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Utilization of Bottle Feeding Practices and Associated Factors among Mothers Who Have Infant Less than 12months of Age in Agaro Twon

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Background: Breast milk substitutes are used commonly worldwide with bottle feeding which should be avoided due to its impact on optimal breastfeeding and appropriate complementary feeding. Moreover, feeding bottles are associated with diarrheal disease morbidity and mortality as it is difficult to keep it clean especially in developing countries where sanitation is poor.
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Ulizaon of Bole Feeding Pracces and Associated Factors among Mothers
Who Have Infant Less than 12 Months of Age in Agaro Twon, Jimma Zone
South West Ethiopia, 2018
Sheka Shemsi Seid*, Elsa Muluneh, Ismael Ahmed Sinbirro, Tolasa Takele Moga, Tura Koshe Haso
and Shamsedin Amme Ibro
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health Science, Instute of Health, Jimma University, Ethiopia
*Corresponding author: Sheka Shemsi Seid, Lecturer at School of Nursing and Midwifery, Jimma University, Ethiopia, Tel: +251-917-513-841; E-
mail: shekaaa2006@gmail.com
Received date: 29 January 2019; Accepted date: 15 February 2019; Published date: 22 February 2019
Copyright: © 2019 Seid SS, et al. This is an open-access arcle distributed under the terms of the creave commons aribuon license, which
permits unrestricted use, distribuon and reproducon in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citaon: Seid SS, Muluneh E, Sinbirro IA, Moga TT, Haso TK, et al. (2019) Ulizaon of Bole Feeding Pracces and Associated Factors among
Mothers Who Have Infant Less than 12months of Age in Agaro Twon, Jimma Zone South West Ethiopia, 2018. Health Sci J Vol.13.No.1:630.
Abstract
Background: Breast milk substutes are used commonly
worldwide with bole feeding which should be avoided
due to its impact on opmal breaseeding and
appropriate complementary feeding. Moreover, feeding
boles are associated with diarrheal disease morbidity
and mortality as it is dicult to keep it clean especially in
developing countries where sanitaon is poor.
Objecves: To assess the ulizaon of bole feeding
pracces and associated factors among mothers who
have infant (from birth-12 months of age) in Agaroo town,
Jimma zone Oromia region south west Ethiopia, 2018.
Methodology: A community based cross seconal study
was conducted from March 15 to 30, 2018 in Agaroo
town. A systemac sampling method was applied to
select 222 respondents among mothers who have infant
(from birth-12 months of age). Data was collected through
face to face interview using pretested quesonnaire. Data
analysis was done by using SPSS and to idenfy associated
factor chi-square was used. The data was presented by
graph and tables.
Result: From the total of 222 mothers parcipated in the
study the prevalence of bole feeding was 207 (93.2%).
Mothers return to work 104 (46.8) was the main reasons
for iniaon of bole feeding reported by the mothers
who started bole feeding pracce. The percentage was
high among mothers with educaonal background of
illiterate 92 (41.4%) governmental employer 10 (4.8%)
and whose monthly family income was 1000-1499 birr
100 (45%). There was signicant associaon between
bole feeding pracces and Mothers’ educaon status,
occupaonal status, place of delivery and family monthly
income.
Conclusions: The ulizaons of bole feeding was high at
the study area. Educaonal status, monthly family
income, employments was associated with ulizaon of
bole feeding. The provision of formal and informaon
educaon to the mothers, increasing family monthly
income, the number months for maternal leave and
instuonal delivery could reduce the bole feeding
ulizaons among mothers.
Keywords: Bole feeding pracce; Associated factors
Introducon
Appropriate evidence-based feeding pracces are essenal
for achieving and sustaining proper nutrion and health [1].
Opmal infant and young child feeding pracces as suggested
by the World Health Organizaon include early iniaon of
breast feeding within rst hour of birth; exclusive
breaseeding ll 6 months of age; introducon of
complementary feeding at 6 months while connuing breast-
feeding up to 2 years or beyond and ensuring proper use of
breast-milk substutes. However, breast milk substutes are
used commonly worldwide with bole feeding which should
be avoided due to its impact on opmal breaseeding and
proper complementary feeding. Moreover, feeding boles are
linked with diarrheal disease morbidity and mortality as it is
challenging to keep it clean especially in developing countries
where sanitaon is poor [2].
The bole is used not only used to give milk but all other
types of uids e.g. water, tea, juice etc. The semisolid cereals
are also diluted as a drink to be given through the bole. The
adverse eects of bole-feeding are well known. They are
more profound in the under developed world due to economic
resources, lack of clean water, unhygienic surroundings and
illiteracy amongst mothers. The prevalence of unsuitable
and/or low-quality boles and teats further aggravate the
situaon in developing countries. The hazards of bole-
Research Article
iMedPub Journals
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DOI: 10.21767/1791-809X.1000630
Health Science Journal
ISSN 1791-809X Vol.13 No.1:630
2019
© Copyright iMedPub | This article is available from: www.hsj.gr 1
feeding include over diluon of milk with resultant
malnutrion. There is increased suscepbly to diarrhea and
other Gastrointesnal Tract (GIT) infecons, ear infecons,
allergic tendency and dental caries. Recently a detailed
comprehensive report, using data both from developed and
developing countries highlighted the increased relave risk of
infant mortality amongst formula fed versus breast-fed infants
[3-7].
According to the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health
Survey (EDHS), only 58% of infants less than 6 months were
exclusively breased. Even higher prevalence of bole feeding
(38%) was reported in some areas of the country such as
Oromia region [8-11].
Lack of appropriate breast feeding and complementary
feeding pracces leads to child malnutrion, many countries
worldwide are experiencing a sharp increase in the prevalence
of malnutrion and suer from the double burden of both
types of malnutrion [12]. In 2012 about 99 million children
under 5 years of age were underweight and 162 million
stunted. At the same me, about 44 million children under 5
were overweight or obese. In the same year 67 percent of all
underweight children lived in Asia and 29% in Africa [11-13].
There is no recent study conducted in Agaroo town that
explored the signicance of the major factors that are
assumed to iniate or smulate the pracce of bole-feeding.
Thus, the purpose of this study was idenfy the factors
associated with bole feeding pracce in Agaroo town in order
to obtain the baseline data that will help the concerned bodies
to plan and Implement feasible Intervenon to alleviate the
problem.
Methods and Materials
Study area and study period
Agaroo is a town and separate woreda in south-western
Ethiopia located in the Jimma Zone of the Oromia Region, it
sits at a latude and longitude of 7°51′N 36°35′E, and an
elevaon of 1560 m above sea level. Agaroo town is located
385 Km southwest of Addis Ababa, a capital city of Ethiopia
and 45 Km from Jimma zone. The town has ve kebeles. In
2007/2008, the total populaon of the town is 40,114 of which
about 51% were males, while 49% were females. In the town,
there are eight clinics, two health posts, two health centers
and one hospital. The study period was conducted from May
18 to 21, 2018
Study design: A community-based cross-seconal study was
conducted.
