Content uploaded by Ahmed El-Deeb
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Ahmed El-Deeb on Apr 07, 2019
Content may be subject to copyright.
Life Science Journal 2019; 16 (1) http://www.lifesciencesite.com
Impact of fish waters, composted chicken manure water on Galling and Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita
Infecting tomato plants under greenhouse conditions
El- Deeb, A.M, M.A. Hendawy, El-Ashry, R.M.; and Abd El-Aal, E.M.
Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt
debo2012@yandex.ru
Abstract: A laboratory tests carried out to evaluate nematicidal activities of three fish waters (mature tilapia, fry tilapia
and fry mullet) on IJs and egg masses of root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita under laboratory conditions.
After two weeks of exposure, fry tilapia water significantly (P ≤ 0.05) more effect one with egg hatching inhibition
24.30% followed by big tilapia water with 19.28% while, fry mullet was less toxic to egg masses of M. incognita. On
the other hand, mortality percentages reached to 84.67, 66.00 and 62.67 with fry tilapia fish, big tilapia fish and fry
mullet, respectively after two weeks.
Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the nematicidal activity of fry tilapia fish water alone or
combined with composted chicken manure water on galling and reproduction of M. incognita infecting tomato plants
(Solanum lycopersicum L. c.v. Super strain B) under greenhouse conditions. Pots irrigated with fry tilapia fish water
significantly (P ≤ 0.05) minimized the root-gall numbers (125.67) with percentages of reduction (24.44%) as compared
to positive control treatment irrigated with tap water and increased of shoot fresh weight of tomato plants (34.80%).
Whereas, galls diameter (≥ 4 mm) decreased to reach 6.00 as compared with 20.00 in pots irrigated with tab water.
Pots treated with fry tilapia fish water combined with soaked local chicken manure (local chicken manure water) showed
least gall numbers and reproduction of root knot- nematode, M. incognita. Also, statistical analysis showed that fish
water + composted local chicken manure water and fish water decreased galls diameter. Since number of galls (≥ 4
mm) decreased to reach 6.00 and 0.00 with fish water and fish water + composted local chicken manure water,
respectively as compared with 20.00 in pots irrigated with tab water.
Regarding the efficiency of the treated materials on egg masses, results clearly showed that fish water + composted
local chicken manure water achieved the highest percentage of reduction in egg masses (68.64%). On the other
hand, use fish water alone or fish water + local chicken manure water significantly increase root weight of tomato
plants. Percentages of increase in root weight for treated waters were 50.37 and 35.00 % with fish water + local
chicken manure water and fish water only, respectively. Also, percentage increase in shoot fresh weight in
treatment of fish water + composted local chicken manure water was 77.46% as compared with 34.80% in fish
water.
[El- Deeb, A.M, M.A. Hendawy, El-Ashry, R.M.; and Abd El-Aal, E.M. Impact of fish waters, composted chicken
manure water on Galling and Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita Infecting tomato plants under greenhouse
conditions Life Sci J 2019;16(1):-]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com
Keywords: Control, Meloidogyne incognita, fish water, chicken manure, tomato.
1. Introduction
The tomato crop (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
belongs to family Solanaceae is becoming one of the
most vegetable crops grown for both local
consumption and export in Egypt; it is an important
source of vitamins. Tomatoes can make people
healthier and also can decrease the risk of condition
such as cancer, osteoporosis and cardiovascular
disease (Debjit et al. ,2012). The crop is infested with
many pests during the different stages of plant growth
(Singh et al., 2014). Most cultivated plant species are
susceptible to nematodes, especially root-knot
nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. (Goeldi) which attack
and cause remarkable damage to vegetables, with
certain predilection for tomato plants (Bertrand,
2001).
Between various obstacles including fungi,
bacteria and viruses in cultivating tomato plants, root
knot nematodes (RKNs), Meloildogyne spp. are
recognized as a major pathogen of tomato (Kamran et
al., 2010) especially in tropical, subtropical and
Mediterranean climates. In Egypt, Ibrahim (1985)
showed to the main problems arise from the
contamination of newly reclaimed sandy areas by
RKNs M. incognita (Kofoid and White). Although,
Nematicides have been used to control nematode
pests with remarkable results, they have great
problems to our micro and /or macro- environment
(Hassan et al., 2010). Vegetables production depends
on the correct management of these pathogens
(Sikora & Fernandez, 2005)
Nowadays, in poor countries or particularly to
rural poor farmers, researchers turned their view to
Life Science Journal 2019; 16 (1) http://www.lifesciencesite.com
look for alternative measures those are cheaper,
readily available and sustainable with minimal
negative effects on the environment. Therefore,
finding safer alternatives to chemical nematicides is
one of the top priorities for future nematology.
