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International convention tourism: A choice modelling experiment of host city competition
Abstract
Many cities around the world today place considerable emphasis in their tourism strategies on enhancing their competitiveness as potential convention hosts. The objective of this research was to evaluate how site attributes affect the choice of a host city in the international conventions tourism market. The study employed discrete choice modelling using a stated choice approach and analysed data from a survey of international association convention planners. The results demonstrated that the top ten site attributes were (in descending order): the convenience of flight schedules; risk of disruption to the convention; inbound travel barriers or formalities; on-site vs. off-site delegate accommodation; number of available four star hotels; cost of the convention facility; possibility of a subsidy to defray costs; number of available five star hotels; whether or not the association held its convention at the site previously; and domestic air travel costs.
... Examining the period from 2008 to 2018 for instance, there has been an annual 8% increase in the number of international conferences worldwide (Cró & Martins, 2018. Due to its vast global market size, the international meeting sector has made tremendous contributions to national economies (Crouch et al, 2019). Given the rapid expansion of the commercial event industry, many governments and private investors in regions have made major investments in convention centers, exhibition halls, and lodging facilities to attract major conferences and exhibits . ...
... Undeniably, business events are important engines for socio-economic progress in Malaysia. Scholars have continuously emphasized their crucial contributions to economic, social, and cultural development (Anas et al., 2020;Crouch et al, 2019;Hazira et al., 2022). Malaysia has established itself as a key player in the business events industry over the last decade, as demonstrated by the facilitation of over 2,651 events, which drew approximately 1.3 million international delegates and resulting a revenue impact of around RM16.7 billion (Banerji, 2022). ...
... Destination attributes represent distinctive elements of a non-residential site that attract travellers away from their homes. In the business event industry, acquiring and maintaining a competitive edge is paramount. According to Jo, et. al, (2019) and Crouch, et. al (2019), MICE destination tourism authorities and marketers are required to be well conversant in their destination's advantages and disadvantages to plan and implement effective marketing strategies. Thus, it is crucial to know which characteristics of the location and the convention and exhibition facilities have an impact on the choices made ...
Understanding the destination selection attributes is crucial for the survival of the business events industry at any destination. This is particularly pertinent in the business events industry, where competition is strong in the current economic situation. As the landscape of business events continues to evolve, destinations must strategically position themselves to attract and retain these valuable gatherings. The decision-making regarding the selection of the business event destination is prone to be influenced by various potential attributes that are yet to be determined through further exploration. The association or event organizer may exercise their judgment or discretion in selecting the venue, giving them a great deal of flexibility. For Malaysia to be the preferred destination and improve its ranking in international business events especially in Asia Pacific, the products and services supply must be relevant and meet the expectations of the external market. Despite the importance of the business event industry, much of the existing scholarly work has been predominantly focused on the destination selection attributes for leisure and international sports events only. Thus, this paper aims to extend the body of knowledge by investigating whether similar outcomes can be elicited when it comes to business events, with a particular emphasis on understanding the concept and attributes within the context of Malaysian business event associations. Additionally, this study will assist the local hosting and organizations to develop their bid and marketing strategies appropriately by offering exceptional products and services that are customized to meet the expectations of their intended associations.
... The Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, and Exhibitions (MICE) is a significant part of the travel industry. This is particularly noteworthy for regions with substantial investments in convention centers (Crouch, Del Chiappa, & Perdue, 2019). Recognizing the economic opportunities associated with the MICE sector, various national governments have allocated resources to enhance MICE infrastructure (Sung & Lee, 2015). ...
... Hence, this classification provides further support for the study of Jo et al. (2019), who argue that buying center in the MICE industry engages in complex decision making processes since it is influenced by both internal and external factors. The proposed two broad categories for destination characteristics are also in line with prior literature that acknowledge the complex and dynamic nature of destination selection process due to consideration of internal and external factors together (Crouch et al., 2019;Crouch & Ritchie, 1998). ...
... Regarding destination superstructure, the most commonly indicated attributes were quality and capacity of accommodation and meeting facilities, the affordability of these facilities, quality of MICE travel agencies and their knowhow, F&B services, marketing activities, and insurance. Even prior researches suggested facilities as a factor including quality, capacity, and cost related dimensions (Baloglu & Love, 2005;Crouch et al., 2019;Jo et al., 2019), the current study has recognized facilities as a dimension of destination superstructure. Additionally, similar to the work of Crouch and Ritchie (1998), the findings reported accommodation and meeting facilities as being two separate attributes. ...
Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, and Exhibitions (MICE) is a lucrative tourism segment, offering higher per capita spending and larger returns on investment than other tourism types. However, what makes a successful MICE destination from a
multi-stakeholder perspective is overlooked in the literature. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to explore the
features of ideal MICE destinations based on the perspectives
of different stakeholders in the MICE market, including supply
(e.g., C.V.B.s, lodging) and demand (e.g., Travel agencies, incentive
houses). In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted
with 30 experts. The results of the thematic analysis
revealed seven overarching themes, which are classified under
the characteristics of a MICE destination were grouped under
internal (infrastructure, superstructure, service quality) and
external (cultural, natural, economic, and political) factors. To
confirm the validity and reliability of the findings, the results of
semi-structured interviews were further evaluated by conducting
focus groups with seven MICE experts. This study extends
current literature by identifying destination selection factors
with a more holistic approach, which reflects the perspectives
of different stakeholders. The findings also provide a foundation
for developing marketing strategies and allocating
resources to better position the destination.
... Ya que este concepto está presente en la gestión del sector turístico, constituye la base para la formulación de objetivos, estrategias, líneas de acción e indicadores, cuya implementación busca: impulsar el ordenamiento y la transformación del turismo, promover la innovación de la oferta, fomentar un mayor flujo de inversiones y financiamiento, detonar 1 Los datos oficiales del impacto de la pandemia por coronavirus COVID-19 al cierre de 2020 reportan una caída del 74 % (OMT, 2021), considerado como el peor año de la historia del turismo, alcanzando un retroceso a niveles de la década de 1990. la promoción eficaz de los destinos turísticos, inducir la sustentabilidad en los procesos, y suscitar que los ingresos generados sean fuente de bienestar social (Chubchuwong, 2019;Crouch, Del Chiappa y Perdue, 2019;Dwyer y Kim, 2003;IMCO, 2013;Kasagranada, Gurnak y Danielová, 2017;Ritchie y Crouch, 2003;Sebastián, Claudio y Larios, 2017;Sectur, 2016;entre otros). De esta manera, la competitividad depende de la capacidad del sector para innovar y mejorar, creando ventajas competitivas que se mantienen a través de un proceso localizado, en el que todos los recursos, entorno y diferenciadores contribuyen al éxito competitivo. ...