Sample size determination and sampling
procedure
The sample size is determined by using a single populaon
proporon formula considering the following assumpons:
expected proporon of bole feeding pracce (19.6%) from
previously study in Holeta, 95% condence level and a margin
of error of 5% [8].
Z α/2=Condence interval at 95% level (1.96)
d= is the degree of precision (marginal error) 5%
=
/2)21 
2
Where,
n=sample size
p=proporon of home delivery=19.6%=0.196
d=marginal error=5%=0.05
Z a/2=Z value of 95% condence=1.96 from the Z-table
Substute the values in to the formula:
n=(1.96)20.196(1-0.196)/(0.05)2=242
Since the source populaon is less than 10,000, using the
correcon formula the nal sample size is:
nf =  n
1 +  n
N
=242
1 +  242
1250
 = 202
Considering non response rate and add 10%
202*0.1=20.2
202+20.2=222
222 is the nal sample size
Since I was selected one kebele (Birbirsawantan) from the
ve kebeles
K= N/n → 430/202=2
Therefore, the mothers are selected every 2 interval.
Sampling Procedure
Simple random sampling technique was used to select
kebeles (one kebele from the ve kebeles). Then from the
selected Kebele a systemic random sampling technique was
conducted to select 222 mothers who have birth-12 month of
age infant by using lists from health post. Mothers are selected
every two interval. If more than one eligible mother was
encountered in the household, a loery method was used to
determine the mothers to be interviewed. Revisit of three
mes was made in a case where eligible respondents are not
available at the me of the survey and the next house was
used.
Data Collecon Tools and Procedures
Data was collected using pretested, structured interviewer-
administered quesonnaire. The quesonnaire was
administered through face to face interview by four (4) trained
data collectors (college students) and the data collecon was
strictly supervised by one health extension worker. A two days
training was given for data collectors and supervisors about
Health Science Journal
ISSN 1791-809X Vol.13 No.1:630
2019
2This article is available from: www.hsj.gr
the condenality of the informaon, respondent’s rights,
informed consent and technique of the interview before
starng the actual work. Data was collected on daily basis from
morning to evening including weekends for the period of 3
days starng from May 18, 2018 G.C. The quesonnaire needs
20-40 minutes to interview one study parcipants. Daily
meeng was conducted between data collectors, supervisors
and principal invesgator for discussion regarding presenng
dicules and to assess the progress of data collecon.
Data Quality Control
The quesonnaire is adapted from previously done similar
researches and translates Afaan oromo (local language) to
obtain data from the study parcipants and to ensure
understandability and clarity the contents properly. The
quesonnaire was back translated to English. Prior to the
actual data collecon acvies (one week prior to data
collecon), the instrument were pre-tested on mothers (5% of
sample size) on one of the unselected kebeles (tamsajida).
Necessary changes (addion of alternave responses, removal
of some repeated quesons and skipping paerns) was made
aer pre-tesng based on the informaon obtained from
parcipants to make quesons more understandable.
On-going supervision of the data collecon acvies was
undertaken by one supervisor throughout the data collecon
period. The completeness of the quesonnaire and accuracy of
the informaon recorded was checked at the end of each day
by supervisors and principal invesgators. Code was given for
quesonnaire during data collecon so that any idened
errors was traced back using the codes. Completeness of the
collected data were nally reviewed by principal invesgator.
Data Processing and Analysis
The associaon between the outcome variables (bole
feeding) and independent variables was analyzed by using chi
square. Frequency distribuons, cross-tabulaons, and graphs
were used to describe the variables of the study. Findings were
presented in text, tables, and graphs.
Ethical Consideraon
The study was conducted aer geng Ethical clearance
from the Instuonal Review Board of, Faculty of Health
Science, Instute of Health, in Jimma University. Ocial leer
of cooperaon was also being obtained from the health oce
of Agaroo town and from selected Kebeles through a formal
leer. Parcipaon in the study was asked only on the
voluntary basis. Wrien informed consent was obtained from
each parcipant prior to the interview to conrm willingness
aer explaining the objecve of the study. The respondents
were told that they have the right to refuse or terminate at any
point of the interview. No personal ideners of the study
parcipants were taken hence all informaon obtained from
the study parcipants were kept strictly condenal.
Results
Socio demographic characteriscs
A total of 222 mothers having children less than 12 months
of age included in the in the study giving a response rate of
100%.
The age of study respondent were between range of 15-49
years with majority of them 80 (36%) in age group of 30-34
years. Majority of mothers 202 (90.9%) mothers were married
and only 3% of them were single. With respect to Ethnicity
More than half of study parcipants 125 (56.3%) were Oromo
followed by Amhara 46 (21.1%). almost half 110 (49.5%) study
parcipants were Muslim. 107 (48.1%) of mothers had an
esmated monthly income of <1000 birr. majority 95 (43%) of
the mothers were illiterate. Around half 110 (49.5%) of
mothers were house wife followed by merchant 50 (22.5)
(Table 1).
Table 1 Socio demographic characteriscs of the respondents, Agaro, Southwest Ethiopia, 2018.
Characteristics Group
Bottle feeding practice
Yes No Total
Age of mother
15-19 2 (0.9%) 0 2 (0.9%)
20-24 29 (13%) 1 (0.4%) 30 (13.5%)
25-29 72 (32.4%) 3 (1.3%) 75 (34%)
30-34 75 (34%) 5 (2.2%) 80 (36%)
>35 29(13%) 6 (2.7%) 35 (16%)
Marital status
Single 7 (3%) 0 7 (3%)
Married 192 (86.4%) 10 (4.5%) 202 (90.9%)
Divorced 7 (3.1%) 5 (2.2%) 12 (5.4%)
Widowed 1 (0.4%) 0 1 (0.4%)
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Ethnicity
Oromo 145 (65.3%) 10 (4.5%) 155 (69.8%)
Amhara 44 (19.8%) 3 (1.3%) 47 (21.1%)
Other (Debub) 18 (8.1%) 2 (0.9%) 20 (9%)
Religion
Muslim 102 (45.9%) 8 (3.6%) 110 (49.5%)
Orthodox 92 (41.4%) 3 (1.3%) 95 (43%)
Protestant 13 (5.8%) 4 (1.8%) 17 (8%)
Educational back ground of the mother
Illiterate 90 (40.5%) 5 (2.2%) 95 (43%)
Primary 63 (28.3%) 2 (0.9%) 65 (29.2%)
Secondary 45 (20.2%) 5 (2.2%) 50 (23%)
Above secondary 9 (4.0%) 3 (1.3%) 12 (5.4%)
Occupational states of mothers
House wife 107 (48.1%) 3 (1.3%) 110 (49.5%)
Merchant 50 (22.5%) 0 50 (22.5%)
Daily labor 25 (11.2%) 7 (3.1%) 32 (14.3%)
Government employee 10 (4.5%) 5 (2.2%) 15 (6.7%)
Farmer 10 (4.5%) 0 10 (4.5%)
Student 5 (2.2%) 0 5 (2.2%)
Educational status of the husband
Illiterate 58 (26.1%) 2 (0.9%) 60 (27%)
Primary 55 (24.7%) 5 (2.2%) 60 (27%)
Secondary 43 (19.3%) 2 (0.9%) 45 (20.2%)
Above secondary 31 (13.9) 6 (2.7%) 37 (16.6%)
Occupational status of husband
Merchant 78 (35.1%) 2 (0.9%) 80 (36%)
Daily labor 50 (22.5%) 5 (2.2%) 55 (24.7%)
Farmer 30 (13.5%) 5 (2.2%) 35 (15.7%)
Government employee 27 (12.1%) 3 (1.3%) 30 (13.5%)
House wife 20 (9%) 0 20 (%)
Student 2 (0.9%) 0 2 (0.9%)
Monthly family in came (Birr)
<500 52 (23.4%) 7 (3.1%) 59 (26.5%)
500-999 35 (15.7%) 5 (2.2%) 40 (18%)
1000-1499 100 (45%) 3 (1.3%) 103 (46.3%)
>1500 20 (9%) 0 20 (9%)
Obstetric condion of the respondent
From total of the study parcipants 192 (86.4%) and 182
(81.9%) had history of ANC and PNC follow up respecvely. Of
those who had history of ANC follow 187 (84.2%) respondents
received advice on advantage of breast feeding during ANC
follow up. The majority of the respondent 212 (95.4%) were
give birth at health instuon and 10 (4.5%) were give birth at
home, among those were give birth at health instuon 182
(81.9%) of respondents was give birth vaginally and 40 (18%)
were by caesarean secon. 212 (95.4%) of the respondents
was assisted by health professionals. Of total respondent 65
(29.2%) of them has four children and 85 (38.2%) were in age
range of 11-20 years (Table 2).