Many of the soil amendments (chicken litter
manure) and manipulated fish water used as nutrient
sources for crop production have been found to
control plant parasitic nematodes with an increase
in crop yield and growth (Al-Sayed et al., 2007;
Mahfoud, 2011).
The objective of the present study was to
determine the effect of fry tilapia fish, big tilapia fish
and fry mullet on infectivity, development and
reproduction of M.incognita infesting tomato plants
under laboratory condition.
2. Materials and Methods
1- Source of root – knot nematode:
In the greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture
(Zagazig University), Pure culture of M. incognita, was
maintained on the eggplant seedling Solanum
melongena cv. Beauty planted in the greenhouse for
using as source of inoculum. Species identification was
based on juvenile measurements and examination of
perineal pattern system of adult females according to
Eisenback et al., (1981) and Jepson, (1987). Infected
eggplant roots were cut into small pieces (2-cm long)
placed in a 600 – ml flask with 200 ml of 0.5% sodium
hypochlorite (180 ml water + 20 ml Clorox). The tightly
capped flack was shaken for 3 minutes. The shaking
partially dissolved the gelatinous matrix thus freeing
eggs from egg masses (Hussey & Barker 1973). By
using a 200- mesh and a 500-mesh sieve, liquid
suspension of eggs was poured and immediately washed
the collected eggs on 500-mesh sieve many times to be
free from sodium hypochlorite solution. Eggs of M.
incognita were incubated in Petri dishes at 25±1°C until
hatching. Newly hatched of second stage juveniles (J2)
were collected by using a micropipette.
2- Plants
culture:
The tomato plants were chosen in the present
study because of severely attacked by M.incognita
besides regional economic importance.
Seeds of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum
L.) cv. Super strain B were soaked in sterile distilled
water in Petri dishes and kept in an incubator at
25±1°C.
3- Analysis of fish water and local chicken manure
water:
Table (1) . Analysis of different sources of fish water.
Fish species
Total Ammonia
NH4
pH
Total Alkalinity
Total Hardness
Fry Tilapia
0.199
7.8
300
800
Fry Mullet
0.52202
8.2
275
900
Table (2). Chemical analysis of chicken manure.
Analysis
Ph (H2O)
DM
P2O5
K2O
Total
N
N-SoI.H2O
NH4-N
Org-C
C:N
Mean
7.8
64
3.0
29
2.2
32.3
9.6
28.3
11.2
Median
8.0
66
3.0
2.8
2.0
29.2
7.5
29.0
11.7
Maximum
8.9
85
4.9
4.6
4.4
60.9
20.3
43.3
18.1
Minimum
6.0
34
1.0
0.7
1.1
11.8
1.2
21.3
9.2
CV%
7.4
17
2.6
33
2.9
42
106
20
13
4- Experimental
designs:
4.1- Viability of IJs of RKN in fish waters:
Ten milliliters of the three-fish water (fry
tilapia fish, big tilapia fish and fry mullet) were
poured in Petri dishes (9-cm diameter). The IJs
were added to the dilution at the rate of 100
nematodes per dish (0.1 ml of the stock nematode
suspension). The control treatment consisted of the
100 IJs maintained in 10 ml tab water alone. Each
treatment was replicated five times and the dishes
were kept at (24±2°C); IJs survive more at this
temperature (Dunphy and Webster, 1986). All dishes
were sealed tightly with parafilm to avoid
vaporization of the solution. Each of 0.5 ml, were
pipetted into a Hawksely counting slide and
examined by the aid of a research microscope at
100x. IJs showing inactive straight posture or
inactive (S) posture were considered as dead; any
other types of movement were scored as alive
(Ishibashi and Takii,1993) or did not show any
movement after prodding were considered dead
Life Science Journal 2019; 16 (1) http://www.lifesciencesite.com
(Elizabeth et al., 2003).
Number of alive and dead IJs was counted after
one, two and four, one week and two weeks. Percent
of dead nematodes was calculated by the following
equation:
100
larvae ofnumber Totall larvae Dead
(%) Mortality =
4.2 -Effect of the fish waters on eggs hatching:
Five egg masses of uniform size were added to
ten ml of each fish water in 5 cm diam. Petri dishes.
The control treatment was prepared using distilled
water only. Each treatment was replicated three
times. All treatments were left under room
temperature 26±3˚C. Numbers of hatched juveniles
were counted using a research microscope (100X
magnification) after one day, two days, three days,
four days, one week and two weeks of exposure.