... Varios estudios examinan temas relacionados con la competitividad de destinos de reuniones, como la identificación de los factores determinantes en la viabilidad de esta modalidad en destinos específicos como oportunidad de desarrollo económico (Kasagranada, Gurnak y Danielová, 2017;Sebastián, Claudio y Larios, 2017), enfocados a evaluar los atributos de los destinos o de los recintos que afectan la elección de una ciudad anfitriona en el mercado de reuniones (Chim, Zuñiga, Gonçalves y Medina, 2013;Crouch, Del Chiappa y Perdue, 2019), o en analizar el posicionamiento de diferentes destinos de reuniones a nivel internacional (Carvalho, Márquez y Díaz, 2016;Kim, Yoon y Kim, 2011). Sin dejar de mencionar los estudios enfocados en el examen de los factores que intervienen en la decisión de los asistentes a una reunión (Yoo y Chon, 2010), o aquellos que evalúan el impacto de la satisfacción de la responsabilidad social de las empresas en el turismo de reuniones (Chubchuwong, 2019). ...
... Igualmente se han realizado estudios dedicados a determinar los factores que influyen en la selección de sitios para la realización de los eventos, con la determinación de los atributos del destino y de la oferta (Crouch, Del Chiappa y Perdue, 2019), o bien, analizan la variable competitividad en el turismo de reuniones desde una visión general, con el propósito de explicar un panorama y los atributos de elección de destinos (Chim, Zuñiga, Gonçalves y Medina, 2013). Por su parte, Yoo y Chon (2010) modelan la medición de impactos del turismo de reuniones en el bienestar y experiencia del viaje, a partir de la participación en reuniones internacionales. ...
La Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, a través del Doctorado en Gestión del Turismo, adscrito al Programa Nacional de Posgrados de Calidad (PNPC), del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), con la finalidad de promover el conocimiento y fomentar la investigación turística desde perspectivas científicas multidisciplinarias, convocó a estudiantes y miembros del Núcleo Académico Básico del programa educativo a la presentación de capítulos para el libro colectivo intitulado “Perspectivas multidisciplinarias en el turismo”.
La obra tiene un enfoque de divulgación científica, con un formato de redacción bajo la modalidad de resultado de investigación o reflexión teórica, recopilando 10 aportaciones originales derivadas de las investigaciones doctorales, ensayos analíticos, interpretativos y críticos en torno al fenómeno turístico. Mismos que se encuentran organizadas en tres secciones para una mejor comprensión y delimitación de las áreas bajo estudio: Desarrollo Turístico Sustentable, Competitividad e Innovación en el turismo, Estudios Sociales y Culturales del Turismo.
Estas contribuciones vinculadas al análisis del turismo reúnen estudios sobre territorio, desarrollo local y sustentabilidad. Así como acercamientos a partir de conceptos trascendentes tales como la conciencia y cultura turística; mientras que desde una esfera socioeconómica se aborda el papel que juega la inversión, la innovación y la competitividad. Finalmente, desde un matiz sociocultural se penetra en la educación y el espacio vivido en un contexto turístico.
... One of the main areas of investment that governments are focused on is the construction of regional and city convention centers [1]. Local governments invest considerable money in building event venues to boost the hospitality and tourism industry and attract more visitors to the region [22,29]. ...
... MICE destination tourism authorities and marketers must recognize the strengths and weaknesses of their destination so that they can prepare and employ proper market strategies. In that sense, having an understanding of which attributes of the destination and the convention and exhibition centers are influencing the event organizers and attendees' decisions is most critical [29,[33][34][35][36][37]. ...
... A review of literature on this topic has shown that a destination's most significant attribute may differ depending on the characteristics of the location [38,39]. Although there is an abundance of research that examines the attributes of convention centers [3,8,29,33,[40][41][42][43], there is not as much literature from the exhibition standpoint (e.g., [44][45][46]). Another stream of event venue research examines the perceptions of event planners and organizers [29,33,[47][48][49] as well as those who capture the views of attendees [4,40,42,43]. ...
Understanding the weaknesses and strengths of event attributes plays a significant role in business survivability, specifically the meetings, incentives, conventions, and exhibitions (MICE) industry, in which the business environment is competitive. To be in business and survive long-term, service and product offerings must satisfy the needs of clients. In the case of the MICE industry, clients include event organizers, planners, and attendees. Thus, the IPA (importance-performance analysis) was conducted with hopes to provide valuable insight into the MICE industry to identify and evaluate their offering (attributes) that can assist Convention and Visitors Bureaus (CVBs) to establish better operational strategies that maintain their economic sustainability. Furthermore, this study also addressed the event planners and organizers’ perceptions toward the environment and social sustainability, measuring the importance and performance of ecofriendly venues and the availability of disabled access, which showed neither significant importance nor performance. However, as the main purpose of the research was to examine the essential venue selection criteria based on the perceptional lens of the event organizer and planners to MICE operators on achieving business sustainability, the findings of this study provide strategical direction to establish, maintain, and improve their facility, service, and products. The study also finds that there are different needs depending on the types of event organizers and planners.
... By 2028, the value of the worldwide MICE industry is projected to reach USD 1337.4 billion, representing a nearly 166% increase from USD 805 billion in 2017, thus significantly boosting the business travel and hosting cities (J. S. Lee & Park, 2023, p. 1). This sustained growth has prompted tourism boards globally to prioritise MICE tourism as a highvalue sector, acknowledging its substantial contribution to local economies through visitor influx and its multiplier effects on employment, income, and foreign investment (Crouch et al., 2019;McCartney, 2008;Moi & Cabiddu, 2021;Yao et al., 2023). In this scenario, smart cities emerge as ideal hosts, leveraging their advanced digital ecosystems to foster a dynamic environment that enhances engagement with MICE tourism, generating synergies beneficial to all stakeholders (Alananzeh et al., 2019;Rittichainuwat et al., 2020;Rojas Bueno et al., 2020). ...
... In recent events in Seattle (2022) and Boston (2023), both cities were selected due to their extensive hotel accommodations, organised structural layout, and the capacity to handle thousands of attendees from around the world requiring flights and hotel stays. 3 The alignment between MICE events and urban characteristics underscores the need for cities to fulfill specific criteria to effectively host large-scale events which, in turn, impact both the local tourism industry and the city's inherent characteristics (Crouch et al., 2019). In these interactions, we know that organisations involved in tourism will benefit from understanding how best to implement events that impact both host cities' development (Lu et al., 2020) and the MICE industry (Bernini et al., 2021;J. ...