Table 2 Obstetrics condion of the respondents, Agaro, Southwest Ethiopia, 2018.
Variables No (%)
Number of children One 21 11.2
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Two 55 24.7
Three 52 23.4
Four 65 29.2
>five 29 13
Total 222 100
Age of youngest child
02-May 27 12.1
06-Oct 55 24.7
Nov-20 88 38.2
21-24 25 11.2
>25 5 2.2
Total 197 88.7
ANC follow up while you are pregnant for this last child
Yes 197 88.7
No 25 11.2
Total 222 100
What you advised during ANC follow up
About advantage of breast feeding 187 84.2
About hazards of bottle feeding 10 4.5
Total 197 88.7
Where did you delivery for the last child
Health institutions 212 95.4
Home 10 4.6
Total 222 100
Mode of delivery for the last child
Vaginally 182 81.9
Caesarean section 40 18.1
Total 222 100
Assisted you during delivery last child
Health professional 212 95.4
Traditional birth attendant 10 4.6
Total 222 100
PNC follow up for last child
Yes 182 81.9
No 40 18.1
Total 222 100
Child feeding pracce
The overall prevalence of bole feeding pracce in the
study area was 207 (93.2%). Among mothers who bole feed
their infants, the reason to starng bole feeding were
mothers return to work, availability of formula milk,
inadequate breast milk and ill of mothers which accounts 104
(46.8%), 70 (31.5%), 30 (13.5%) and 3 (1.3%) respecvely. 95
(42.7%) of respondents feeds there infant >5 mes per day. 90
(40.5) mothers clean bole twice per day and 102 (45.9%)
were clean the bole by rising with water and soap two mes
per day. Most of the mothers 160 (72%) were breast feed their
child immediately aer birth and 135 (60.8%) mothers had got
informaon about advantage of breast feeding from health
professional. 142 (63.9%) and 75 (33.7%) mothers were use
cow milk and formula milk for bole feeding respecvely.
From the total respondents 85 (38.2%) has two boles to feed
their infants. All mothers were gate safe water from pipe and
they have toilet facility. From 207 bole feed infants (120
(54%), 40 (18%), 5 (2.2%), 5 (2.2%)) had history of diarrhea,
voming, respiratory infecon and weight loose in past one
month respecvely (Table 3).
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Variables No (%)
Is the child currently on bottle feeding
Yes 207 93.2
No 15 6.8
Total 222 100
Reason to start bottle feeding
Mother return to work 104 46.8
Inadequate breast milk 30 13.5
Availability of formula milk 70 31.5
Mother ill 3 1.3
Total 207 93.2
Did you think the breast feeding per day
Immediately after birth 160 72
After one day 5 2.2
When the mother fills comfortable 40 18
Don’t know 17 7.6
total 222 100
How many times child bottle feeding per day
Two 1 0.4
Three 41 18.4
Four 70 31.5
>five 95 42.7
Total 207 93.2
How many times do you have clean the bottle per day
Every feed 50 22.5
Two times per day 90 40.5
Once daily 55 24.7
Every six hours 12 5.4
Total 207 93.2
How do you keep clean the bottle
Boiling 90 40.5
Rising with a water and soap 102 45.9
Only rising the water 15 6.7
Total 207 93.2
Did you offer additional food with the bottle feeding
Yes 207 93.2
No 15 6.7
Total 222 100
Additional food with the bottle feeding
Yes 207 93.2
No 15 6.7
Total 222 100
What kind of fluid are you offering to the baby with the bottle feeding
Cow milk 142 63.9
Formula milk 65 29.2
Expressed breast milk
Total 207 93.2
Up to 1 year 50 22.5
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2019
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Table 3 Child feeding pracce of the respondents, Agaro, Southwest Ethiopia, 2018.
How long did you offer the bottle feeding
Until the baby discontinuous 157 70.7
Total 207 93.2
Factors associated with bole feeding
pracce
Chi-square analyses was done to idenfy factors associated
with bole feeding pracce. The Chi square analyses showed
that there were signicant associaon between bole feeding
pracce with educaonal status of the mother x2 (8.91)=0.031,
p<0.05, occupaonal status of the mother x2 (36.0)=0.000,
p<0.05 and monthly family income X2 (8.40)=0.038, p<0.05,
but there is no signicant associaon between bole feeding
pracce with age of the mother (Table 4).
Table 4 Associaon between bole feeding pracces and Socio-demographic characterisc of the respondent, Agaro, southwest
Ethiopia, 2018.
Variable
Bottle feeding practice
Yes No X2p-value
No. (%) No. (%)
Age of the mother
15-19 2 1 0 0 7.63 0.106
20-24 29 14 1 0.5
25-29 72 34.8 3 1.4
30-34 75 36.2 5 2.4
>35 29 14 6 2.9
Educational status of the mother
Illiterate 92 44.4 3 1.4
Primary 60 29 5 2.4 8.91 0.031
Secondary 45 21.7 5 2.4
Above secondary 10 4.8 2 1
Occupational status of the mother
House wife 107 51.7 3 1.4
Merchant 50 24.2 0 0
Daily labor 25 12.1 7 3.4 36 0
government employee 10 4.8 5 2.4
Farmer 10 4.8 0 0
Student 5 2.4 0 0
Family income per month
<500 52 25.1 7 3.4
500-999 35 16.9 5 2.4 8.4 0.038
1000-1499 100 48.3 3 1.4
>1500 20 9.7 0 0
Chi square analyses showed that there were signicant
associaon between bole feeding pracce with place of
delivery x2 (35.3)=0.000, p<0.05, but there is no signicant
associaon with bole feeding pracce and number of
children, ANC follow up and PNC follow up (Table 5).