Percentage of hatching inhibition was calculated in
comparison with the control treatment, according to
the following equation:
100
Control treatment -Control
(%) inhibition hatching Egg =
4.3- Greenhouse experiment:
A sterilized sandy soil of Khattara project (faculty
of agriculture, Zagazig University) was chosen to plant
tomato after germination. Tomato plants were planted
in plastic pots of 25-cm diameter containing steam
sterilized sandy soil (95.7% sand; 1.2% silt and 3.1%
clay) and two weeks later, plants were thinned to one
per pot. When seedlings were approximately 10 cm in
height (time of inoculation), they were inoculated with
1000 newly hatched infective juveniles (IJs) of
M.incognita per plant. 2 ml of the inoculum
suspension of IJs were pipetted around tomatoes root
system into four holes. Immediately, after inoculation
the holes were covered with moist soil. The solution
of local chicken manure was prepared by adding 0.25
Kg of litter chicken manure to a beaker and soaked
with a small amount of distilled water to about 12
hours in the room temperature and then completed
the volume for 1000 ml with the distilled water.
The treatments were done according to the
following scheme:
1- Control-1 (healthy plants): irrigated only by tap
water for two months as well as without nematode
inocula. Each treatment was replicated three times.
2- Control-2: positive control treatments included
inoculation of M. incognita 1000/ IJs per plant as well
as irrigated only by tap water for two months.
3- Plants were applied with 1000/IJs of M. incognita
per plant and irrigated only by fish water for two
months.
4- Plants were applied with 1000/IJs of M. incognita
per plant and irrigated by combining fish water and
soaked composted chicken manure water (1:1,v/v) for
two months. Each treatment was replicated three times.
All treatments were arranged in a randomized
complete block design in the greenhouse at 25 ± 4°C.,
and all received similar horticultural treatments. Two
months after inoculation, plants were removed carefully
from pots and data on plant growth (fresh weight of
shoots and roots) were recorded. Roots and surrounding
soil in the pots were soaked in clean water for half an
hour to facilitate removing adhering soil and keep egg
masses on root surface.
Roots were wrapped in tissue paper to prevent
drying out during the steps of evaluation. Moreover,
Root weight, shoot weight, numbers of galls were
counted per root system under a stereomicroscope.
Root-knot index was assessed using Taylor and Sasser
(1978) scale of 0 = No galling; 1 = 1-2 galls; 2 = 3 -
10 galls; 3 = 11 - 30 galls; 4 = 31-100 galls and 5 =
more than 100 galls. Gall diameter was also measured
according to El-Deeb et al. (2018) measurement. Means
were compared by Duncan’s multiple range test at P ≤
0.05 level (Duncan, 1955).
Results and Discussion
1-Impact of three fish water on root knot
nematode, Meloidogyne incognita eggs hatching.
The impact of big tilapia fish, fry tilapia fish and
fry mullet water on egg hatching of M. incognita after
one day, two days, three days, four days, one week
and two weeks of exposure were investigated in
Table (3).
Data showed that after one, two, three and four
days percent of egg hatching inhibition increased
gradually with the tested fish water with insignificant
variance (P ≤ 0.05) between the tested fish waters.
Fry tilapia fish was the superior one over all
treatments, the inhibition percentages were 3.81,
3.30, 5.02 and 7.16% after one, two, three and four
days big tilapia fish followed by with percentages of
inhibition valued as much as 1.91,2.69, 3.07 and
5.55% at the mentioned days. Whereas, fry mullet
water was the lowest one in egg hatching inhibition
with percentages of inhibition valued as 0.92, 2.28,
2.23 and 4.65% after one, two , three and four days of
exposure.
After one and two weeks of M. incognita egg
masses, exposure to the tested fish waters, fry tilapia
fish gave the highest effect followed by mature tilapia
fish while fry mullet was the lowest effective one in
egg hatching inhibition. Significant differences were
existed in the percent of hatching inhibition between
the three –fish waters against M. incognita egg
masses.
One and two weeks after exposure, the percent egg
hatching inhibition of fry tilapia water and big tilapia
water were 19.28 (24.30) and 15.07 (19.28),
respectively. With fry mullet decreased to reach
Life Science Journal 2019; 16 (1) http://www.lifesciencesite.com
11.36 and 17.57 % after one and two weeks,
respectively. Generally, it could be concluded that
water of fry tilapia fish was more effective one
followed by mature tilapia fish and fry mullet was
less toxic to egg masses of M. incognita.
Table 3. Percentage inhibition of the tested fish waters on M. incognita egg hatching after one, two, three,
four, one week and two weeks of exposure
Fish waters
Exposure time
one day
Two days
Three days
Four days
One week
Two weeks
(Egg hatching inhibition %)
Control
226.67 a
433.33 a
596.67 a
930.00 a
1346.3 a
1462.0 a
Mature tilapia fish
222.33 a
421.67 a
578.33 a
878.33 b
1143.3 ab
1180.0 b
(1.91)
(2.69)
(3.07)
(5.55)
(15.07)
(19.28)
Fry tilapia fish
218.33 a
419.00 a
566.67 a
863.33 b
1086.7 b
1106.7 b
(3.81)
(3.30)
(5.02)
(7.16)
(19.28)
(24.30)
Fry mullet
222.67 a
423.67 a
583.33 a
886.67 ab
1193.3 ab
1205.0 ab
(0.92)
(2.28)
(2.23)
(4.65)
(11.36)
(17.57)
* Means followed by the same letter in rows are not significantly different at P ≤0.05 according to Duncan's
multiple range test.