... The literature [12] used the SARIMA-X model to predict the number of international tourists to Arabia and studied the impact of low-cost transportation by airlines on Arabian inbound tourism and obtained that air transportation development is closely related to inbound tourism. The literature [13] used a discrete choice model of weighing selection method to assess how venue attributes affect the city hosts in the national conference tourism market and to improve the competitiveness of host cities. The literature [14] suggested that after the subsidization of small and medium-sized airports by the Civil Aviation Administration of China, airport passenger throughput increased significantly, as well as inbound tourist arrivals compared to coastal cities. ...
... Index judgment matrix and weight distribution of evaluation factors Evaluation analysis of the advantageous degree of inbound tourism flow gathering and dispersal by combination assignment According to equation (20) to calculate1 p , 2 p , 3 p , and according to equation(13) to calculate the fuzzy number can be obtained: ...
This paper introduces the concept of dominance degree in ecology and constructs a model of the dominant degree of inbound tourism flow gathering and dispersal in Chinese provinces and cities along the Belt, and Road advocated based on the optimization of the entropy value method. In order to further analyze the model, the obtained tourism flow gathering and dispersal dominance degrees are first integrated into a fuzzy set of tourism flow gathering and dispersal dominance degrees. The natural sequence of fuzzy numbers is obtained by screening the fuzzy set, and the fuzzy indexes are obtained after the distribution fuzzy calculation, and finally, the evaluation model of tourism flow gathering and dispersal advantage degree is constructed based on the index matrix and the combination assignment method. After analysis, it is obtained that the inbound tourism distribution of Chinese provinces and cities along the route from 2005 to 2020, the fourth tier of provinces and cities increased, the proportion by 41.02%, the number of the third tier decreased, the proportion decreased to 29.33%, and the uneven distribution of the advantage of inbound tourism distribution was strengthened.
... Several studies have been carried out dedicated to competitiveness factors that influence the selection of venues for MICE events. Starting from the attributes of the destination and the supply, using surveys provided to the actors involved (Crouch & Louviere, 2004;Crouch et al., 2019;Durieux et al., 2013;Jo et al., 2019). Also significant is the analysis of the importance and performance of the attributes that explain the relevance of the emergence of MICE tourists (Whitfield et al., 2014), as well as the impact on the tourist demand of destinations (Lim & Zhu, 2018) and the resilience to crises, including the COVID-19 outbreak, of the actors in the MICE sector (Rittichainuwat et al., 2020). ...
... ,Crouch, Del Chiappa, & Perdue (2019) andJo et al. (2019). Also, these results coincide with the findings of Boivin & Tanguay (2019) that confirm that cultural resources, monuments and historical placesdespite being significant elements such as urban attractionsare not as important as their contextual environment. ...
Purpose
Meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions (MICE) tourism has established as a tourism segment that is growing in popularity. It is less seasonality dependent, promotes the offer of services and contributes to the development of the sector. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the competitiveness factors for the improvement of MICE tourism in the city of Mazatlan.
Design/methodology/approach
It was developed with a mixed approach, using quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques, such as interviews with experts, surveys of stakeholders in the tourism sector and documentary analysis. Based on the theoretical review, the following four competitiveness factors were defined for MICE tourism: 1) resource factors, 2) destination management factors, 3) conditioning factors of the environment and 4) conditioning factors of the demand, applying and importance-performance analysis.
Findings
The results indicate that the factors of competitiveness in the case of the study that had greater importance and better performance are the conditioning factors of the demand and resource factors. However, the development and implementation of comprehensive destination management strategies are required to improve this segment, as well as giving due importance to taking into account the important conditioning factors of the environment.
Originality/value
This study makes a theoretical contribution to the literature on the competitiveness of tourist destinations in the MICE segment by identifying the factors for its development, as well as the practical implications for the specific case study. In addition to this, it was identified that there are few empirical studies that analyze the factors that contribute to improving the competitiveness of this segment.
... Previous studies on event sustainability emphasized event site selection for gaining a sustainable competitive advantage for an event (e.g., [24][25][26][27]). The focus of such studies has mainly been twofold: (1) the appropriateness of a destination to host an event in terms of hospitality capacity, tourist attractions, and destination environment and (2) the availability of adequate event facilities within the host city and the efficiency and quality of services provided by an event. ...
... Such findings are consistent with previous research highlighting the importance of an event itself and its capabilities [7,10,41], the role of organizers [27,42], and external supports for C&E resources [8]. Further, one important category that deserves attention is the "local event environment", which suggests that agglomeration economies should be a driving force in developing and sustaining C&E, as reflected in the findings of prior C&E studies [25,26]. This study also identified C&E impact on the development of industry or academia and their financial performance as a key sustainability factor, implying that sustainable C&E should contribute to the flourishing of a city-specific industry and improve the reputation for academic excellence as well as economic development in the host community. ...
The purpose of this study was to explore, by employing the Delphi method, key indicators and factors for establishing sustainable conventions and exhibitions (C&E) events in a destination in lieu of holding one-off events. In addition, the identified factors for establishing sustainable C&E events were assessed using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with a multi-group approach. First, internal and external factors that impact continuous hosting of C&E events in a destination were identified in previous research and reviewed. Second, three stages of Delphi surveys were conducted with three groups of experts in the C&E industry (academic scholars, industry experts, and government agencies in Korea). Third, data were analyzed from 35 and 29 participants in the first and second Delphi rounds, respectively, as well as from 17 panelists in the subsequent AHP analysis. A total of 33 indicators were developed and categorized into five factors for continuity of regional C&E efforts: event contents and capabilities, organizers and support/sponsorship, impacts, facilities in venues and destinations, and the local event environment. Furthermore, all three participant groups reached agreement in rating event contents and capabilities as the most important factor, with the local event environment as the second most important factor in achieving sustainable regional C&E. However, the opinion of government agencies for the third and fourth most important factors differed from that of the other two groups. The current study contributes to the understanding of the under-investigated area of sustainable C&E. Based on these findings, host destinations can establish innovative strategies for sustaining C&E as a long-lasting legacy.
... In the CE model, commodities and services are described to the consumers by several characteristics and it is assumed that respondents consider all the desired characteristics in estimating and choosing their preferences. In recent years, this method has been widely applied to studies on leisure tourism, for example, hotel selection [25], forest parks [26], national parks [27], international convention tourism [28], air transport services [29], eco-tourism [30][31][32], wetland tourism [33], resorts [34], island tourism [35,36], selection of flight tickets [37], maritime leisure and entertainment [38] and cruise tourism, etc. [39][40][41]. ...
... Song et al. [34] utilizes CE to explore the preference and WTP for casino resorts, and their findings show that consumers have the highest preference for facilities inside the casinos, and they are willing to pay more money to experience quality facilities. Crouch et al. [28] uses CE to explore the international convention tourism, explore tourists' preference for selecting host cities, and their findings show that the most valued attributes by the tourists are the convenience of flight arrival times, risk of the convention being delayed or cancelled, and entry formalities, meanwhile, they emphasize that infrastructure and the convenience of transportation in the cities also influence their competitiveness to host international conventions. Kim and Park [25] use CE to study tourists' hotel selection preference, and their findings show that leisure travelers pay more attention to the overall atmosphere of the hotel, while business travelers pay more attention to the quality and comfort of hotel rooms. ...
