Article

A bio-safety tooth-whitening composite gels with novel phthalimide peroxy caproic acid

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Abstract

For hundred years, researchers have applied themselves to maintain people's white smiles. However, there are many reasons for teeth discoloration, such as personal habits, dental problems or exposure to other substances. Nowadays, bleaching process is the mainly used tooth whitening technology. Owning to the whitening effect of the used oxidant, this process can change the color formation of the teeth surface. Nevertheless, most of the bleaching products are peroxides, which will cause a variety of diseases and discomfort in the mouth. Herein, in this work, it was found that the phthalimide peroxy caproic acid (PAP) could be selected as the effective ingredient of polymer composite gel with non-hydrogenperoxide. Moreover, by comparing the new whitening gels with hydrogen peroxide (HP, the traditional whitening ingredients) gels, the whitening effect of polymer composite gels with 5% PAP were equivalent to the gels with 3% HP, and the composite gels with 12% PAP were also equally to the gels with 8% HP. More importantly, it was proved that PAP tooth whitening gel was much safer and more reliable than HP based products. It indicated that PAP based tooth whitening product can replace low-concentration peroxide teeth whitening gel in the home-market.

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... Additionally, the pen contains the active ingredient sodium chlorite which releases a small amount of chlorine dioxide in the presence of acids (28). Compared to hydrogen peroxide, PAP gel exhibits a similar whitening effect while being less harmful to enamel and oral mucosa (29). ...
... Dodatno, olovka sadržava i aktivni sastojak -to je natrijev klorit koji oslobađa malu količinu klorova dioksida u prisutnosti kiselina (28). U usporedbi s vodikovim peroksidom, PAP gel pokazuje sličan učinak izbjeljivanja, a manje oštećuje caklinu i oralnu sluznicu (29). ...
... Thus, the findings of in vitro studies should be considered in conjunction with results of in vivo clinical trials to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the actual impact of whitening agents on tooth color in practical usage scenarios (33). There have been several clinical studies examining the clinical effect of whitening toothpastes [34][35][36][37][38] and whitening pens (29). Horn et al. (37) observed the whitening effect of four toothpastes after 15 days of use. ...
Article
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Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of tooth whitening and the effects on satisfaction with whitening treatment and esthetic self-perception of over-the-counter tooth whitening products. Materials and methods Fifty-six participants were randomly allocated to three groups based on the whitening product they used (toothpaste, pencil, or a combination of both). In this prospective study, alterations in tooth color were assessed using a spectrophotometer at three distinct time intervals (initial measurement, seven days, and 14 days after commencing the use of the whitening product). Simultaneously, the respondents were given the PIDAQ questionnaire to complete. Patient satisfaction with treatment characteristics (5-point Likert scale), and perception of side effects were assessed at the end of the study. Results Participants who used the whitening pen either alone or in combination with whitening toothpaste showed significant improvements in tooth color and whiteness index at seven and 14 days compared to those who used whitening toothpaste alone (p≤0.001). No significant differences were found between products in overall satisfaction with treatment, perception of final tooth color, and treatment comfort. Furthermore, with the exception of the psychological influence factor after 14 days (p≤0.001), there were no significant differences in the PIDAQ questionnaire scores between the whitening products at the different time points. However, many respondents (16.6%) reported oral mucosal sensitivity and a higher percentage (27.8%) reported tooth sensitivity during whitening pen application. Conclusion The combination of whitening toothpaste and whitening pen, as well as the whitening pen alone, showed effective objective color change results, but home whitening procedures did not significantly affect participants' self-perceived satisfaction or psychosocial outcomes depending on the product used.
... Additionally, a lab study comparing a PAP-based gel to a traditional hydrogen peroxidebased gel was published in 2019. Both substances had a comparable bleaching impact on bovine teeth, however surface morphology and hardness studies revealed that the hydrogen peroxide-based gel diminished the bleached teeth's surface microhardness while the PAP-based gel had no effect on the integrity of the enamel structure (17) . ...