100
Control treatment -Control
(%) inhibition hatching Egg =
2- Effect of fish waters (mature tilapia fish, fry
tilapia fish and fry mullet) on juveniles viability of
M. incognita.
Results in Table 4 show that one, two, three and
four days after exposure IJs of M.incognita ,
mortality percentages in fry tilapia fish treatment
were 12.33 ,19.00 25.33 and 39.33 , respectively.
Whereas, the parallel values in big tilapia fish and fry
mullet at the same periods were 10.33 (9.33); 14.00
(11.67); 14.00 (15.33) and 25.67 (23.00),
respectively. After one and two weeks, percent
mortality increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with three
fish water.
Mortality percentages in fry tilapia fish and big
tilapia fish and fry mullet after one and two weeks of
the treatment were significantly different for all the
tested waters. It means that the effect of this
compound significantly varied with fish species. One
week after treatment, percent mortality were 45.00,
68.33 and 42.67 with mature tilapia fish, fry tilapia
fish and fry mullet, respectively. After two weeks,
percent mortality increased to reach 84.67, 66.00 and
62.67 with fry tilapia fish, big tilapia fish and fry
mullet, respectively.
It means that the effect of fish waters
significantly varied with fish species species.
Generally, results showed that fry tilapia fish was the
highest effective water against infective stage of root
knot nematode M. incognita and increased by the
time of exposure increase.
Table (4). Mortality percent of IJs of M. incognita 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 14 days of exposuring to fish waters.
Fish waters
Exposure time
one day
Two days
Three days
Four days
One week
Two weeks
Control
3.33 b
7.6667 b
11.33 b
13.67 c
16.00 c
18.33 c
Mature tilapia fish
10.33 a
14.00 ab
17.00 b
25.67 b
45.00 b
66.00 b
Fry tilapia fish
12.33 a
19.00 a
25.33 a
39.33 a
68.33 a
84.67 a
Fry mullet
9.33 a
11.67 b
15.33 b
23.00 b
42.67 b
62.67 b
*Means followed by the same letter in rows are not significantly different at P≤0.05 according to Duncan's multiple
range test.
100
juveniles ofnumber Total juveniles Dead
(%)Mortality =
3- Impact of fry tilapia fish waters on galling and
growth of plant tomato infected with M. incognita.
Data in Table (5) show the fry tilapia fish water
on galling and reproduction of M. incognita infecting
tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. c.v. Super
strain B) under greenhouse conditions.
The obtained results revealed that
treatments of fry tilapia fish water significantly (P ≤
0.05) reduced the galls numbers as compared to
positive control treatment. Pots treated with the
Life Science Journal 2019; 16 (1) http://www.lifesciencesite.com
mentioned fish water minimized numbers of root-galls
(125.67) with percentages of reduction (24.44%).
For plant growth, effect of fish water
treatments on growth of tomato plants was
indicated by shoot fresh weight (Table 5). It is
clear that, fish water improved of shoot fresh
weight of tomato plants to a certain extent.
Percentage increase in shoot fresh weight in
treatment of fish water was 34.80%. On the other
hand, use fish water minimized the numbers of
galls and egg masses with insignificantly effect
compared to pots irrigated with tap water only. The
number of galls were 166.33 and 185.67 with tab
water treatments and fish water treatments,
respectively. Whereas, treatments of fish water
decreased significantly number of egg masses
(185.33) as compared to tap water treatments
(250.67) with percent reduction 19.65%. Also,
statistical analysis showed that fish water decreased
galls diameter. Since number of galls (≥ 4 mm)
decreased to reach 6.00 as compared with 20.00 in
pots irrigated with tap water.
Table (5): Effect of fry tilapia fish application of M. incognita on suppressing galling and reproduction of
tomato plants in sandy soil under greenhouse conditions.
Treatments
Shoot
weight
Root
weight
Root long
Root galls
Gall diameter
Egg masses
/Root
(Increase
%)
(Increase
%)
(Increase
%)
(Reduction
%)
≥ 4
mm
˂ 4-2
mm
˂ 2
mm
(Reduction
%)
Control-1
(healthy plants)
6.89 a
5.58 a
14.73 a
0.0000 b
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 c
Control -2
Super strain B
treated with tab
water only
3.24 c
2.70 b
11.67 b
166.33 a
20.00
a
49.67
a
99.00
a
230.67 a
Super strain B
treated with fry
tilapia fish
4.97 b
2.00 b
11.73 b
125.67 a
6.00
b
47.00 a
70.00
a
185.33 b
19.65
(34.80)
(35.00 )
(5.14 )
(24.44)
Same letter (s) in each column indicate no significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) between treatments according to Duncan's
multiple range test.