Previous relevant studies on theme parks lack an exploration of various tourism attributes, e.g., recreational facilities, themes, wait times, fast pass drawings, and pricing, etc., all of which inspired the research motivation of this study. First, the Choice Experiment (CE) method explores tourists’ preferences for theme park attributes. Second, the Conditional Logit (CL) and Random Parameter Logit (RPL) models explore the differences in tourists’ willingness to pay (WTP) for various attributes from the perspective of their socioeconomic background. We used purposive sampling to survey questionnaire answers face-to-face in Taiwan, and a total of 680 questionnaires were issued, of which, 549 copies are valid, with an effective recovery rate of 80.7%. The research findings suggest the following: (1) The most valued theme park attributes for consumers are the recreational facilities, followed by theme characteristics, and fast pass drawing. (2) Regarding the respondents’ WTP for various attributes, they are willing to pay the highest price for thrilling recreational facilities, then for unlimited fast pass services, and cartoon character themes. (3) Respondents believe that if thrilling recreational facilities and fast pass drawing are available at the same time, then the overall effectiveness will be improved. (4) Respondents relatively have no purchase intention for fast pass drawing. It is hoped that the research findings can provide theme park operators reference basis for making plans and decisions.
... Mills et al. (2019), using county-level data from the state of Florida, similarly claim that tourists are quite insensitive to prices in demand for hotel rooms. A study conducted by Crouch et al. (2019) suggests that as persons become more experienced in event planning, concern surges about a broader set of attributes, including cost, in the process of choosing a destination. By contrast, pass-by travellers could be expected to be less experienced in buying accommodation and therefore hotels are more likely to transfer the tax burden to them. ...
For hotel companies to operate successfully, it is important to react to the changes that are happening in the market. The method and form of valuation of companies in a market economy environment implies a thorough knowledge not only of the financial condition of these companies, but also of the means for their evaluation. The research was conducted on a sample of 208 hotel companies in Croatia from 2002 to 2018. The paper implements five models with different dependent variables that show the success of the company's business: profit, employment, income, assets and investments. The independent variables used in the model were corporate tax, exchange rate, contributions, tax and surtax, VAT rate on accommodation services, and average interest rate on loans, while the control variables were enterprise size and gross domestic product. For the sake of transparency in proving hypotheses, all hypotheses were tested through all five models using the econometric panel analysis method using the STATA software package. The results show that there is an interdependence between selected indicators of hotel companies and selected economic policy measures, but the hypotheses are only partially accepted.
... Most of the experimental articles related to hospitality and tourism use the theory of random utility as a fundamental concept (Chou & Chen, 2014;Lee & Yoo, 2015;Sun et al., 2020), based on two components, one variable and measurable (iq), which is the function of the attributes (Xiq), and another stochastic (Eiq), which reflects, in addition to measurement and observation errors, tastes, customs, etc. of each individual. One of the experimental designs, the discrete choice model, is closely related to random utility theory, and has been adopted to examine the importance of attributes such as cities and hotels (Crouch et al., 2019;Masiero et al., 2019;Sun et al., 2020). ...
The tourism sector is directly related to high energy consumption. In this context, measuring the ecological footprint generated by tourism is crucial to address environmental challenges. Hotels play a prominent role in this footprint due to their size and daily operations, which consume large amounts of energy and natural resources. The objective of this research is to analyze the state of the question of the influence of this carbon footprint reduction in tourist accommodation, especially hotels. The method used is based on the application of the Knowledge Development Process—Constructivist (ProKnow-C), providing a structured, rigorous procedure that minimizes the use of randomness and subjectivity in the bibliographic review process, as well as its subsequent analysis in the Bibliometrix program. As results, 7 relevant articles are obtained and aligned with the research topic, making it possible to identify the main approaches proposed by the authors of this bibliographic portfolio in relation to the problem raised. The present research can be used as a guide for the construction of knowledge in a systematic way and provides, both academics and professionals, a better overview to understand the contributions of the carbon footprint in the accommodation reservation, especially hotels. Through the bibliometric analysis, it was possible to identify relevant data from the 7 articles in the final portfolio, such as the main words and their correlation, the main authors, the production of said authors over time, etc., which can be presented as an opportunity for future researchers.
... The benefits that flow from conferences and exhibitions also resonate in the long term after an event ends; thereby leaving a positive legacy (Best-Cities, 2020;Tham et al., 2023). With benefits abound, hosting conferences and exhibitions has become a globally competitive industry, in which destinations vie to attract events (Crouch et al., 2019;Schabbing, 2022). However, recent global developments have disrupted traditional conference and exhibition activity and raised questions regarding the enduring viability of traditional in-person events. ...
Conferences and exhibitions are important events that are associated with a range of positive impacts for attendees and other stakeholders on different scales. However, recent external disruptions such as COVID-19 and other global environmental and economic uncertainties have led to an increase in virtual and hybrid meetings. As virtual and hybrid events have increased, the ongoing value of in-person conferences and exhibitions has become less clear. This study explores the short-term outcomes and long-term legacies of five national and international conferences held in person at the Vancouver Convention Center, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 2022. The study also compares the outcomes of conferences that return to the destination annually and those that rotate globally. The analytical framework is informed by the outcome and legacy approach developed by the BestCities Global Alliance, and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The study identifies 47 short-term outcomes and 17 long-term legacies; affirming the value of in-person conferences and conventions. Key outcomes for returning and globally rotating conferences are also identified, as well as suggestions to guide the management and study of conference outcomes and legacies in other contexts.
... Revisit intention has been viewed as an extension of the tourists' experience describing their future willingness to revisit the same destination being determined by previous travel experience (Ramadan & Kasim, 2022). Most studies related to MICE focused on destination selection from the standpoint of tourists and meeting planners (Aktas & Demirel, 2019;Crouch et al., 2019;Houdement et al., 2017;Liang & Latip, 2018;Para & Kachniewska, 2014;Pavluković & Cimbaljević, 2020); however, only a handful of studies investigated revisit intentions from the standpoint of tourists in the MICE domain (Bi et al., 2020;Fitri, 2021;Yodsuwan et al., 2021). The intention to revisit is therefore one of the concerns that would be prioritized in the MICE environment to enable successful events, as well as an improved understanding among participants. ...