... One of these methods was the addition of a radical-free bleaching substance, such as phthalimidoperoxycaproic (PAP), which performed better when compared to a 6% hydrogen peroxide gel in a previous laboratory study of its efficiency on polyphenol stains (15) . Furthermore, according to Qina et al., PAP gels exhibit a same whitening effect to HP gels (17) . Our study's objective was to assess the impact of new carbamide peroxide-and phthalimidoperoxycaproic acid-based bleaching gels (Opalescence, Ultradent, Utah, USA) on the shear bond strength between enamel and resin composite used to bond orthodontic brackets. ...
... A more recent laboratory study published in 2019 compared a PAP-based gel against a conventional HP gel. While both had similar bleaching effects on bovine teeth, surface morphology and hardness measurements of the bleached teeth revealed that the HP gel caused some reduction in surface microhardness, while the PAP-based gel did not affect the integrity of enamel [14]. ...
... The positive performance of the novel PAP+ gel adds to previous evidence from in vitro and clinical studies supporting the use of PAP in bleaching gels as a safe and effective alternative in OTC products to HP and CP [13,14]. ...
Article
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Background: Traditional bleaching agents based on hydrogen peroxide (HP) or carbamide peroxide (CP) have adverse soft and hard tissue effects. Objectives: This study tested a novel formulation of phthalimidoperoxycaproic acid (PAP) with additives to optimise its safety and effectiveness. Methods: A novel gel (PAP+) was formulated. Laboratory studies assessed effects of six 10-minute exposures to PAP+ vs. commercial CP and HP gels, using surface profilometry and microhardness. The effectiveness of PAP+ in vitro against complex polyphenol stains on enamel was compared to 6% HP. Results: Unlike HP gels, PAP+ gel did not erode enamel. Unlike both CP and HP gels, PAP+ gel did not reduce the surface microhardness of enamel. PAP+ gel on used on polyphenol stains was superior to 6% HP. In this model, six repeated 10-minute treatments with PAP+ gel could improve the shade by approximately eight VITA® Bleachedguide shades. Conclusions: These laboratory results support the safety and effectiveness of this new PAP formula and its use as an alternative to CP and HP with superior safety and effectiveness.
... Phthalimido peroxy caproic acid, which is found in vanilla, too has shown to be an ingredient, which can be used for whitening of teeth. The product iWhite Instant has caproic acid incorporated, this product can be bought over the counter, it is an effective whitening agent (Qin et al, 2019) Lactic acid found in dairy products and cheese helps to prevent periodontitis by hampering the growth of bacteria, which is involved in gingivitis. ...
... As peroxides causes discomfort and harm, this is a very good alternative; this is an effective polymer composite gel. Caproic containing tooth whitening products were found to be reliable and safer and can replace low concentration peroxide oral whitening creams (Qin et al., 2019). ...
Book
Teeth whitening is a process in which the teeth are bleached basically by corrosive agents such as hydrogen peroxyde. These agents provide whiteness to the tooth but weaken its structure and especially the enamel. In this book the authors present the scientific evidence and basics behind teeth whitening using natural agents and propose the most effective plant- and dietary- based compounds allowing gentle, but efficient, teeth wheitening.
... 33 Another study proved the efficacy of PAP-based bleaching equivalent to that of HP-or CP-based bleaching. 34 Like many laboratory investigations, this study too has its set of limitations. The investigation was limited to the immediate effects after the bleaching regimens. ...
Article
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Introduction There is a critical need to address concerns surrounding the potential impact of bleaching gels specifically on the tooth substrate. Therefore, this laboratory investigation aimed to assess the impact of a hydrogen peroxide (HP)-free bleaching (HiSmileTM) in comparison to an HP-based bleaching (Opalescence RegularTM) on the surface and mechanical characteristics of tooth substrate. Methods Sixty sound human premolar teeth were sectioned to produce dentin fragments and divided into two primary groups based on the bleaching agent used. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups (n = 10) per distinct bleaching regimens: (T1) fragments underwent a 7-day immersion in distilled water at 37°C without any bleaching treatment, (T2) fragments underwent a 7-day immersion in distilled water at 37°C, with the application of bleaching gel occurring on the seventh day for 10 minutes, and (T3) fragments underwent a bleaching regimen for seven consecutive days, each session lasting for 10 minutes. The initial and final evaluations of surface roughness, nano-hardness, and elastic modulus were performed. Following the bleaching regimens of T3, a composite stub was fabricated on the dentin fragments for the shear bond strength (SBS) test. Statistical testing was accomplished using the analysis of variance (P < 0.05). Results HP-based bleaching gel showed significant differences between measurement intervals in surface roughness, elastic modulus, and SBS parameters (P < 0.05). In contrast, HP-free bleaching gel showed insignificant differences within the group (P > 0.05). The SBS between dentin-composite was significantly affected with the use of HP-based bleaching gel, while HP-free bleaching gel showed insignificant difference between measurement intervals. The qualitative validation of the treatment’s impact was further demonstrated using the scanning electron microscopy. Conclusion The findings suggest that the bonding stability of composite restorations to dentin may be compromised after bleaching with an HP-based gel, whereas immediate bonding procedures can be safely conducted following the application of an HP-free bleaching gel.