100
Control Treated - Control
(%) Reduction =
100
Control Control - Treated
(%) Increase =
Table (6): Effect of simultaneously application of fry tilapia water combined with composted chicken manure
water on suppressing galling and reproduction of M. incognita of tomato plants in sandy soil under
greenhouse conditions.
Treatments
Shoot
weight
Root weight
Root long
Root galls
Gall diameter
Egg masses
/Root
(Increase
%)
(Increase
%)
(Increase
%)
(Reduction
%)
≥ 4
mm
˂ 4-2
mm
˂ 2
mm
(Reduction
%)
Control-1 (healthy
plants)
6.89 a
5.58 a
14.73 a
0.00 a
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 d
Control -2
Super strain B
treated with tab
water only.
3.24 c
2.00 c
11.67 b
166.33 b
20.00
a
47.00
a
99.00
a
230.67 a
Super strain B
treated with fish
water
4.97 b
2.70 c
11.73 b
125.67 c
6.00
b
49.67
a
70.00
b
185.33 b
(34.80)
(35.00 )
(5.14 )
(24.44)
19.65
Super strain B
treated with fish
water + composted
local chicken
manure water
5.75 b
4.06 b
12.93 b
27.67 d
0.00
b
7. 67
b
20.00
c
72.33 c
77.46
50.37
10.23
83.36
68.64
Same letter (s) in each column indicate no significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) between treatments according to Duncan's
multiple range test.
100
Control Treated - Control
(%) Reduction =
100
Control Control - Treated
(%) Increase =
Life Science Journal 2019; 16 (1) http://www.lifesciencesite.com
Data in Table (6) show the comparison between
effect of fry tilapia fish water and soaked local chicken
manure (local chicken manure water) on galling and
reproduction of root knot- nematode, M. incognita
under greenhouse conditions. After two months of
application, susceptibility of tomato plants varied
greatly according to water types used in plants
irrigation.
Results indicated that combination between fish
water and local chicken manure water significantly (P ≤
0.05) reduced gall numbers as compared to pots treated
with fry fish water only. Since maximum percentages of
reduction were recorded (83.36) when plants treated
with fry fish water + composted local chicken manure
water overwhelmed those treated with fish water only
(27.67) with high significantly differences were detected
between fish water and local chicken manure water
treatments compared with check treatment.
Also, statistical analysis showed that fry fish
water+ composted local chicken manure water and
fry fish water decreased galls diameter. Since number
of galls (≥ 4 mm) decreased to reach 6.00 and 0.00
with fry fish water and fish water + composted local
chicken manure water, respectively as compared
with 20.00 in pots irrigated with tap water.
Regarding the efficiency of the treated materials
on egg masses, results clearly showed that fry fish
water + composted local chicken manure water
achieved the highest significantly effect in minifying
numbers of egg masses compared to other treatments.
Whereas, fry fish water gained the lowest
significantly affect compared to untreated plants.
Percentages of reduction in egg masses for treated
pots were 19.65 and 68.64 % with fish water and fry
fish water + composted chicken manure water,
consequently.
For plant growth, effect of fry fish water and
local ckicken manure water treatments on growth of
tomato plants were mainly indicated by shoot
fresh weight (Table 6). It is clear that, fry fish water
+ composted local chicken manure water improved
greatly shoot fresh weight of tomato plants.
Percentage increase in shoot fresh weight in
treatment of fry fish water + composted local
chicken manure water was 77.46% followed by fry
fish water 34.80%.
On the other hand, use fish water alone or fry
fish water + local chicken manure water
significantly increase root weight of tomato plants.
Percentages of increase in root weight for treated
waters were 50.37 and 35.00 % with fry fish water +
local chicken manure water and fry fish water only,
respectively.
4. Discussion
The present results indicated that three studied
fish (big tilapia, fry tilapia and fry mullet) effluents
varied in reduce the root-knot nematode criteria on
the infected tomato plant roots. Application of fish
waters combined with well composted chicken
manure to the soil have many known benefits on soil
nutrients, soil physical conditions, soil biological
activity and crop performance (Abubakar et al., 2004;
Al-Sayed et al., 2007 and Mahfoud, 2011).
Furthermore, the microbial breakdown of nitrogen
containing substances in soil via processes of
mineralization might have acted as operative tools
against nematodes by increasing predacious
nematodes, nematode-trapping fungi and their toxins
(Walker, 1992) in addition influence of pH, Ca+ ions,
and moisture could adversely affect nematode
activity (Dubey, 1968).