The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of push and pull factors on the intentions of international participants to revisit MICE events held in Amman, given that there are very few existing studies on the topic. This research is quantitative and employs a questionnaire method to collect data. For data analysis, partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was utilized to test the research hypothesis with a purposive sample of 479 international visitors who had attended 14 MICE events held in Amman in 2022. The study revealed that networking opportunities, educational opportunities, destination image, travel cost, destination attraction and accessibility have a significant positive impact on revisit intentions. In terms of implications, these findings contribute to enriching push and pull theory in this context among MICE participants. In practical terms, the findings contribute to empowering planners, managers, marketers and organizers in the MICE industry in terms of creating and promoting effective strategies related to MICE tourism. The findings are anticipated to be useful for conference organizers, enabling them to attract repeat participants in this extremely competitive event industry.
... Large-scale exhibition infrastructures involve a series of investment activities, encompassing not only investments in large exhibition buildings, but also in urban infrastructure, such as roads, airports, and electricity. Additionally, they include investments in related supporting service facilities, like hotels, restaurants, and shopping malls [25][26][27]. ...
Investing in large-scale public infrastructures is vital for urban renewal and development, often relying on specific types of buildings to drive investment in municipal infrastructure and supporting service buildings. However, the complex interplay of interests among investors introduces unpredictability, hindering the effectiveness of such investments. This study employs evolutionary game theory to explore how investment benefits influence investor behavior. Using China’s large-scale exhibition infrastructures as a case study, a tripartite evolutionary game model is developed, involving the government, investors in exhibition buildings, and investors in supporting services. The strategies of the three parties are analyzed, and simulations explore the effects of different initial strategy values, costs, subsidies, and profits. Five research outcomes are identified, indicating that favorable initial investments and optimal subsidies encourage proactive investment, while high initial costs deter it. Consequently, five recommendations for promoting coordinated investment in exhibition facilities are proposed, including the establishment of communication platforms to enhance stakeholder cooperation. These findings offer insights for decision making in other large-scale infrastructure investments, such as sports facilities and transportation hubs.
... Logistic models are one of the most common ways to look at data about choices [54][55][56]. As shown in Table 1, the random utility theory is what these models are based on attribute and level. ...
The Indonesian Presidential Regulation No. 35 of 2018 heralds a transformative agenda for producing electrical energy from biomass in an environmentally conscious manner. Jakarta emerges as a pivotal area in this transformation, with its strategic adoption of Waste to Energy (WtE) systems. In this study, we probe into the multiple layers of community preferences and the acceptance of WtE developments in Jakarta, factoring in an array of local concerns and policy-driven directives. Through a methodologically structured choice experiment, participants weighed in on various scenarios delineating shifts from the status quo to innovative WtE technological adoptions. we scrutinize a spectrum of attributes, each with defined status quo levels and proposed advancements: From enhancing awareness of landfill impacts (P1), escalating local policy commitments (K1) and integrating waste treatment facilities (F1) to diversifying waste processing outputs into liquid (PP1), solid (PP2), gas (PP3) and electricity (PP4). We also consider the transition from unmanaged landfills to controlled applications of landfill gas (PA1) and thermal treatment (PA2), as well as the initiation of emission and pollutant monitoring (M1).Our findings illuminate a significant public inclination to move beyond the current paradigms towards embracing WtE conversions, with particular willingness to support socialization of new waste processing technologies (P1), generation of energy in various forms especially liquid (PP1) and electricity (PP4) and implementation of environmental monitoring measures (M1). These attributes were marked by a notable willingness to accept (WTA) the proposed changes, signaling a readiness for policy and infrastructural advancements in waste management.
... MICE tourism is an important tourism industry in the world, contributing to economic growth. Developing MICE tourism can bring a lot of benefits, such as an increase in the number of international high-consumption level tourists, an improved image of the destination and resulted in social, economic and cultural side effects [21]. The development of MICE tourism requires attractive attractions, and receptive and communicative factors [22]. ...
Singapore as a small city-country was ranked 36th in the worlds GDP with a GDP of USD396.99 billion, therefore, Studying the tourism development of Singapore is of great reference significance for its future development. This essay uses literature research methodology to analyze the SWOT of Singapore's tourist industry and to evaluate its status quo for future development. The tourism industry in Singapore has a decisive role in generating profit for economic growth. Research on Singapores tourism industry can assist future development planning. Based on SWOT analysis, Singapores tourism industry benefits from the improvement of tourism infrastructure and political stability, besides that, there is a new chance for the mitigation of the global public health security affair. However, the development of the tourism industry is also limited by its low tourism carrying capacity. Additionally, Singapores tourism industry also faces the threat from the surrounding same type of tourism cities. Therefore, Singapore can promote the tourism industry by adhering to sustainable development, building a convention tourism city and developing cultural tourism these three aspects.
... In the realm of congress tourism, there exists a significant interaction between the higher tertiary and quaternary functions of metropolitan areas (economy, information, policy, research and development, etc.) and those related to tourism: infrastructure, facilities, entertainment, etc. (Christofle, 2014;Crouch et al., 2019;. Flows emerge and are self-sustained due to the need for interaction among various community members, including entrepreneurs, associations, and governmental and non-governmental organizations (Trišić & Arsenov-Bojović, 2018;Christofle & Fournier, 2023). ...
This study provides a conceptual approach to the congress system, a tourism sector particularly impacted by the pandemic crisis, but so far, only little studied in the literature. It focuses on the measures stakeholders adopt in the context of a significant crisis and structural changes. The main contribution of this work is a theoretical decoding of the metropolitan system of international congress tourism. It analyses the adaptation and shock absorption measures taken during the pandemic crisis by stakeholders of nine world cities in the context of structural transformations. The findings provide a better understanding of the adaptability of metropolitan stakeholders and societal and technological transformations in the event tourism sector.
... In accordance with the importance of the MICE industry, prior studies have explored factors that make destinations attractive to hold an event, and the factors identified are mostly site attributes such as exhibition center facilities, accessibility, and the image of the convention and exhibition center [18]. Likewise, factors that contribute to MICE destination competitiveness encompass those that relate to the infrastructure of the destination including facilities, hotel room availability, attractions, environment, safety, and security [19]. ...
The MICE (meetings, incentives, conferences, and exhibitions) industry consists of various stakeholders and their collaboration is essential in achieving the success of the entities involved. Yet, limited attention has been paid in the literature to examining cooperation among them. Thus, this research intends to understand the impact of social capital on supply chain integration in the MICE industry and the influence of supply chain integration on corporate performance and MICE destination competitiveness. Based on purposive sampling to recruit respondents working in the MICE industry in Busan, Korea, surveys were distributed online and offline. A total of 158 valid samples were utilized for data analysis, in which partial least squares (PLS)-SEM was conducted. According to the results of this study, relational and cognitive social capital affects supply chain integration and enhanced supply chain integration leads to higher corporate performance and destination competitiveness. The findings unearth novel understanding regarding the importance and function of collaboration among stakeholders in the MICE industry, from the perspective of social capital and supply chain integration, that offers valuable theoretical and practical implications.