... Thereby, PAP proved nearly harmless to the teeth enamel with a safe and reliable bleaching effect. 10 In the clinical application of PAP for tooth whitening, oxidation reactions also take place, as in the classic methods. The chromogens, which consist of conjugated double bonds, are decolored by chemicalphysical processes. ...
Article
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Professional tooth whitening in the dental office is a popular cosmetic procedure and is performed under carefully monitored conditions. This allows the controlled application of a relatively high concentration of bleaching ingredients based on hydrogen peroxide or peroxide derivatives which produce reactive oxygen species, and consequently induce enamel erosion, alteration of the microhardness of the teeth, irritation of the gums, pain or post bleach sensitivity. This short communication describes the successful and reliable application of a new professional tooth whitening technique using a novel phthalimido peroxycaproic acid complex while avoiding reactive oxygen species.
... In addition, while HP produced a visible change in appearance of enamel when viewed with scanning electron microscopy, none was observed for PAP. In addition, there was no change in hardness in PAP-treated for enamel, but it did decrease for HP-treated enamel [11]. PAP is the active ingredient for some commercial products. ...
... Noninvasive cosmetic treatment for teeth requires the use of a biosafe material. There are reports of the damaging effects of peroxide bleaching agents on oral tissues [5,9,10]. ...
Article
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The objective of this study was to synthesize a novel choline hydroxide ionic liquid-based tooth bleaching gel. Ionic liquid-based gels were synthesized and characterized using FTIR along with pH testing. Tooth sample preparation was carried out in line with ISO 28399:2020. The effects of synthesized gels on tooth samples were tested. Tooth samples were stained and grouped into three experimental groups: EAI (22% choline hydroxide gel), EAII (44% choline hydroxide gel), and EB (choline citrate gel) and two control groups: CA (commercial at-home 16% carbamide peroxide gel) and CB (deionized water). The tooth color analysis, which included shade matching with the Vitapan shade guide (n = 2), and digital colorimetric analysis (n = 2) were evaluated. The surface characteristics and hardness were analyzed with 3D optical profilometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and Microhardness testing (n = 3), respectively. The tooth color analysis (Vitapan shade guide) revealed that all the tooth samples treated with synthesized choline citrate gel (EB) showed an A1 shade as compared to the other four groups, giving a range of shades. An analysis of the ΔE values from digital colorimetry; EAI, EAII, CA, and CB showed ΔE values in a range that was clinically perceptible at a glance. However, EB showed the highest value of ΔE. The mean microhardness values for the five groups showed that the effects of three experimental gels i.e., 44% choline hydroxide, 22% choline hydroxide, and choline citrate, on the microhardness of the tooth samples were similar to that of the positive control, which comprised commercial at-home 16% carbamide peroxide gel. SEM with EDX of three tested subgroups was closely related in surface profile, elemental composition, and Ca/P ratio. The roughness average values from optical profilometry of four tested subgroups lie within approximately a similar range, showing a statistically insignificant difference (p > 0.05) between the tested subgroups. The synthesized novel experimental tooth bleaching gels displayed similar tooth bleaching actions without any deleterious effects on the surface characteristics and microhardness of the treated tooth samples when compared with the commercial at-home tooth bleaching gel.
