or military forces and
undertake effective cooperation among member countries through effective
cooperation and collective decision.
The state as the main actor can feel many benefits and advantages derived
from the embodiment of the organization, in particular to build trust among countries
not to use military force in resolving an issue or problem, and also run the economic
cooperation, political, socio-cultural to meet national interest with no single country
dominates in it. The member countries have become an integral part in the ASEAN
or already be ASEAN-ized, as its formation is based on common goals as reflected
by the Bangkok Declaration, and to realize how important it is to develop ASEAN in
creating Southeast Asian regional stability that can provide benefits to each member.
The second group is the businesses, industries, and trade players, where this
group is considered as the implementing actors for the integration that run the
cooperation and activities which had previously been agreed by the member
countries of ASEAN as in the first group especially through economic agreement. As
stated in the Blueprint for the AEC, there are some strategic work plan in the short,
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August 20-22, 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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medium and long-term towards the establishment of ASEAN economic integration,
including (1) Single market and production base (current free trade the goods,
services, investment, skilled labor and capital); (2) Creating economic region with
high competitiveness (regional competition policy, IPRs action plan, infrastructure
development, ICT, energy cooperation, taxation, and the development of Small and
Medium Enterprises / SMEs); (3) Creating a region with equitable economic
development (region of equitable economic development) through SME development
and programs of the Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI); and (4) Creating full
integration in the global economy.
As aforementioned, business sectors play an important role in ASEAN
integration in executing the economic agreement. Hence, the second group of
ASEAN integration is said to really receive positive benefits from ASEAN integration.
Before AEC was launched, the business and industrial sectors only focused on big
business oriented, where today, the AEC integration has also put the small and
medium enterprises or SMEs as a ‘new player’ in coloring the ASEAN economic
integration. However, the following question: Does the SMEs as new players really
understand how the AEC works? needs to be answered. The entanglement of major
industrial sectors that were previously involved in the cooperation between ASEAN
countries so far have shown that the second group of ASEAN integration is also
aware that the cooperation between ASEAN could provide a positive impact to them,
so they felt that ASEAN is an important regional organization in carrying out
economic activities that provide more benefits.
However, there is another group usually forgotten, which does not belong to
political and business elite group, it is society and community (grass-root) groups. A
society is the main foundation in any community. If there is no society, then there will
not be a country. Integrating some societies into a country may be an easier effort
than integrating societies into a regional community, because the later involved more
than one country or more cultures and systems to be integrated and it should
become one regional identity. In fact, ASEAN Community agenda needs a new
approach in consolidating the organization. ASEAN is trying to shift their approach
from state-centered to people-centered approach. It seems that ASEAN wants to re-
introduce and to reactivate their approach to be more direct people-action schemes.
Let us make it clear, if ASEAN wants to apply people-oriented scheme, then
they should accommodate the people and communities interest. If they fail to evince
THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (ICIS 2016)
August 20-22, 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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it, then the terminology of ‘community’ and the idea of people-oriented will only be a
lip slogan or just like utopian ideas. ASEAN should give communities chances and
spot to move freely and independently in supporting ASEAN integration. When
communities in ASEAN have been carrying out its functions as co-actors, then
automatically the awareness and sense of shared regional identity will arise, and it
would contribute to solve some of social issues in ASEAN countries.
The Importance of Community in ASEAN Integration
In previous section, we have discussed about how the evolution of ASEAN
integration has brought about the cultural changes and shifting role of states-oriented
towards people-oriented scheme. As we mention earlier, ASEAN people are
represented by several communities, and each community from any background can
contribute to the ASEAN programs, such as educational program, healthy program,
social program, or other issues to be solved. This paper tries to contribute in
highlighting some importance roles of communities that ASEAN can use in
developing their activities among members, and in creating real regional integration
based on communities’ actions. For instance, the Rohingya’s issue, perhaps ASEAN
should have an ASEAN Religious Scholars Forum or Meeting platform where the
forum comprises of Muslims, Christians, Buddhist, Catholics, and any other
recognized religion in ASEAN countries to talks about the humanity, discrimination,
and other issues which are quite sensitive and a segregated discussion in publics in
some ASEAN countries.