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Variable
Bottle feeding practices
Yes No X2 p-value
No. (%) No. (%)
Number of children
One 19 9.2 2 1 2.02 0.731
Two 50 24.2 5 2.4
Three 50 24.2 2 1
Four 60 29 5 2.4
>five 28 13.5 1 0.5
ANC follow up for last child
Yes 185 89.4 12 5.8
No 22 10.6 3 1.4 1.23 0.268
PNC follow up for the last child
Yes 171 82.6 11 5.3
No 36 17.4 4 1.9 0.815 0.367
Place of delivery
Home 9 4.3 1 0.5
Health institutions 198 95.7 14 6.8 35.3 0
Discussions
The prevalence of bole feeding in this study was higher
compared to other study conducted in Indian which was 18.4%
[14-23]. This dierence might be due to variaon in socio
cultural and economic aspect among study parcipant. The
nding of this study also higher than study conducted in
western Uganda which reported that the prevalence of bole
feeding was (10%) [24-26]. The dierence might be due to
socioeconomic dierence between study parcipants and
dierence in sample size, study seng and design. Community
based cross seconal study conducted in Bangladesh showed
that the proporon of bole-feeding was (37.3%) [24] which is
lower than the nding of this study and Another study
conducted at Holeta and shashemene town in Ethiopia
reported that the prevalence of bole feeding was 19.6% [27]
and 20.9% [28] respecvely which is lower than the nding of
the present study the dierence might be due to dierence
study period, study design and sample sizes.
This study found that mothers return to work 104 (46.8) was
the main reasons for iniaon of bole feeding by the
mothers who started bole feeding pracce while study
conducted in urban Libyan reported that the major reason for
iniaon of bole feeding were inadequacy of breast milk
(55.9%) and breast or Nipple condion (mothers ill) (8.4%)
[25]. But study conducted at Jimma revealed that insucient
breast milk as the main reason for starng bole-feeding
(70.9%) [29]. The addressed reason was dierent from study
conducted in Holeta [27]. But the current nding was in line
with the study conducted in the same town before een
years [28,29]. This implies that there were no signicant
changes regarding bole feeding over the years which could
be due to lack of an intervenon and prevenve measures.
This study found that socio demographic variables like
educaonal status of the mother, occupaonal status of
mother, monthly family income and place of delivery were
associated with bole feeding in line with this study the other
study also reported that the bole feeding pracce were
higher among mothers with beer educaonal background
and relavely high monthly income [25,30] while in contrast to
these study Community based cross seconal study done in
Jimma south west Ethiopia showed that the of bole-feeding
pracce was found to be higher among single and divorced
(71.4%) [29]. This nding was also inconsistent with another
study conducted near capital city of Ethiopia at town called
Holeta, which showed that bole feeding was associated with
infants’ age, mothers’ age, number of children, Lack of
previous counseling on bole feeding, and lack of aending
post natal care [27]. The observed dierence could be due to
the dierence in study seng and composion in study
populaon as this study was conducted at a remote town
where there could be lack of awareness about the danger of
bole feeding as more governmental and nongovernmental
organizaon working on maternal and child health are not
commonly available in this remote town compared to the
study conducted around the capital city of the country.
Health Science Journal
ISSN 1791-809X Vol.13 No.1:630
2019
8This article is available from: www.hsj.gr
Table 5 Associaon between bole feeding pracces and obstetrics condion of the mother.
Conclusion
In conclusions, the prevalence of the bole feeding pracce
in the study seng was higher compared to other similar
study conducted throughout the country and the world. The
addressed associated factors were mostly consistent with the
other studies. Therefore, an intervenon and prevenon
measure that could reduce the pracce of bole feeding
should be taken by the concerned bodies. Furthermore it is
important that further community based intervenonal
studies be conducted on a larger scale to broaden the
understanding obtained from this inial study.
Acknowledgment
This study was funded by Jimma University postgraduate
oce. The authors are thankful to Faculty of Public Health,
Jimma University, For Its nancial and technical support. They
are also grateful to the Jimma university medical center sta
and administrators for their support in the whole process of
the study. Finally, they thank the research assistants who
contributed to data collecon.
Author Contribuons
Shemsi SS and Muluneh E hypothesized the study, searched
literature, and trained the research assistants in data
collecon. He also wrote the results and discussion secons.
Sinbiro IA, Haso Tk,Moga TT and Ibro SA contributed to the
design of the study, advised on methods and data
interpretaon, and analyzed the data. They also crically
revised and edited the manuscript. All the authors read and
approved the nal manuscript.
Disclosure
The authors declare that they have no compeng interests
in this work.
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Health Science Journal
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2019
10 This article is available from: www.hsj.gr
... The EDHS 2011 states that one child of every ten uses a bottle with a nipple [10]. Furthermore, other studies done in different parts of Ethiopia showed that the prevalence of bottle feeding in towns like Holeta [11], Shashemene [12], and Agaro town of Jimma Zone is 20.9%, 19.6%, and 93.2% respectively [13]. According to the 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey [14], 13% of 0-23 months old infants and young children and 16% of infants under 6 months were fed using a bottle with a nipple [15]. ...
... The questionnaire was extracted and adopted from different literature [9,12,13,20]. Dietary data questionnaires were adapted from Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance (FANTA), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and World Food Program (WFP) [33,34]. In each age group, the relationship between length-for-age Z-scores (LAZ) and weight-for-length Z-scores (WLZ) was studied independently. ...
... In a multivariate logistic regression study, the husband's occupation, the mother's delivery method, diarrhea, and wasting were all found to be signi cantly related to the practice of bottle feeding. AOR = 5.032 (95% CI: 1.866, 13.567, the p-value is .000502) shows that husbands who worked for the government were 5.03 times more likely to use bottle feeding than husbands who worked for private companies. ...
Preprint
Full-text available
Background Nowadays, both metropolitan areas of underdeveloped countries and the industrialized world use bottles to feed babies. Particularly in developing nations like sub-Saharan Africa, this practice is linked to an increased risk of diarrheal illnesses. In Bole Sub-City Health Centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, this study was carried out to assess the impact of bottle-feeding practice on undernutrition in children aged 6–23 months. Objective Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of bottle feeding and its effects on undernutrition and the risk of developing diarrheal infections in children aged 6 to 23 months in Bole, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia. Methods A facility-based unmatched case-control study was carried out in Bole, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia, from November 1 to October 30, 2020. 162 mothers who had children between the ages of 6 and 23 months were used to recruit a total of 52 cases and 103 controls (1:2 ratios). With the aid of a multivariable binary logistic regression model, bottle-feeding effects were discovered. Bottle feeding was determined to be significantly linked with variables. Results 53.8% of the total 52 cases were wasted, compared to 29.1% of the controls, demonstrating a strong correlation between wasting and bottle feeding (AOR = 3.38, 95% C.I.: ((1.33,8.61)). Compared to the control group, the bottle-feeding group experienced more diarrhea (AOR = 3.47, 95% C.I.: 1.07, 11.16). Factors related to bottle feeding were having a cesarean section (AOR = 4.09, 95% C.I.: 1.59, 10.52), and working for the government (AOR = 5.03, 95% C.I.: 1.87, 13.57). Conclusion Children who were being bottle-fed had higher rates of wasting and diarrhea. Bottle feeding was substantially correlated with the delivery method and the husband's employment. During ANC follow-up, mothers may receive counseling regarding the hazards of bottle feeding, which could enhance optimal feeding techniques after 6 months.