... Phthalimido peroxy caproic acid found in Vanilla fruits has shown to be an ingredient that can whiten teeth. The product iWhite Instant has caproic acid incorporated, and this can be bought over the counter and is an effective whitening agent [63]. Lactic acid, which is found in dairy milk products, helps prevent periodontitis by hampering the growth of bacteria, which is involved in gingivitis. ...
Article
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Background: Discoloration of teeth occurs for various reasons. Common ingredients like substances from tea and coffee, as well as antibiotics like tetracycline, or food dyes, can percolate into the teeth, and, as such, these stains may persist in the porous structure of the enamel. Smoking is also contributory to dental discoloration, with toxins of tobacco smoke accumulating in a similar way. With aging, teeth tend to be discolored with accumulation of various stains in addition to the enamel gradually eroding to expose the yellow dentin. Highlight: This review focused on the effect of several natural ingredients with teeth-whitening properties and their daily clinical application. Metabolic dental bleaching mechanisms, as well as tooth discoloration and decay, were also reviewed. The current scientific literature (mostly from 2000 to 2020) was consolidated from manuscripts retrieved from Scopus, PubMed, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar. Conclusion: Natural teeth whitening effectively lightens the natural color of teeth without eroding dental surfaces. On the other hand, commercially available whiteners containing hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide, in high concentrations, can lead to deproteinization and demineralization of teeth through oxidation processes. If used extensively, these compounds may cause a number of adverse effects. Alternative natural teeth-whiteners include ingredients like lemons, strawberries, oranges, papaya, and other fruits. Such natural ingredients offer a milder and safer way of whitening teeth than whiteners containing hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide.
... Sendo válido ressaltar que para a execução do clareamento caseiro utilizam-se moldeiras individuais de EVA (copolímero Etileno/Acetato de Vinila) com peróxidos de baixa concentração (3% a Edição eletrônica em http://idonline.emnuvens.com.br/id consultório e na técnica caseira com peróxido de carbamida a 10%, a estabilidade de cor persiste em mais de 80% dos pacientes por aproximadamente quatro anos(QIN et al., 2019). alguns pacientes relatam a não adaptação ao uso da moldeira, assim como a queixa da demora na obtenção do resultado. ...
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In nature lies the solution to restore teeth with minimal damage. In this groundbreaking book, the management of dental challenges is presented from a new perspective. Natural Conservative Dentistry: An Alternative Approach to Solve Restorative Problems provides evidence-based solutions to dental challenges to researchers, practitioners and dental service providers. The main attribute of all these solutions is that they are all derived from natural ingredients. Natural ingredients are an effective alternative for dental care and management in contrast to synthetic products that have multiple side effects. This book fills a knowledge gap on alternative and sustainable solutions derived from nature to respond effectively to dental challenges encountered in dental treatment for the conservation of the tooth. It is a compilation of the work of expert dentists that has been carried out in clinics for the management of dental problems. Key Features - Provides an insightful look at the prevention of dental diseases through evidence-based interventions using natural products in 9 referenced chapters - Contains valuable contributions in restorative dentistry, such as caries prevention, enamel and dentin remineralization, dentin biomodification, dentin desensitization, vital pulp therapy, antioxidants, and tooth bleaching - Provides an update on the current status of different ingredients used in oral health care products developed for commercial markets - Includes notes on pathophysiology and diagnosis on specific conditions and sources of natural ingredients The book is a valuable reference for trainees and professionals who want to enhance their restorative dentistry practice in the clinic.
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This in vitro study evaluated the effect of 10% baking soda solution and sodium bicarbonate powder (applied with jets) when applied to bleached enamel prior to restorative treatment. The surfaces of 40 bovine incisors were flattened and divided into 5 groups (n = 8): Group B (bleached and restored, negative control), Group W (bleached, stored in distilled water for 7 days, and restored), Group BSJ (bleached, abraded with baking soda jet for 1 min, and restored), Group BSS (bleached, application of 10% baking soda solution for 5 min, and restored), and Group R (restored, without bleaching, positive control). The samples were bleached in 1 session with 3 applications of 35% HP-based gel and activated with a LED appliance for 9 min each. Resin composite cylinders (2 mm height and 0.8 mm diameter) were made on the enamel surface after the acid etching and a conventional 1-step single vial adhesive application was performed. After storage in distilled water (37 ± 1°C, 24 hr), the microshear bond test was performed (1 mm/min). ANOVA and Tukey tests were applied to compare the results. The mean results of these tests showed that Groups W, BBS, and R were not statistically different. These groups also indicated a higher bond strength when compared with Groups B and BSJ. The application of 10% baking soda solution for 5 min may be an alternative pre-restorative treatment for bleached enamel, but further studies are needed to consider whether or not this treatment may be effectively used in clinical practice.