On the other hand, today ASEAN has an ASEAN Youth Cultural Forum under
ASEAN University Network (AUN), but their strategic functions need to be clearer in
its objectives and goals. The ASEAN Youth Cultural Forum cannot be an exclusive
forum under AUN listed universities but it needs to be opened to other universities in
ASEAN region. It is highly encouraged to some extend to include high school
students in ASEAN youth programs. The ASEAN Youth Forum or other project
should be delivered to all ASEAN youth generations. Because it is the way to
distribute and share knowledge, building mutual consciousness and later creating a
mutual trust and collective identity of ASEAN-ness.
All levels of communities in ASEAN should be given same chances and
opportunities in an open space to meet and talk and solve any problem arises in the
communities. Perhaps in the future ASEAN will have more forums or platforms for
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August 20-22, 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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different groups of communities such as teacher, academician, medical doctors,
lawyers, fishermen, farmers, journalists, bloggers and so forth. If we have more
rooms to specific groups of ASEAN community to join directly in the ASEAN
integration process, we believe that many communities from different backgrounds
can give their contributions to ASEAN integration.
From the discussion above, we conclude some of the importance of
community in ASEAN integration process: (1) The community can create an
alternative approach in responding to some of issues in ASEAN as ‘direct’ second
track diplomacy; (2) The community can provide awareness and mutual identity for
the public, and promoting, branding about ASEAN; (3) The community can contribute
to strengthening the integration of ASEAN; (4) The community can implement and
change ASEAN’s perspective of state-oriented to the idea of people-oriented, (5) As
what Putnam (2000) has pointed out, it is essential for ASEAN to have the collective
value of all 'social networks' especially in maintaining democracy. However, afore-
discussed, the main function of the community is on how the community can raise
awareness to each people about ASEAN integration. Additional point is that the
community role can push ASEAN regional governance to be more functional and
benefits to the society.
ASEAN integration has run their objective very well especially in making
potential business, and maintaining their regional economic growth. But in certain
issues, in many cases, the doctrine of ASEAN non-intervention becomes obstacle in
solving some socially sensitive issues. ASEAN is encouraged to involve communities
groups at all levels as an ‘extended hand’ of the government in solving some unrest
social problems in ASEAN.
Conclusion
In this part, we conclude that when states regional integration wants to be tighter and
strong, then it should involve the people into the organization activities. States
regional organization should also address people interests without no exception and
all inclusive. To be a successful integration, ASEAN needs to create direct benefits,
advantages of the organization to all communities. When liberalism believed in
states cooperation, then states should believe in communities’ interaction inside the
organization to create balance position. Regional economic integration should be
delivered equally to the people without discrimination.
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Political actors, economic actors and community actors should able to
communicate and collaborate their interest. These three actors play their own
specific functions in ASEAN. The political actors or governments’ function is to make
an agreement and run their diplomatic agenda. The economic actors function is to
execute and run the business and industrial sector, and lastly, the community actors’
function is to support organization activities and serve as an social capital to run
some of the programs in accordance with their capabilities. The other thing is,
community can be a constructive activists in the region, to make check and balance
to the organization.
When three actors above carry out their functions based on collective
consciousness without ego-centric, the regional integration will automatically find its
ways to create a one regional identity. This paper believes that communities and
collective consciousness is not only factors that can promise long-term regional
cooperation, but it might be the central focus of the organization. This paper argues
that the communitarianism perspective might be useful in delivering the idea about
the importance of community especially in regional integration process. However, as
its limitation, this paper might not be able to explain comprehensive characteristics of
communitarianism perspective, but it limits its discussion only to observe the linkage
between the role of communities in state regional integration process.
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