... The socioeconomic status differences between Ethiopia and Uganda, cultural customs, the availability of child food items, and nutrition action interventions from the ministry of health-to-health professionals, such as the implementation of health extension programs in Ethiopia, all have an impact on the proper feeding practices. However, the BFP's size is slightly lower than that of a prior study carried out in Addis Abeba (85.8%) [29] and Agaro town (93%) [30]. The possible explanation could be due to the variation in sample size and amount of mother awareness. ...
... The observed discrepancy may be a result of the study area's inadequate health care counseling services on IYCF, especially bottle feeding. In terms of employment status, women who worked, and mothers who were housewives result is consistent with research from Uganda [26] and Jima zone Agaro town [30]. This may be because women who work in government and daily laborer are frequently away from the home. ...
... The results of the study done in Jimma Agaro town, which compared mothers who gave birth at home to those who did so in a medical institution, are consistent with the delivery locations variation of this study [30]. This could be as a result of mothers who gave birth in a medical facility possibly receiving appropriate childfeeding guidance from their medical professionals. ...
... The rate of bottle-feeding practice keeps on increasing among the mothers with infants older than four months due to early weaning (9). The major reasons for bottle-feeding practice include insu cient breast milk, the need to go back to work, maternal work load and illness, delayed ANC follow up, caesarean section mode of delivery and improper birth spacing (2,(9)(10)(11)(12)(13) Even though, WHO recommends avoidance of bottle feeding, there is a current shift from traditional feeding practice(bottle feeding) towards shorter breast feeding and introduction of bottle-feeding in developed countries and urban communities of developing countries (7). Practice of bottle feeding and associated factors are rarely addressed in urban community of Ethiopia including Addis Ababa. ...
... The questionnaire was constructed by adopting and modifying from previous studies (2,10,12,16). First, the questionnaire was prepared in English then translated into Amharic (local language) and then back to English to check consistency. ...
... Infants who were hospitalized after delivery were almost 2 times more likely to practice bottle feeding than infants who were not hospitalized. This result is similar with studies done in India(9), Kassel, eastern Sudan (20) and Ethiopia particularly Holeta(2) and Agaro towns (10). This may result due infants sucking problem as result of childhood illness that makes them to admit to hospital. ...
Preprint
Full-text available
Introduction Bottle feeding practice should be avoided due to its influence on optimal breastfeeding and its effect associated with morbidity and mortality resulting from diarrheal disease, infant and child illness, and malnutrition. This study is aimed to assess the prevalence of bottle-feeding practice and its associated factors among mothers of infants less than six months in Addis Ababa. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 456 mothers who had infants less than six months in Addis Ababa public health facilities. Data were collected through interview, entered using Epi info version 7.1 and exported to statistical package for social science version 26 for analysis. Variables with p-value < 0.2 in bivariable binary logistic regression analysis were entered to multivariable logistic regression analysis. Finally, variables with p-value < 0.05 in multivariable logistic regression were taken as significant factor. Results The overall prevalence of bottle-feeding practice in this study was 39%. Being male infant (AOR = 0.589; 95%CI: 0.381, 0.911), infant hospitalization (AOR = 2.114; 95%CI 1.246, 3.588), cesarean section delivery (AOR = 2.817; 95%CI: 1.764, 4.496), late initiation of breastfeeding (AOR = 5.526; 95%CI: 3.121, 9.786) and not having information on breast feeding (AOR = 4.13; 95%CI 2.21, 7.73) were statistically significant factors associated with bottle feeding practice. Conclusion The magnitude of bottle-feeding practice is high in Addis Ababa. Being male infants, infants hospitalized, cesarean section delivery, late initiation of breastfeeding and not having information on breast feeding were significant factors for bottle feeding practice. Greater efforts to promote breastfeeding should be targeted towards women with sub-optimal breastfeed.
... The socioeconomic status differences between Ethiopia and Uganda, cultural customs, the availability of child food items, and nutrition action interventions from the ministry of health-to-health professionals, such as the implementation of health extension programs in Ethiopia, all have an impact on the proper feeding practices. However, the BFP's size is slightly lower than that of a prior study carried out in Addis Abeba (85.8%) [29] and Agaro town (93%) [30]. The possible explanation could be due to the variation in sample size and amount of mother awareness. ...
... The observed discrepancy may be a result of the study area's inadequate health care counseling services on IYCF, especially bottle feeding. In terms of employment status, women who worked, and mothers who were housewives result is consistent with research from Uganda [26] and Jima zone Agaro town [30]. This may be because women who work in government and daily laborer are frequently away from the home. ...
... The results of the study done in Jimma Agaro town, which compared mothers who gave birth at home to those who did so in a medical institution, are consistent with the delivery locations variation of this study [30]. This could be as a result of mothers who gave birth in a medical facility possibly receiving appropriate childfeeding guidance from their medical professionals. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: Since bottle feeding has an impact on the effectiveness of breastfeeding and appropriate supplemental feeding, the World health organization recommends being avoided for infant and early child feeding. Thus, this study aimed to assess the level of the bottle-feeding practice and its associated factors among mothers of 0-24 month's children in Asella town, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Methods: Community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from March 8-April 8, 2022, among a sample of 692 mothers of children aged 0-24 months. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the study subjects. Data were collected using a pretested and structured questionnaire by face-to-face interview technique questionnaire. The outcome variable bottle-feeding practice (BFP) was assessed using WHO and UNICEF UK healthy baby initiative BF assessment tools. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify the association between explanatory and outcome variables. Adjusted Odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval was used to measure the strength of the association and a p-value < 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. Results: A total of 692 mothers with mean age and standard deviation (SD) of 31.86 (± 4.87) participated in the study. The prevalence of bottle-feeding practice was 246(35.5% with 95% CI: (31.8, 39.5). Mothers who were government-employed (AOR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.64), mothers who delivered at home (AOR: 3.74, 95% CI: 2.58-5.42), mothers who did not attend postnatal care (AOR: 3.76, 95% CI: 2.60,5.44) and mother who had negative attitude (AOR: 1.94, 95%CI: 1.34,2.8) were significantly associated with bottle feeding practices. Conclusion: The BFP were higher in the study area when compared with national reports of practices. The occupational status of the mothers, place of delivery, attending postnatal care, and attitude of the mothers were factors that increased bottle-feeding practice in the study area. Strengthening dietary behavioral modification for mothers who have children 0-24 months of the child to practice appropriate feeding is recommended.