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Stress-sensitive thermally conductive elastic materials are necessary for designing flexible, thermal-sensitive devices such as sensors or skins. However, combining high thermal conductivity (k) and good cyclic resilience (elastic deformation) is challenging according to the Newton−Laplace equation. This study presents a graphite-welded carbon nanotube (w-CNT) sponges as a three-dimensional skeleton for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composites. Welds of discontinuous CNT with graphite layers promote phonon and stress transfer at the junctions. The interconnected network and uniform closely packed polymers not only enable stress-sensitive heat conduction but also retain excellent cyclic elastic deformability and good resilience. The composite combines a stress-sensitive isotropic k and excellent elastic deformation. The w-CNT/PDMS composite at the content of 4.57 wt% w-CNT exhibits a high k up to 13.1 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ at 29.2% compressive strain. The composite also retains high k with the loss of 2% after 100000 compression cycles. The stress-sensitive w-CNT/PDMS composite enable it to be used in a flexible thermal-sensitive strain sensor. The bending and stretching of the finger are tracked by thermochromic changes controlled by stress-enhanced heat conduction. The stress-sensitive thermally conductive w-CNT/PDMS composites can be developed for a multitude of flexible sensors by optimizing their microstructures.
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As one important member of graphene-based composites, graphene-aligned composites have drawn large amount of attention and made a great progress in academia and industry. Hence, we present a survey of the literature about graphene-aligned composites. Various their preparations are reviewed and the effects of interfacial interactions between graphene and polymer on the preparation and properties of aligned composites are also discussed. As high thermal conductive materials are becoming necessary, graphene-aligned composites show enormous potential in the applications of thermal conduction.
Article
Bleaching is a conservative treatment for discolored teeth, but the effect of this treatment on newer, silorane-based composite resins is unclear. This study evaluated the effect of at-home bleaching on the microhardness of methacrylate- and silorane-based composites. Forty blocks each of a methacrylate-based composite and a silorane-based composite were prepared. The 80 specimens were tested in 8 groups (n = 10): 2 composites, each exposed to 3 different carbamide peroxide concentrations (10%, 16%, or 22%) as well as distilled water (control). The surface of the test specimens was covered daily with the bleaching gel at room temperature for the time period recommended by the manufacturer for each carbamide peroxide concentration. A Vickers hardness testing machine was used with a 100-g load for 20 seconds to register specimen microhardness prior to and after 2 weeks of bleaching. The load was applied at 3 points, and the mean microhardness was calculated. Repeated-measures analysis of variance, paired t test, and Tukey test were used to analyze the data. All bleaching concentrations significantly decreased the microhardness of the methacrylate-based composite resin groups, while microhardness was significantly increased in the silorane-based composite resin groups. There was no evident difference in effects among the different gel concentrations (P > 0.05).
Article
The tooth whitening process is intended to restore the original color of teeth. It consists of the application of oxidizing agents, including hydrogen peroxide. Although these products considerably improve the color of teeth, their effects on other properties of enamel are not fully understood. This work aimed to study the effects of hydrogen peroxide concentration on hydrophilicity, roughness, morphology, and mechanical and tribological properties of human tooth enamel. Human teeth were subjected to bleaching sessions with 6%, 15%, and 35% hydrogen peroxide to achieve a similar level of whitening. The enamel roughness and morphology were characterized by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Vickers microindentation hardness data were obtained. The hydrophilicity was determined using the captive bubble method. Reciprocating, ball-on-flat friction, and wear tests were conducted in artificial saliva using zirconia as the ball and polished enamel as the flat specimens. Although all three test solutions improved tooth color, they also changed the properties of the enamel. Morphological and roughness changes were observed, and there was a decrease in hardness and wear resistance. The wettability was nearly unaffected. It was found that the 15% hydrogen peroxide solution damaged the enamel the least. It was concluded that there is an ideal concentration of hydrogen peroxide for whitening treatments.