Applications of livestock manures to soil can
recycle nutrients, increase soil organic matter, and
improve soil physical conditions, as well as increase
crop yields and reduce nematode populations
(Johnson, 1962; Mankau and Minteer, 1962; Lear,
1959). Different management strategies for plant-
parasitic nematodes have been developed, some of
which involve the use of botanicals, crop rotation,
solarization, use of synthetic nematicides and
biological control (Mankau and Mibtteer ,1962)
besides use organic manures (Oka et al., 2000).
Also, the organic acids produced by the breakdown
organic material (chicken manure) have contact
nematicidal action on free stages of parasitic
nematodes (Browning et al., 2004 and El-Ashry et
al., 2018).
Ammonia, dimethylamine (DMA),
trimethylamine (TMA), indole, phenol, and butyric
acid are the most common compounds present in
poultry manure. McGahan, 2002 & Gutarowska et
al., 2014). Changes in physicochemical
characteristics such as C/N, pH, mineral nitrogen,
water-soluble organic C, and temperature have been
studied during composting. The C/N in the solid
phase (Bernal et al., 1998 & Brito et al., 2012), water
extract (Hue and Liu ,1995), and water-soluble
organic C (Hsu and Lo, 1999& Bernal et al.,1998,
Hue and Liu ,1995) have been found to decrease as
composting proceeded. However, Tiquia and Tam
(2002) reported increased C/N in poultry litter
composts. The pH usually increased with composting
(Albrecht et al., 2008) & Wang et al., 2015 & Brito
et al., 2012), but Tiquia et al., 1999 found a decline
pH trend during 91-day composting of pig litter. The
decreased NH4+-N and increased NO3 --N often led
to low NH4+-N/NO3--N ratios at the end of
composting (Bernal et al., 1998& Brito et al., 2012 &
Zucconi and Bertoldi,1987).
Also, Oka et al., 2000 and Orisajo et al. ,2008
showed that adding poultry manure as soil
amendment produced beneficial effects on soil
Life Science Journal 2019; 16 (1) http://www.lifesciencesite.com
nutrients, soil physical conditions, and soil biological
activities thereby improving the health of plants and
reducing populations of plant-parasitic nematodes.
On the other hand, Aktar and Malik (2000) revealed
that the addition of organic matters increased rapidly
population of free-living nematodes. Due to
significant quantities of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and
micronutrients also, nitrogen content of poultry
manure particularly contains significant amounts of
uric acid, which is readily decomposable and
available to plants (Hue and Silvia 2000) for
enhanced plant growth and yield.
Suppression of nematode population may rely
on nematoxic compounds released from
the
composted material. For example, ammonia
produced
in the dry chicken manure might be
involved in
nemat
ode
suppression since the C:N
ratio of chicken manure less than 20 are sufficient
for
nematode
management
due to enhancement of the
indigenous soil micoflora
(Rodr!
ıguez-Kabana
et
al.,
1987) .
Results confirm the potential of well composted
chicken manure wastes as a management option for
suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes (Akhtar and
Alam, 1993; Akhtar and Malik, 2000). The exact
mechanism (s) of action of
the
released compounds
that
increase proteins and fatty acids in the root
tissues as well
inhibit viability or
pre-penet
ration
activities of the egg and J2 stages of root knot-
nematode M. incognita, because once juveni
les
penetrate roots to complete their life cycle they
are
protected from chemical
compounds
unless
those
compounds
are systemic.
Conclusions
Composted chicken manure alone or mixed with
fish water can be used in place of chemical
nematicides to manage M. incognita on vegetables
considering its little cost, unknown hazard to plant,
man and his environment. Also, mention to
uncomposted chicken manure is harmful according to
Nowak et al., 2017 who revealed that odorous
compounds from poultry manure induce DNA
damage, nuclear changes, and decrease cell
membrane integrity in chicken liver hepatocellular
carcinoma cells. So, for excellent fertilizing and
nematicidal effects of chicken manure, might be use
composted chicken manure as soil amendment and
management of plant parasitic nematodes.
References
Abubakar, U., T. Adamuand, and S. B. Manga
(2004). Control of Meloidogyne incognita
(Kofoid and White) Chitwood (root-knot
nematode) of Lycopersicon esculentus
(tomato) using cowdung and urine. African J.
Biotechnology,3(8):379-381.
Akhtar, M., Alam, M.M. (1993). Utilization of waste
materials in nematode control: a review.
Biores. Technol. 45, 1–7.
Akhtar, M., Malik, A. (2000). Roles of organic soil
amendments and soil organisms in the
biological control of plant-parasitic
nematodes: a review. Biores. Technol. 74, 35–
47.