... The rate of bottle-feeding practice keeps on increasing among the mothers with infants older than four months due to early weaning (9). The major reasons for bottle-feeding practice include insu cient breast milk, the need to go back to work, maternal work load and illness, delayed ANC follow up, caesarean section mode of delivery and improper birth spacing (2,(9)(10)(11)(12)(13) Even though, WHO recommends avoidance of bottle feeding, there is a current shift from traditional feeding practice(bottle feeding) towards shorter breast feeding and introduction of bottle-feeding in developed countries and urban communities of developing countries (7). Practice of bottle feeding and associated factors are rarely addressed in urban community of Ethiopia including Addis Ababa. ...
... The questionnaire was constructed by adopting and modifying from previous studies (2,10,12,16). First, the questionnaire was prepared in English then translated into Amharic (local language) and then back to English to check consistency. ...
... Infants who were hospitalized after delivery were almost 2 times more likely to practice bottle feeding than infants who were not hospitalized. This result is similar with studies done in India(9), Kassel, eastern Sudan (20) and Ethiopia particularly Holeta(2) and Agaro towns (10). This may result due infants sucking problem as result of childhood illness that makes them to admit to hospital. ...
Preprint
Full-text available
Introduction Bottle feeding practice should be avoided due to its influence on optimal breastfeeding and its effect associated with morbidity and mortality resulting from diarrheal disease, infant and child illness, and malnutrition. This study is aimed to assess the prevalence of bottle-feeding practice and its associated factors among mothers of infants less than six months in Addis Ababa. Objective To assess the prevalence of bottle-feeding practice and its associated factors among mothers of infants less than six months in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2022. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 456 mothers who had infants less than six months in Addis Ababa public health facilities. Data were collected through interview, entered using Epi info version 7.1 and exported to statistical package for social science version 26 for analysis. Variables with p-value < 0.2 in bivariable binary logistic regression analysis were entered to multivariable logistic regression analysis. Finally, variables with p-value < 0.05 in multivariable logistic regression were taken as significant factor. Results The overall prevalence of bottle-feeding practice in this study was 39%. Being male infant (AOR = 0.589; 95%CI: 0.381, 0.911), infant hospitalization (AOR = 2.114; 95%CI 1.246, 3.588), cesarean section delivery (AOR = 2.817; 95%CI: 1.764, 4.496), late initiation of breastfeeding (AOR = 5.526; 95%CI: 3.121, 9.786) and not having information on breast feeding (AOR = 4.13; 95%CI 2.21, 7.73) were statistically significant factors associated with bottle feeding practice. Conclusion The magnitude of bottle-feeding practice is high in Addis Ababa. Being male infants, infants hospitalized, cesarean section delivery, late initiation of breastfeeding and not having information on breast feeding were significant factors for bottle feeding practice. Greater efforts to promote breastfeeding should be targeted towards women with sub-optimal breastfeed.
... Prior to data collection, the questionnaires were pre-tested on 5% (20) sample size in other town, which is not part of the actual data collection. Based on pre-test some modi cations were done to the questionnaires. ...
... The prevalence of formula feeding in this study is comparable with a study conducted at Agaro town 29% (20), and Dire-Dawa 21.4% (12), whereas, it is higher compared to the study conducted at Holeta 13.5% (21) and Gonder 12.4%. (22) The prevalence of formula feeding in this study is lower compared to the study conducted in Jimma ( 65%) (13) and Adis Abeba 47%.(6), ...
Preprint
Full-text available
Background Adequate nutrition during infancy is essential for the normal development and future wellbeing of the child. Despite the fact that breast milk is optimal nutrition for infants during the first six months of life, the duration of breastfeeding has been declining and being replaced by formula feeding particularly in urban communities of developing countries including Ethiopia. However, relatively little information is available regarding formula feeding in Ethiopia; particularly in Mettu town. Methods Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Mettu town from May, 17 to July 1, 2021, among 366 mothers with infants 0-6 months old. A simple random sampling technique was employed. Pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Descriptive statics and multivariable logistic regression were performed, and variables with a p-value <0.05 in the final model were declared statistically significant with formula feeding. Result The prevalence of formula feeding among the study participants was 28.4%, 95% [CI: 24.0-33.0]. In multivariable logistic regression analysis primparity [AOR=3.3, 95% CI:(1.71-6.26)], cesarean delivery [AOR=2.6, 95% CI:(1.28-5.35)], initiation of breastfeeding after 24hrs [AOR=3.7,95% CI:(1.24-10.05)] employed mothers [AOR=2.4, 95% CI:(1.29-4.49] poor knowledge [AOR=2.6, 95%CI:(1.49-4.73)] and positive attitude toward formula feeding [AOR= 2.4, 95% CI: (1.27-4.84)] were significantly associated with formula feeding. Conclusion About one-third of mothers were formula feeding their infant. Primi parity, initiation of breast milk after 24hrs, cesarean delivery, and poor maternal knowledge and positive attitude were significantly associated with formula feeding. Hence, education on infant feeding for pregnant and lactating mothers, and supporting primipara mothers and as well as mothers who deliver by cesarean section should be implemented at health facility and community level.
... This discourse has prompted a reevaluation of the role of exclusive breastfeeding, which is consistently supported by research to confer numerous health advantages including healthier early weight gain and enhanced immune defense against common infections and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (3)(4)(5)(6). The importance of breastfeeding is underscored by global initiatives aimed at increasing its prevalence, with statistics indicating that enhanced breastfeeding rates could potentially prevent over 820, 000 child deaths annually, 87% of which are infants under six months (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7). In Pakistan, breastfeeding practices are shaped by a complex interplay of cultural norms and healthcare accessibility. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: Breastfeeding is recognized as the optimal method for infant nutrition, yet bottle feeding remains prevalent due to various socio-economic and cultural factors. In Pakistan, understanding the dynamics between maternal demographics, infant feeding practices, and healthcare accessibility is essential for improving child health outcomes. Objective: This study aims to evaluate infant feeding practices, particularly the prevalence of bottle feeding, among mothers in a pediatric department in Pakistan, identifying the socio-demographic factors influencing these practices. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2023 to March 2024 at the Department of Pediatrics, SMBB Medical University, Children's Hospital, Larkana. We utilized non-probability purposive sampling to enroll 650 mothers. Data were collected through structured proformas focusing on demographics, feeding practices, and healthcare utilization. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25 to assess correlations between feeding methods and maternal characteristics. Results: Among the mothers surveyed, 86% reported using bottle feeding. The age distribution of infants showed 43% (0–5 months), 28% (6–11 months), and 29% (12–23 months). Educational status of mothers varied, with 38% having no formal education. Antenatal care was received by 44% of participants, while postnatal care was slightly higher at 45%. Breastfeeding counseling was received by only 41% of mothers, with 31% informed about the disadvantages of bottle feeding. Conclusion: The high rate of bottle feeding and the substantial gaps in antenatal and postnatal care highlight the need for targeted healthcare interventions to promote breastfeeding and enhance maternal and child health services. Improved counseling on feeding practices and better healthcare access are critical for addressing the health needs of this population.
... Child malnutrition is caused by a lack of appropriate breast feeding and complementary feeding. Malnutrition is on the rise in many countries around the world, resulting in the triple burden of malnutrition [29,33,34]. ...