Article
Aim - To review the various methods to manage sensitivity of teeth caused due to bleaching. Objective - To provide better understanding about the various methods adopted to relieve tooth sensitivity after undergoing dental bleaching. Background - Tooth bleaching is one of the most conservative dental treatments to improve the persons aesthetic appearance. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2),the active principle in bleaching agents,reacts with dental enamel on contact and produces oxygen,in the form of free radicals,and water. Because of the low molecular weight of free radicals,as well as the porous nature and selective permeability of enamel,the free radicals pass into dentin and through the dentinal tubules,to the pulp. This ultimately results in dentinal hypersensitivity. The bleaching induced sensitivity can be treated by the use of agents causing occlusion of the dentinal tubules or inhibiting the nerve stimulus by the use anti inflammatory drugs. Reason -Dental bleaching is a trending dental procedure used for aesthetic purposes but side affects like sensitivity must be minimized and eliminated. This review emphasizes on the various methods adopted to treat hypersensitivity and the precautionary measures. © 2016,International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. All rights reserved.
Article
Objective: Bleaching (alias whitening) is increasingly the chosen means of modifying the appearance of teeth for cosmetic reasons. Behbehani et al. (2012) acquired the largest known data set for the effects of bleaching over time (300 patients for ∼1year), but the analysis then was rather superficial and did not exploit the full depth of information available in it. Methods: Data collected by Behbehani et al. (2012) were re-analysed to explore in detail the variation in outcome between patients and over time. Results: There is a distinct regression in shade scale value with time, taking something over 1year to approach stability. There appears to be an intrinsic shade that cannot be altered, at around 1 unit (0.5M1 on the Vita 3D bleached shade guide). Some patients (11/300 at 1year) appear to be worse-off after treatment, especially those with lighter starting shades, while many get no real benefit, with a change ≤2 units. Significance: The effects of bleaching are often transient, but the reversion to a darker shade than the original may be due to the cumulative damage done to the organic matrix of enamel. The ethics of the treatment are questioned, as are over-the-counter products and whitening toothpastes. It might be appropriate to suggest to a patient that there is no point unless the shade is darker than some (Vita) shade value, say ∼1M2, but in any case informed consent is in need of improvement. All observations of the effects of bleaching ought to be made on timescales longer than 1year to be meaningful.
Article
Objective: To evaluate clinical effectiveness, color rebound and sensitivity of 22% carbamide peroxide (CP) with 3% potassium nitrate. Methods: Twenty-one participants were enrolled and treated overnight for 2 weeks with 22% CP (Venus White, Heraeus Kulzer). Visual color measurement was performed and expressed in shade guide units (SGU) of Vita Classical (VC) and Vita Bleachedguide 3D Master (BG) shade guides. Instrumental color measurements were performed using an intraoral spectrophotometer (Vita Easyshade Compact, EC). Color measurements were taken on a canine and central incisor at baseline, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. Participants documented sensitivity and data were analysed with Wilcoxon and Bonferroni correction at the 0.05 level of significance. Results: Mean BG SGU difference immediately, 1 and 2 weeks postbleaching compared to baseline was 4.9 (2.1), 4.5 (2.2) and 4.6 (2.0), respectively. Corresponding VC values were 7.0 (3.5), 6.4 (3.3) and 6.5 (3.4), while corresponding ΔE* values were 8.3 (4.1), 8.1 (4.0) and 7.9 (3.5). For visual shade evaluation there was a significant decrease in SGU from baseline and each subsequent week, p<0.001. There was no difference between week 3 and week 4 using VC or BG. For instrumental color measurements, there was no difference from week 2 to week 3 for canines and generally no difference between week 3 and week 4 for incisors. Conclusions: Visual and instrumental evaluation showed rebound occurred 1 week postbleaching with 22% carbamide peroxide and 3% potassium nitrate. In general, color was stable at 2 weeks postbleaching. Participants reported low sensitivity levels with a mean value of below 2 on a 0-10 scale. Clinical significance: This study demonstrates efficacy with overnight usage of 22% carbamide peroxide with 3% potassium nitrate and demonstrates postbleaching color is stable at two weeks with low tooth sensitivity.