... Research on the factors that determine residents' support for the hosting of sporting events has shown that these positive and negative impacts are perceived from different perspectives. Positive impacts are commonly associated with economic benefits (e.g., increased employment, business opportunities) (Boley et al., 2018), improved quality of life for residents (Su et al., 2018;Woo et al., 2016), an improved international image of the community, urban regeneration through the development of infrastructure and utilities to host these events, and cultural and recreational improvements for residents and visitors (Balduck et al., 2011;Crouch et al., 2019;Müller, 2012). ...
The purpose of this paper is to obtain the combination of conditions that lead to high levels of residents’ support for the hosting of sports events. In addition, we aim to identify which of these combinations can lead to low levels of support for hosting these events. a validated survey was administered to 342 residents. An asymmetric approach (Qualitative Comparative Analysis) was used to examine these variables and calculate the combination of conditions that lead to these two outcomes. To achieve high levels of residents’ support for the hosting of sports events, a combination of residents’ perceptions of psychosocial, sporting and socio-cultural impacts, and the absence of socio-cultural costs, is the main solution. However, support is low if residents perceive that holding the event has no positive psychosocial impacts, but only socio-cultural costs for the local population. This study provides information on achieving residents’ support for the organization of sports events. Local authorities should focus their efforts on reinforcing local traditional values, thus allowing for increased local pride, as well as creating a festive atmosphere during the celebration of the event. It is also necessary to carry out campaigns to promote sports, avoiding a cultural clash between visitors and residents.
... (2) Understanding if the effects of choice attributes on rural tourism are important in order to find a way to offer services and products that can appeal to customers via exploration of tourists' preferences and examination of the individual determinants of these preferences [108]. (3) Evaluating how site attributes affect the choice of a host area or location from the studied area in different tourism markets [109]. (4) The use of discrete choice experiments for measuring and predicting individuals' preferences and choices of alternatives, and whether these preferences could provide quantitative measures of the relative importance of the attributes of tourism destinations, products, or services, in order to find out tourists' willingness to pay for various services [110,111]. ...
Rural tourism, defined as a form of local initiative tourism, has at its forefront the involvement of the local community, who contribute significantly to the affirmation and promotion of this type of tourism. In order to be able to speak of the practice of this type of tourism in a given geographical area, it is first necessary to highlight the existence of a tourist heritage, both natural and anthropic, which identifies itself with the authentic character of the area, satisfying the need of the tourist to discover activities and tourist attractions with local specificity. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of socio-economic and cultural aspects in the sustainable development of tourism in the Gurghiului Valley. The present study also aims to highlight the role of local entrepreneurs in the process of economic development in the area by means of new practices and sustainable approaches; this is based on efficient capitalization of the natural and anthropic tourism heritage of the area, defined by elements of authenticity. The methodology applied in this work is based on the study of specialized literature, along with case study on tourist activity in rural tourism. The research carried out is based on analysis of data from official sources of tourist data (the National Tourism Agency (hereafter NTA) and the National Institute of Statistics (hereafter NIS)), as well as research carried out in the field to see if there are discrepancies between what these two aforementioned official sources provide and the reality on the ground. Our research finally revealed the fact that Gurghiului Valley officially entered into the tourist landscape in 1990 through the lens of the Lăpușna student and preschool camp, and rural tourism has been organized in the study area since 2005. At the same time, research has shown that there is currently a need for much greater involvement and awareness both from local authorities and the resident population regarding the importance of rural tourism in the social and economic evolution of the local community.
... Many cities today place considerable emphasis in their tourism strategies [42]. Information in the combined forms of an integrated IT platform and mobile app for travelling will beneficially support a tourist's information and evaluation process [35,43,44]. ...
For the travel industry, technology, digitalization, and connectivity are factors of significant importance. We proposed a city guide app (CGA) model in this research. The general city tourist information is enormous, but it is essential to know the information of interest for travelers and useful for mobile applications. We used an online survey to detect this kind of information. The interviewees were young people aged 20 to 24 from Romania who used at least a CGA while travelling in different cities, especially abroad. We kept forty questions for the proposed model—sixteen from the previous research on app quality, user habits, travel agency app usage, behavioral intention, twenty-four questions on touristic information proposed by us. We used the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) method. We concluded which touristic information influences mobile app quality and behavioral intention. Given the age and location of our interviewees, this information could be different, considering the respondent age, location, and habits. Whether we are talking about passionate information technology (IT) developers, city halls, or travel agencies, this study is helpful for those who want to develop a CGA.
... For example, some scholars (Kim, Chon, & Chung, 2003;Kim & Chon, 2009) indicated that the economic effects of the exhibition become much greater because exhibitions promote local tourism; they identified that restaurant, hotels, transportation, shopping and attractions generate multiple influences on the local tourism economy. The national government invests much funds on exhibition planning to boost the local and regional tourism development (Crouch, Del Chiappa, & Perdue, 2019). Therefore, the travel-related factors fulfill tourists' demand for attending an exhibition. ...
Exhibitions attract an increasing number of visitors, which, in turn, greatly influence the destination’s economy. Past studies paid little attention to exploring both internal and external attributes of the exhibition. The purpose of this study is to identify the multi-level attributes that motivate visitors to attend the exhibition, and explore their effects on value co-creation, satisfaction and re-exhibit intentions. A total of 395 valid questionnaires from the 26th Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area International Auto show at Shenzhen Convention and Exhibition Center were collected. By using Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), the results revealed that three dimensions of exhibition attributes (exhibition, travel and destination) are all significantly related to satisfaction and value co-creation, while travel-related factors have the greatest impact on satisfaction and value-co-creation. Furthermore, satisfaction and value co-creation all positively influence re-exhibit intention. This study helps exhibition organizers, tourism destination marketers and government agencies to establish strategies by considering travel purposes as a priority to attract potential tourists. It also helps future scholars to deeply understand tourists’ co-creation experience with an exhibition.
... anan otel misafirlerinin genel deneyimi üzerindeki etkinliğini değerlendirmek için ANOVA testini kullanmışlardır. Bulgular, sosyal medya aracılığıyla aktarılan gömülü mesajların, otel web sitelerine ziyaretlerinde arttırdığına dair yeni bilgiler sağlanmıştır. Faktör analizi ile de bu tercihlerde etkili olan en önemli faktör ortaya çıkartılmaktadır.Crouch et al. (2019), uluslararası kongrelerin düzenlendiği şehirlerin seçiminde katılımcıların daha çok uçak bileti maliyetine göre karar verdiğini göstermektedir. Hem deney hem de anket yöntemi bir arada da kullanılabilmektedir. Örneğin;Sarman, vd., (2016), genç turistlerin boş zaman gezisi kararları için yaşamı tehdit eden tehlikelerin kabulünü incelemek ...