Article
The cornerstone of baby and young child survival, healthy growth and development, healthy future generations, and national development is infancy and young child feeding (IYCF). Inappropriate feeding practices in infants and early children, as well as their repercussions, are substantial roadblocks to longterm socioeconomic development and poverty reduction, with acute and chronic health effects for individuals. Breastfeeding exclusively for the first six months of a baby’s life is the safest and healthiest method for feeding. Articles were searched and accessed using key terms, like “Infant feeding practice”, “Exclusive feeding”, “Non-exclusive feeding”, “Formula feeding Practice”, “Cost of not breast feeding”, “Economic benefit of breast feeding”. 38 published articles, 7 global standards and guidelines, 4 EDHS result reports and one website were included in this review. From 2000 to 2016, the percentage of mothers who started nursing within one hour climbed from 51% to 73 percent, while the number of mothers who exclusively breastfed increased from 2000 to 2016. Child malnutrition is caused by a lack of effective breast feeding and complementary feeding, and many nations throughout the world are seeing a dramatic increase in the prevalence of malnutrition, resulting in the triple burden of malnutrition. In Ethiopia, inadequate breastfeeding causes 14,000 unnecessary child deaths, 5 million instances of diarrhea and pneumonia, 190millioninhouseholdcosts,and190 million in household costs, and 2 million in health-care costs. Artificial feeding can cost up to 1,200peryearforpowderedformula,whichisfourtimestheexpenseofbreastfeeding,whichcostsabout1,200 per year for powdered formula, which is four times the expense of breastfeeding, which costs about 300 per year for additional food for a lactating mom. Parental literacy, delivery in the health Institutions, spontaneous vaginal delivery, higher number of ANC visits, PNC attendance, maternal counseling during pregnancy and child sex being female are some factors among positively associated with exclusive breast feeding, whereas, full-time employment of mothers, urban residency, high weight of baby, caesarean-delivery, low wealth index, younger maternal age and child sex being male are few to mention among negatively associated factors with exclusive breast feeding.
... The practice of bottle feeding from the current findings was lower than in the study conducted in Ethiopia. 21 There might also be differences due to variations in socio-cultural aspects among study participants regarding feeding practices. ...
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Introduction: Bottle feeding should be avoided when possible in infants under the age of two to improve health outcomes. The magnitude of bottle feeding practice is currently increasing in Ethiopia, however factors associated with bottle feeding usage are rarely addressed in research. We aimed to fill this gap and assess the magnitude of bottle feeding and its association with sociodemographic factors among infants in Woldia, Ethiopia in 2019. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Woldia General Hospital at the Immunization Clinic. A total of 255 mothers who had infants were selected by systematic random sampling method. Data was collected through face-to-face interview using a structured standardized questionnaire. The data was entered to EpiData version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Binary logistic regression analysis models were used to assess the association between dependent and independent variables. Variables with p-value < 0.2 in bivariable logistic regression analysis were entered to multivariable logistic regression analysis. Finally, variables with p-value < 0.05 with 95% CI in multivariable logistic regression were taken as independent predictors. COR and AOR were used to show the strength of association between the dependent and independent variables. Results: The rate of bottle feeding practice in this study was 42.7% (95%CI: 35.8, 48.2). Being an infant age 0-5 months old [AOR=0.16; 95%CI: 0.06, 0.4], being a mother age 35-50 years old [AOR=0.43; 95%CI: 0.22, 0.85], having 2-5 children [AOR=6.37; 95%CI: 1.33, 30.44], and being a farmer as reported mother's occupation [AOR=2.72; 95%CI: 1.30, 5.67] showed significant association with bottle feeding practice. Conclusions: The magnitude of bottle feeding practice was significantly higher in the current study as compared to national prevalence. Several sociodemographic factors showed significant association with bottle feeding practice which need to be explored further in the future research.
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Background: To study various determinants of bottle feeding like factors related to children, mother and other factors. Methods: cross sectional study done from February 2019 to November 2019. A total 390 children were included in this study. Children who were 0-24 months & anytime bottle fed during this period and who were attending pediatric department of G.G. Govt. hospital & One private hospital, were enrolled. Data collected by interviewer & entered in case record sheet. Results: M:F ratio is 1.56. Bottle feeding seen in all socio-economic classes with highest rate in upper socio-economic class I. History of NICU stay was found in 25.6%. Percentage of preterm, twins & congenital anomaly are 14.4,12.3 & 3.6 respectively. Most mothers are 20-34 age & nonworking. About 30.3% had history of LSCS. About 14.4% have breast problem & 69.7% mothers had belief of “Not enough milk”. Maternal death/non availability, hypothyroidism, chronic illness, smoking & psychosis seen in only 1.5,0.5,2.1,3.6 & 0.5 percentage respectively. 99.5% mothers don’t have proper knowledge of breastfeeding in antenatal period. 31.8% mothers got inputs from nearby circle to start bottle feeding. 28.79% have unsupportive father & 17.48% have unsupportive family.19.02% have >2 kids. 10.8% does not have proper spacing. 14.4% shows previous h/o bottle feeding. Conclusions: Improper maternal knowledge regarding breast feeding, mothers’ belief of “Not enough milk”, inputs to start bottle from nearby circle, LSCS delivery, Male child, NICU stay, Unsupportive father & >2 kids are most eminent factors. There is a strong need for lactation guidance during antenatal period & breast-feeding counseling to mother, father and close family members.
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Background: World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that bottle feeding should be avoided for infant and young child feeding since it has an impact on optimal breastfeeding, appropriate complementary feeding and bottles with a nipple are prone to contamination. The objectives of this study were to determine intention, magnitude and factors associated with bottle feeding among mothers of 0-23 months infants and children. Methods: Community based cross sectional study was conducted from February to May 2016. A total of 422 mothers who had children 0-23 months were included in the study. Systematic random sampling was used to select the study subjects. Data were collected using a pre-tested interviewer administered structured questionnaire. The data were cleaned, coded, entered in to EPI-INFO version 3.5.4, and transferred and analyzed using SPSS. Odds ratio was calculated with 95% CI to identify factors associated with bottle feeding practice. P-values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of bottle-feeding in this study was 19.6% and another 27.6% mothers have intention of bottle feeding. Being infant age of 0-5 months [AOR = 0.27;95% CI:(0.12,0.62)] and being a housewife [AOR = 0.37;95% CI:(0.21,0.67)] were negatively associated while having three under five children [AOR = 2.77;95% CI:(1.07,7.14)], not attending PNC follow-up [AOR = 2.13;95% CI:(1.19,4.97)], lower age of mothers [AOR = 3.38;95% CI:(1.48,7.73)] and not counseled on bottle feeding [AOR = 2.18;95% CI:(1.24,3.83)] were positively associated with bottle feeding. Conclusion: The prevalence of bottle feeding in the study area was high compared to the national prevalence of bottle feeding. Working outside home, lower maternal age, older age of children, having more than one under five children in the household, not attending PNC follow-up and not counseled on bottle feeding were found to be risk factors associated with bottle feeding practice in the study area.