Article
To assess the influence of in-office whitening gel pH on whitening efficiency. Hydrogen peroxide diffusion and color changes on bovine teeth were assessed. Three gels with close hydrogen peroxide concentrations but with various pH levels were tested: Zoom 2 (Discus Dental), Opalescence Endo and Opalescence Boost (Ultradent). The pH levels were respectively: 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0. Thirty enamel slices and tooth crowns were used for both studies (n = 10 per group per study). Hydrogen peroxide diffusion through the enamel slices and the tooth crowns was spectrophotometrically recorded every 10 minutes for 1 hour to calculate the diffusion coefficients. Color changes were spectrophotometrically recorded every 10 minutes for 1 hour and quantified in term of CIE-Lab. The hydrogen peroxide diffusion coefficient through enamel ranged from 5.12 +/- 0.82 x 10(-9) cm2 s(-1) for pH 3 to 5.19 +/- 0.92 x 10(-9) cm2 S(-1) for pH 7. Through tooth crowns it ranged from 4.80 +/- 1.75 x 10(-10) cm2 s(-1) for pH 5 to 4.85 +/- 1.82 x 10(-10) cm2 s(-1) for pH 3. After 1 hour, the deltaE varied from 5.6 +/- 4.0 for pH 7 to 7.0 +/- 5.0 for pH 3 on enamel slices and from 3.9 +/- 2.5 for pH 5 to 4.9 +/- 3.5 for pH 7 on tooth crowns. There was no statistically significant difference between groups for both parameters.
Article
Tooth bleaching using peroxide-based materials is an effective procedure in dentistry. Studies provide evidence on the safety of bleaching by dental professionals. However, concerns and controversy remain regarding the safety of bleaching systems that do not involve dental professionals, especially those available at mall kiosks, salons, spas, and cruise ships. Bleaching causes tooth sensitivity and/or gingival irritation in a significant portion of patients. Bleaching requires proper examination, diagnosis, and treatment plan, which can be performed appropriately only by dental professionals; therefore, involvement of dental professionals in bleaching is necessary to maximize the efficacy and minimize potential risks.
Article
Porcelain veneers have become an interesting treatment option to correct the shape and color of anterior teeth. Because of their limited thickness and high translucency, achieving a good color match is influenced by several variables. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of natural dentin and resin cement colors on final color match of porcelain veneers. A preselected shade tab (A1) was chosen as the target color for a maxillary central incisor, and its color parameters (L*a*b*) were measured using a digital spectrophotometer (SpectroShade, MHT). Nine natural dentin colors (Natural Die Material, Ivoclar Vivadent) representing a wide range of tooth colors were used to prepare resin replicas of the maxillary central incisor with a standard preparation for porcelain veneers. The prepared porcelain veneers (IPS Empress Esthetic, A1, 0.6 mm thick, Ivoclar Vivadent) were cemented on the resin dies (nine groups of natural dentin colors) using seven shades of resin cement (Variolink Veneers, Ivoclar Vivadent). The L*a*b* values of the cemented veneers were measured, and DE values were calculated against the preselected target color (A1). DE greater than 3.3 was considered as a significant color mismatch detectable by the human eye. The seven shades of resin cement had no significant influence on the final color of the veneers, as the measured DE values were almost identical for every test group. On the other hand, the color of natural dentin was a significant factor that influenced final color match. None of the 63 tested combinations (nine natural dentin colors and seven resin cement colors) produced an acceptable color match. Thin porcelain veneers cannot mask underlying tooth color even when different shades of resin cement are used. Incorporation of opaque porcelain (high chroma) may improve final color match.
Article
The current study involves the development of a hydrogel carrier for a H(2)O(2) delivery system. In this work poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) based hydrogels were prepared, and their mechanical and physical properties examined. The novel aspect of this research is the differing functionality created by varying the concentration of H(2)O(2). The mechanical and thermal properties were determined by parallel plate rheometry and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) respectively. The results indicated that the hydrogels containing H(2)O(2) are significantly weaker than those synthesised using water alone at test temperatures of 30 and 45 degrees C. MDSC analysis suggested that thermal transitions occur at temperatures that may make these hydrogels useful as temperature sensitive drug delivery systems. The chemical structure of the hydrogels was confirmed by means of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), while swelling experiments in distilled water indicate that the swelling of the gels is temperature dependent.