... (e.g.,Fleischer et al., 2012;Crouch et al., 2019;Keshavarzian & Wu, 2021).The first draft of the questionnaire was screened by two academics with expertise in the subject area. The final draft was pre-tested with eight managers of TOs and travel agencies through in-depth interviews. ...
This study examines the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the investment preferences of tour operators through a discrete choice experiment conducted among tour operator managers worldwide. Stakeholder theory is used as a theoretical platform for explaining the role of CSR within the tour operators’ investment preferences. The findings indicate that, when making investment decisions, tour operators generally tend to balance the interests of the local community, employees and businesses, and to consider the effects of their investments on the local economy and the environment. However, empirical evidence indicates that tour operator’s investment preferences are moderated by three factors, namely: local government pressure, size of the investment, and tour operator profile. In particular, greater attention should be paid to high-scale investments, and to investments made by generalist tour operators if destinations want to preserve their distinctive sociocultural and natural assets and provide well-being to local communities.
... Research in the field of congress tourism is mainly focused on: factors influencing the choice of destination (Crouch, Del Chiappa, & Perdue, 2019;Crouch & Louviere, 2004;Lee & Back, 2008); congress destination attractiveness (Marques & Pinho, 2021;Pavluković, Vuković, & Cimbaljević, 2021;Sikošek, 2020); the impact of congress tourism on national economies (Grado, Strauss, & Lord, 1997;Kim, Chon, & Chung, 2003), motives to attend academic conferences (Fowler, Cardon, Marshall, & Elder, 2021;Mair, Lockstone-Binney, & Whitelaw, 2018;Rittichainuwat, Beck, & Lalopa, 2001;Severt, Wang, Chen, & Breiter, 2007), factors influencing conference and congress participation decision-making process (Baloglu & Love, 2005;Oppermann & Chon, 1997;Pavluković & Cimbaljević, 2020;Yoo & Chon, 2008), quality dimensions of conferences, congresses, and conventions (Kim, Lee, & Kim, 2012), attractiveness factors of academic conferences (Cieślikowski & Brusokas, 2020), needs of conference attendees (Aktas & Demirel, 2019). ...
International Thematic Monograph: Modern Management Tools and Economy of Tourism Sector in Present Era – 2021/2022 is the sixth annual publication of this kind published by the Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans in cooperation with the Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality, Ohrid, North Macedonia. Presented thematic monograph characterizes the following facts: • 23 members of its Editorial Board come from 6 different countries of the Balkans region: 6 from Serbia, 6 from Montenegro, 5 from Croatia, 4 from North Macedonia, one from Slovenia, and one from Bosnia and Hercegovina; • Out of more than 60 chapters that have been submitted for publication, it has 37 double-blind peer-reviewed chapters accepted and published in English on more than 650 pages; • All chapters have been scanned with Crosscheck (powered by Turnitin) and have ORCID iD integration; • It gathered 93 authors from 12 different countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Italy, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Slovenia who come from different faculties, universities, colleges, scientific institutes, enterprises, ministries and associations – listed at the next page; • 43% of all listed authors originate from abroad; • In a review process of a thematic monograph their contribution gave 79 highly esteemed reviewers all with PhDs; • Among listed peer reviewers 50,63% of them are international by country of origin; • The average grade of all published chapters obtained according to all reviews is 74,68 out of 100.
... Research in the field of congress tourism is mainly focused on: factors influencing the choice of destination (Crouch, Del Chiappa, & Perdue, 2019;Crouch & Louviere, 2004;Lee & Back, 2008); congress destination attractiveness (Marques & Pinho, 2021;Pavluković, Vuković, & Cimbaljević, 2021;Sikošek, 2020); the impact of congress tourism on national economies (Grado, Strauss, & Lord, 1997;Kim, Chon, & Chung, 2003), motives to attend academic conferences (Fowler, Cardon, Marshall, & Elder, 2021;Mair, Lockstone-Binney, & Whitelaw, 2018;Rittichainuwat, Beck, & Lalopa, 2001;Severt, Wang, Chen, & Breiter, 2007), factors influencing conference and congress participation decision-making process (Baloglu & Love, 2005;Oppermann & Chon, 1997;Pavluković & Cimbaljević, 2020;Yoo & Chon, 2008), quality dimensions of conferences, congresses, and conventions (Kim, Lee, & Kim, 2012), attractiveness factors of academic conferences (Cieślikowski & Brusokas, 2020), needs of conference attendees (Aktas & Demirel, 2019). ...
This research analyses the results of the Belt and Road Initiative in 17 Central, Eastern, and Southeastern European countries that signed the China-Central and Eastern European Countries Initiative. The subject of the research is the extent to which the initiative would provide benefits for the growth and development of these countries. Special attention will be paid to the link between infrastructure development and FDI, and whether environmental standards are taken into account in the projects belonging to the domain of the Initiative. The authors analyse which areas of economy belong to Chinese investments in the selected countries, and whether the countries have taken into account strategically important investments for the society and the country's economy. One of the goals of the research will be whether in the previous period the countries regularly settled their debts to China and how the COVID-19 crisis has had an impact on debt repayment.
... The Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, and Exhibitions (MICE) sector plays a significant role in the travel industry as a major driving force of the global economy. It is particularly important to many regions that have heavily invested in conventions, exhibition centers, and visitors' bureaus [1]. Awareness of this economic potential has led numerous local and national governments to devote resources to the development or expansion of MICE facilities [2]. ...
This study aims to examine the relationship among tourism destination brand equity (as parent brand), perceived fit, and customer behavior intention toward the extended MICE destination brand. It also identifies the moderating effect of place attachment between brand equity and customer behavior by adopting the brand extension concept in tourism and MICE destinations. The analysis of data collected from 381 respondents revealed that perceived fit is the most important factor influencing customer behavior, even though tourism brand equity and place attachment both had a positive effect on customer behavior, supporting all hypotheses. The theoretical implication of broadening the brand extension concept in MICE destinations and DMO marketing strategies is discussed.
... The necessity for effective destination positioning strategies to make destination choices available to consumers has increased, along with the recognition that an essential factor for the success of a destination is its ability to compete against other destinations by identifying and developing its competitive advantage [9]. However, existing studies on MICE destination management have not filled the research gap for event management authorities on finding their competitive niche position (market). ...