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Objectives: The objective of the study was to identify child factors that influenced complementary feeding practices in 2006 and 2011 in Uganda. Design: Trend analysis of Uganda Demographic and Health Surveys (UDHS) from 2006 and 2011. Subjects and setting: Children aged 6 to 23 months, Uganda. Results: Between 2006 and 2011, the percentage of children in Uganda consuming an adequate complementary diet increased by 3.1%. Duration of breastfeeding increased in this time from 11 months to 12 months, with the percentage of mothers who were still breastfeeding their children at two years decreasing from 55.2% to 46.5%. Factors such as child’s age, deworming for intestinal parasites and receiving DPT3 and measles vaccines, increased the likelihood of caregivers providing children with a minimum acceptable diet. Children aged 6 to 8 months and 12 to 17 months tended to receive adequate complementary in both 2006 and 2011. Although bottle-feeding was highest among the children aged 6 to 11 months, amongst those reported with a fever, acute respiratory infection (ARI) or diarrhoea, it had no statistically significant effect in either 2006 or 2011. Conclusion: Caregivers who take their children for deworming and DPT3 and measles vaccinations are more likely to feed them adequate diets, especially those aged 6 to 17 months. This is probably due to the mothers’ interaction with healthcare practitioners who teach and support complementary feeding. Telling caregivers about complementary feeding practices during immunisation and deworming consultations is likely to encourage beneficial complementary feeding practices in Uganda.
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Back ground - The promotion and support of breastfeeding is a global priority. Vast scientific literatures demonstrated substantial health, social and economic benefits associated with appropriate breastfeeding, including lower infant morbidity and mortality from diarrhea and infectious diseases. WHO and UNICEF recommend that all mothers should breastfeed their children exclusively for the first 6 months and thereafter. In Ethiopia, like in other developing nations, diarrhea is a major contributor of morbidity and mortality in young infant and children, especially in urban areas, due to inappropriate breastfeeding patterns. Breastfeeding being a vital and indispensable part of primary health care, studies have not been conducted in East Shewa zone on determinants of optimum breastfeeding among mothers of reproductive age group. Objective – To assess determinants of optimum breastfeeding among mothers of child aged less than two years in Bishoftu town, Ada’a woreda, East Shewa zone of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Methods – A cross- sectional community based study design was employed. A total of 806 mothers of children age less than two years residing in Bishoftu town, East Shewa zone, Ethiopia were selected by using systematic random sampling for the quantitative study. The households were selected by systematic random sampling, which is by dividing the total number of households in all selected kebeles by the allocated sample size to get study subjects. Experienced interviewers and qualified supervisors were employed and a pre-tested questionnaire was utilized for this purpose. Result—Four hundred ten (50.9%) had sufficient knowledge on benefit of breastfeeding. Knowledge was found to be influenced by PNC. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice is only 34.1%. PNC follow up and maternal educations are significantly associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice. Mothers who attended PNC are more likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding than those who did not attend (AOR= 2.19 (1.12, 4.32)), and those who did not attend formal school are more likely to practice exclusively (AOR= 3.61 (1.14, 11.43)), than mothers who attended education. Conclusion: It is concluded that maternal knowledge on benefit of breastfeeding is insufficient and breastfeeding practice is sub-optimal. This would increase the risk of faltered growth, infant/young child diarrhea and/or malnutrition, ARI and in addition it shortens birth interval and high fertility. Therefore strengthening counseling mothers on optimal breastfeeding practice and improving the information provision by suitable focused intensive IEC activity and other recommendations is forwarded.
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Background: Infant and young child feeding is a cornerstone of care for childhood development. In Ethiopia, very large proportions of women do not practice optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding for their children. Composite variables of infant an...
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Determinants of vitamin B-12, folate, iron, and vitamin A concentrations in young children in rural south Asia are poorly understood. These micronutrients are crucial for the production of hemoglobin and have other important physiologic functions. We sought to develop explanatory models for concentrations of vitamin B-12, folate, ferritin, and retinol binding protein (RBP) in children aged between 1 and 2 y in rural Karnataka, India. We performed a cross-sectional study in 12-23-mo-old toddlers who lived in 2 rural districts of Karnataka, India. For each child, data concerning dietary, food-security, and sociodemographic and maternal factors were obtained, and serum vitamin B-12, folate, ferritin, and RBP were measured. Multiple regression and structural equation modeling were applied to determine associations with micronutrient concentrations. Of 396 sampled children, 254 children (65.6%) had at least one micronutrient deficiency. With the use of multiple regression, continued breastfeeding was independently associated with the concentration of each micronutrient [(log) vitamin B-12: standardized coefficient of -0.30 (P < 0.001); folate: standardized coefficient of +0.20 (P < 0.001); (log) ferritin: standardized coefficient of -0.18 (P = 0.004); (log) RBP: standardized coefficient of-0.21 (P < 0.001)]. Children who continued to breastfeed received less nutrition from complementary foods and belonged to poorer families with higher food insecurity. A structural equation model for children's vitamin B-12 concentrations was developed that highlighted the interrelation between wealth, continued breastfeeding, complementary diet, and vitamin B-12 concentrations in children. Micronutrient deficiencies are common in this population. Rural Indian children between 1 and 2 y of age who continue to breastfeed should be especially targeted during micronutrient-supplementation programs. This trial was registered in the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12611000596909.
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p> Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices differ in communities due to differences in knowledge, culture and other socio-economic factors. The objective of this study was to find out the practices of Satar mothers on ICYF and their correlates. A descriptive study employing non-probability sampling technique was used to select 132 mothers who had infants aged from 6 months to 23 months. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used to find out the association between practice of breastfeeding and complementary feeding with selected socio demographic variables. Findings depicted that practice of breastfeeding was lower than complementary feeding among Satar mothers. About 37.1% respondents initiated breast feeding in less than an hour (≤ 1 hour). While 80.3% respondents fed colostrums, almost the half of them (43.4%) practiced prelacteal feeding. Exclusive breastfeeding and introduction of complementary foods at the age of six months were 49.2% and 51.5% respectively. Exclusive breast feeding was found to have significant association with educational level of respondents (p=<0.001), education level of her husband (p=<0.001), sex of children (p=0.023) and place of delivery (p=<0.001). Feeding practices in Satar community were found to be associated with mother’s educational status so there is still a need for programmes, which support and encourage breast-feeding particularly focusing more on younger and less well-educated mothers. </p
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p>A descriptive type of cross sectional study was carried out to assess the pattern of infant & young child feeding practices by the rural mothers of Bangladesh with a sample size of 450 during the months of January, 2015 to December, 2015. Out of 450 children, 51.1% are female & 48.9% are male. The proportions of infants with early initiation of breastfeeding (13.6%) and exclusive breastfeeding fewer than six months (57.3%) and infants who received complementary feeding at the age of 6-8 months (55.7%) were low. It showed that 90.4% of mothers have knowledge on exclusive breast feeding but only 57.3% of them have practiced it for 4-6 months. It further revealed that only 8.4% of mothers & 13.6 % of fathers are illiterate. The main problems revealed from the study were late initiation of breastfeeding, low rates of exclusive breastfeeding and inappropriate complementary feeding practices. It further revealed that 69.3% of the respondents had two or less children and only 30.7% had three or more children. Medicine Today 2016 Vol.28(1): 1-5</p