Albrecht, R.; Ziarelli, F.; Alarco, E.N.; Le, J.P.;
Terrom, G. and Perissol, C. (2008). solid-state
NMR assessment of decomposition pattern
during co-composting of sewage sludge and
green wastes. Eur. J. Soil. Sci., 59: 445-452.
Al-Sayed, A. A., A. M. Kheir, H. I. El-Naggar and H.
H.Kesba (2007).Organic management of
Meloidogyne incognita on grapes in relation
to host biochemistry. International J.
Agricultural Research, 2:776-785.
Bernal, M.P.; Paredes, C.; SaÂnchez-Monedero
,M.A. ; Cegarra, J. (1998). Maturity and
stability parameters of composts prepared with
a wide range of organic wastes. Bioresour.
Technol., 63: 91-99.
Bertrand, C. (2001). Lutter contre les nématodes à
galles en agriculture biologique. GRAB
(édition : Janvier 2001). Pp : 1-4.
Brito, L.M.; Mourão, I.; Coutinho, J.; Smith,
S.R.(2012). Simple technologies for on-farm
composting of cattle slurry solid fraction.
Waste Manage, 32: 1332-1340.
Browning, M., C. Dawson, S. R. Alm, J. H. Gorres
and J.A. Amador (2004). Differential effects
of butyric acid on nematodes from four
trophic groups. Applied Soil Ecology, 27:47-
54.
Debjit, B.; Kumar, K.P.S.; Paswan, S. and
Srivastava,S. (2012). Tomato-A Natural
Medicine and Its Health Benefits.ISSN 2278-
4136.
Dubey, H. D. (1968). Effect of soil moisture levels on
nitrification. Canadian J. Microbiology,
14:1348-1350.
Duncan, D. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F-
test. Biometrics 11: 1-42.
Dunphy, G. and J. M. Webster (1986). Temperature
effects on the growth and virulence of
Steinernema feltiae strains and
Heterorhabditis heliothidis. J. Nematol., 18:
270-272.
Eisenback, J. D.; Hirschmann, H.; Sasser,J.N. and
Triantaphyllou, A.S. (1981). A guide to the
four most common species of root-knot
nematodes (Meloidogyne species), with a
pictorial key. Raleigh, North Carolina State
University and U.S. Agency for International
Development, 48pp.
Life Science Journal 2019; 16 (1) http://www.lifesciencesite.com
El-Ashry, R. M.; A.M. El- Deeb and El- A. M. Marzoky
(2018). Impact of Plant Oils, Biocontrol Agents
and Oxamyl on Galling and Reproduction of
Meloidogyne incognita Infecting Pepper
Cultivars. J. Plant Prot. and Path., Mansoura
Univ.,9 (7) : 403 – 409.
El-Deeb, A. M.; R. M. El-Ashry and A. M. El-
Marzoky(2018). Nematicidal Activities of
Certain Animal Manures and Biopesticides
against Meloidogyne incognita Infecting
Cucurbit Plants under Greenhouse Conditions. J.
Plant Prot. and Path., Mansoura Univ.,9 (4) :
265 – 271.
Elizabeth, A., B. De-Nardo and P.S. Grewal (2003).
Compatibility of Steinernema feltiae
(Nematoda: Steinernematidae) with pesticides
and plant growth regulators used in glasshouse
plant production. Biocontrol Sci. Tech. 13(4):
441-448.
Gutarowska, B.; Matusiak, K.; Borowski, S.;
Rajkowska, A. and Brycki, B. (2014).
Removal of odorous compounds from poultry
manure by microorganisms on perlite-
bentonite carrier. J. Environ. Manag., 141, 70–
76.
Hassan, M. A., P. S. Chindo, P. S. Marley and
Alegbejo ,M. D. (2010). Management of root-
knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on tomato
(Lycopersicon lycopersicum) using organic
wastes in Zaria, Nigeria. Plant Protection
Scince, 46(1): 34-38.
Hsu, J. and Lo, S. (1999). Chemical and
spectroscopic analysis of organic matter
transformations during composting of pig
manure. Environ. Pollut. , 104: 189-196.
Hue N.V. and Silvia, J.A.(2000). Organic soil
Ammendments for Sustainable Agriculture:
Organic sources of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and
Pottassium.In: Plant Nutrient Management in
Hawaii’s Soils, Approaches for Tropical and
Subtropical Agriculture.J. A. Silva and R.
Uchida (eds.) College of Tropical Agriculture
and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at
Manoa. Pp 133-144.
Hue, N. and Liu, J.(1995). Predicting compost
stability. Compost Sci. Util., 3: 8-15.
Hussey, R.S. and Barker, K.R.(1973). A comparison
of methods of collecting inocula of
Meloidogyne spp., including a new technique.
Plant Dis. Rep., 57:1025–1028.