Article
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a novel 6% hydrogen peroxide gel on the surface morphology of dental gold, amalgam, porcelain and composite. Admixed high-copper amalgam and hybrid resin composite specimens were prepared in extracted teeth using standard clinical procedures. Feldspathic porcelain and type III gold specimens were prepared in a mould using standard laboratory procedures. One half of the specimens were covered with nail varnish to serve as the control side, leaving the other half exposed. The specimens were treated with pooled whole saliva (1 h), followed by the peroxide gel (20 min), rinsing with water and returning to saliva. This cycling protocol was continued until a total of 28 treatments with the peroxide gel were completed. The samples were prepared for SEM. There were no observable differences at 200x and 2000x magnifications between the control and peroxide gel treated sides on any of the materials tested. There were no significant effects of the 6% hydrogen peroxide gel on the surface morphology of any of the dental materials tested.
Article
The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of a novel 6% hydrogen peroxide containing tooth whitener, Xtra White (XW), on enamel and dentine microhardness in vitro. Polished human enamel and dentine specimens were prepared and baseline microhardness determined. In study 1, enamel specimens were exposed to 20 min cycles of either water, XW or Sprite Light for up to 28 cycles. In studies 2 and 3, enamel specimens were treated with 20 min cycles of either XW or water and exposed to whole saliva at all other times. In study 3, an additional exposure to a fluoride containing toothpaste was conducted. In total, 28 treatments were conducted in order to simulate a 2 weeks product use. In study 4, dentine specimens were treated as per study 3. Final microhardness measurements were taken and for studies 3 and 4 colour measurements were additionally taken. XW and water gave no statistically significant (p>0.05) changes in enamel and dentine microhardness after 28 treatments. Sprite Light gave a significant (p<0.00002) reduction in enamel microhardness after one 20 min treatment. XW showed significant bleaching of enamel and dentine specimens as compared to the water control. XW does not have any significant effect on enamel and dentine microhardness.
Article
Hydrogen peroxide in the form of carbamide peroxide is widely used in professionally and self-administered products for tooth whitening. Hydrogen peroxide is a highly reactive substance that can damage oral soft and hard tissues when present in high concentrations and with exposures of prolonged duration. This review examines the issue of oral mucosal damage and possible carcinogenicity relating to the use of hydrogen peroxide in the mouth for tooth whitening, with an emphasis on safety with prolonged exposure to low concentrations of peroxide products.
Article
To review the available literature investigating the effects of peroxide-based products and solutions on enamel and dentine properties. All original scientific full papers listed in ISI Web of Science and Medline were included in this review using the search terms peroxide AND (enamel OR dentin*) up to the end of 2006. The majority of studies indicate that peroxide containing products and solutions have no significant deleterious effects on enamel and dentine surface morphology and chemistry, surface microhardness, subsurface enamel and dentine microhardness or ultrastructure. In addition, in vitro studies indicate that they have no significant clinically relevant effects on subsequent enamel and dentine loss caused by acidic erosive challenges, toothpaste abrasion or caries lesion formation. The contrasting studies that do show an effect on some of the above properties, in general, have some limitations in the in vitro methods used which do not accurately reflect the in vivo situation or use products/solutions that have a particularly low pH where acidic erosive processes are likely to dominate and explain the observed changes in enamel and dentine.
Phthalimido-group Containing Peroxycarboxylic Acids for Use as Bleaching Agents. WO patent 9211238
  • A P James
  • P R Harrison
  • G Carr
Tooth Whitening Composition Containing Phytic Acid and Peroxide, and Tooth-Whitening Method
  • H Nakauchi
  • Y Eshita
Tooth Whitening Agents Containing Phytic Acid and Orthophosphoric Acid or Polyphosphoric Acid, and Method for Whitening Tooth, WO patent
  • G Nakauchi
  • Y Eshita
  • K Takahashi