Ibrahim. I. K.A. (1985). The status of root-knot
nematodes in the Middle East, region VII of
the International Meloidggyne Project. Pp.
373-378, In: Advanced Treatise on
Meloidogyne Vol. 1, Biology and Control, J.
N. Sasser and C.C. Carter (Eds.). Raleigh, NC:
North Carolina State University, USA.
Ishibashi, N. and S. Takii (1993). Effect of
insecticides on movement, nictation, and
infectivity of Steinernema carpocapsae J.
Nematol., 25 (2): 204-213.
Jepson, S. B.(1987). Identification of root-knot
nematodes (Meloidogyne species). CAB
International, Wallingford, United
Kingdom,265pp.
Johnson, L. F. (1962). Effect of the addition of
organic amendments to soil on root-knot of
tomatoes. Phytopathology 52: 410 – 413.
Kamran, M.; Anwar, S.A.; Javed,N.; Khan, S.A. and
Sahi,G.M. (2010). Incidence of root knot
nematodes on tomato in Sargodha, Punjab,
Pakistan. Pak. J. Nematol., 28: 253-262.
Lear, B. (1959). Application of Castor pomace and
cropping of castor beans to soil to reduce
nematode populations. Plant Disease Reporter
43: 459 – 460.
Mahfoud, N. A.(2011). Biology of Meloidogyne
incognita on its host plants and resulted
biochemical alterations. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty
of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt.
Mankau, R. and Minteer R. J. (1962). Reduction of
soil populations of the citrus nematodes by the
addition of organic materials. Plant Disease
Reporter. 46: 375 – 378.
McGahan, E. (2002). Strategies to reduce odour
emissions frommeat chicken farms. Proc.
Poult. Inf. Exch., 27–39.
Nowak, A.; Bakuła T., Matusiak, K.; Gałecki, R.;
Borowski, S. and Gutarowska, B. (2017).
Odorous compounds from poultry manure
induce DNA damage, nuclear changes, and
decrease cell membrane integrity in chicken
liver hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int. J.
Environ. Res. Public Health, 14:1-13.
Oka, Y. ; Nacar, S. ; Putievsky, E. ; Ravid, U. ;
Yaniv, Z.and Spiegel,Y. (2000). Nematicidal
activity of essential oils and their components
against the root-knot nematode. Phytopathol.,
90: 710-715.
Orisajo, S. ; Afolami, S. ; Fademi, O. and Atungwu,
J. (2008). Effects of poultry litter and
carbofuran soil amendments on Meloidogyne
incognitaattacks on cacao. J. Appl. Biosci.
7:214-221.
Rodrıguez-Kabana, R.; Morgan-Jones, G. and Chet, I.
(1987). Biological control of nematodes: soil
amendments and microbial antagonists. Plant
and Soil 100, 237–247.
Sikora, R. A. and Fernandez, E. (2005). Nematode
parasites of vegetables, In: Luc, M., Sikora,
R.A, Bridge, J. (Eds.). Plant Parasitic
Life Science Journal 2019; 16 (1) http://www.lifesciencesite.com
Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical
Agriculture, CABI Publishing, Wallingford,
UK, 319-392.
Singh, G.; N.P. Singh and R. Singh (2014). Food
plants of a major agricultural pest Aphis
gossypii glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) from
India: an updated checklist. Inte. J. Life Sci.
Biotechnol. Pharma Res.;. 3(2):1-26. 135ref.
Tayor, A. L. and Sasser, J.N. (1978). Biology
identification and control of root-knot
nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) Coop.
Pub.Dept. Plant Pathol. North Carolina State
Univ. and U.S. Agency Int.Dev.Raleigh, N.C.
111pp.
Tiquia, S.M. and Tam, N.F.Y. (2002).
Characterization and composting of poultry
forced-aeration piles. Process Biochem., 37:
869-880.
Tiquia, S.M.; Tam, N.F.Y. and Hodgkiss I.J. (1999).
Composting of spent pig litter at different
seasonal temperatures in subtropical climate.
Environ. Pollut. 1997; 98: 97-104.
Walker, G. E. (1992). Root rot of grapevine rootlings
in south Australian caused by Rhizoctonia
solani. Australian Plant Pathology, 21:58-60.
Wang, K.; He, C.; You, S.J.; Liu, W.; Wang, W. and
Zhang, R.J. (2015). Transformation of organic
matters in animal wastes during composting. J.
Hazard. Mater. 300: 745-753.
Zucconi, F. and Bertoldi, M.D. (1987). Compost
specifications for the production and
characterization of compost from municipal
solid waste. In: de Bertoldi M., Ferranti M.P.,
L'Hermite P., Zucconi F. (Eds.),
Compost:Production, Quality and Use.
Elsevier, Barking, pp.30-50.