This study aimed to analyze the competitive relationship among meetings, incentive, convention, and exhibition (MICE) destinations with reference to the notion of niche businesses in New Zealand, and to explore the existence of cooperative strategies between neighboring destinations. The data were collected from the Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment Reports on the Convention Activity Survey (CAS) in New Zealand. The study contributes towards an innovative and better understanding of the dynamics of sustainable destination competitiveness. It broadens the scope of MICE industry research by exploring new insights on the notion of destination competition and makes a theoretical connection between niche theory and the importance of coopetition. By investigating the case of MICE destinations of four central cities in New Zealand, this study provides information on the strategic significance of niche marketing for global destinations preparing for entrance into this market.
... However, although the necessity for effective destination positioning strategies to make destination choice available to consumers has increased, and the recognition that an essential factor for the success of a destination is its ability to compete against other destinations by identifying and developing its competitive advantage [9], the few existing studies on MICE destination management have not yet been able fill the research gap for event management authorities on how to find their competitive niche position (market). They need to create desirable coexistence circumstances and develop a plan to reduce failure in competition. ...
This study aimed to analyze the competitive relationship among meetings, incentive, convention and exhibition (MICE) destinations with reference to the notion of niche businesses in New Zealand; and to explore the existence of cooperative strategies between neighboring destinations. The data were collected from Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment Reports on the Convention Activity Survey (CAS) in New Zealand. The study contributes towards an innovative and better understanding of the dynamics of sustainable destination competitiveness. It broadens the scope of MICE industry research by exploring new insights on the notion of destination competition and makes a theoretical connection between niche theory and the importance of coopetition. By investigating the case of MICE destinations of four northern central islands in New Zealand, this study provides information on the strategic significance of niche marketing for global destinations preparing for entrance into this market.
... Thus, international conferences are expected to enrich local economies and generate revenue for related tourism facilities. According to Crouch, Del Chiappa, and Perdue [57], imperative attributes that influence site competition as a conference destination are flight schedules, risk of disruption, inbound travel barriers, accommodation, cost of the convention facility, whether or not the association held its convention at the site previously, and more. According to the 2015 report by the Korean Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism, travel expenditures for international visitors are found to be highest in the groups that visit for meetings or conventions and second in incentive tours. ...
Mega sports events have received increasing attention as a source of revenue and because they confer other economic benefits to the host cities, regions, and countries involved. The 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeong Chang has drawn tremendous attention from the world for their remarkable outcome both on the side of athletics and politicians under the tension between North, and South Korea have escalated. This study examines the impact of Pyeong Chang Olympics on destination image to investigate how the negative issues shift to a positive destination image through hosting a mega sports event satisfaction and eventually its impact on intention to revisit. The results suggest that negative destination issues have no significant impact on destination satisfaction, whereas negative Olympic issues influence does and both Olympic and destination satisfactions influence destination image. This study introduces the concept of image transfer over the satisfaction process based on empirical evidence and enriches the understanding of the nature of destination image transfer.
... In this paper, the discrete choice model, a popular tool of economic management, was adopted to analyze the factors affecting tourists' selection between destinations. In tourism, the model has been mostly applied to the choice of destination [37][38][39], hotels [40,41], and host cities of conferences [42]. In terms of destination selection, the discrete choice model is often supported by theories of microeconomics, cognitive psychology, and marketing. ...
In China, the opening of high-speed rails (HSR) brings significant changes to the source-destination spatial distance, the accessibility of destinations, and the spatial structure of tourist flows in each region, exerting varied HSR effects on different types of cities. Against this backdrop, it is meaningful to deeply explore tourists’ preference for city destinations in the light of HSR effects. The exploration could contribute greatly to the planning, marketing, management, and sustainable development of urban tourism. This paper takes Xiangtan and Yueyang as typical cases of the diffusion effect and the corridor effect of HSR. Firstly, the factors affecting destination choice were identified, and the attribute levels were configured, forming multiple virtual alternatives. Next, questionnaire surveys were carried out to collect tourists’ selections between each pair of alternatives. Further, a discrete choice model was constructed to assign a weight to each factor, reflecting its importance to tourists’ decision-making regarding their destination selection and to disclose the law of tourists’ preferences for destinations. The results showed that (1) Under the HSR diffusion effect, the top three factors affecting tourists’ preference for destinations in Xiangtan are convenience, connection time, and popularity; under HSR corridor effect, the top three factors affecting the tourists’ preference for destinations in Yueyang are reputation, convenience, and leisure and reception facilities (LRFs). (2) The destination preference is closely associated with personal features like gender, income, occupation, and fellow travelers. Tourists with different personal features give different attention to the various influencing factors. The research findings provide a reference for the sustainable development of urban tourism.
... The willingness to pay for virtual conferences can be estimated using different kinds of methods: the hedonic price model (Rosen, 1974), stated preference methods such as conjoint or contingent valuation analyses based on price-response functions (Crouch, Del Chiappa, & Perdue, 2019;Green, Krieger, & Wind, 2001) as well as experiments or surveys (Breidert, Hahsler, & Reutterer, 2006;Miller, Hofstetter, Krohmer, & Zhang, 2011). Conjoint and other stated-preference methods are conducted in hypothetical situations without consumption consequences for the participants and thus it is questionable to what extent these studies uncover "true" consumer preference structures (Ding, Grewal, & Liechty, 2005). ...
This study examines factors of importance for the pricing of virtual academic conferences based on information on their quality attributes. Data are based on 76 virtual conferences held or planned to be held in the field of tourism and related fields between April 2020 and December 2021. The distribution of fees is skewed with a median price of US126. One fourth of the conferences is free of charge, although there is a trend toward increased prices the longer the time elapse from the outbreak of the pandemic, ceteris paribus. Count data model estimations show that the conference fee depends on size, academic field, and location of the host. A one-day conference is on average US34 more expensive than those in related fields. Conferences in the United Kingdom have the lowest fees while hybrid format is a factor of specific importance for the pure tourism events. Reputation of the host university and whether the conference is held by an association are aspects of no significance for the fee.
... Similarly, this game may not be useful for analyzing the short-vs. long-term strategies of two or more cities competing for international convention tourism (Crouch, Del Chiappa, and Perdue 2019). The determination as to which game is best at modeling each situation requires delving deep into the small details. ...
Is it beneficial for municipalities to cooperate or compete with one another to attract visitors? The myopic rationality of game theory favors competition for short-term gains, whereas the nonmyopic theory of moves suggests that cooperation in this regard might be more farsighted, consensual, inclusive, and sustainable. To understand why popular cities switched to cooperation when faced with the crisis of overtourism, even though the players’ preferences about the outcomes did not change, we analyzed the case study of Amsterdam. The results indicate that the theories are appropriate in different situations. Thus, the theory of moves’ rules—alternating choices, thinking ahead in making choices—are more appropriate to finding a solution that would be stable in the future, not just one that is myopically stable in the present. We conclude that cooperation remains a more beneficial approach to managing tourism even in periods of undertourism. Policy directions are provided.
... En esta investigación se optó por enfocar el estudio en el modelo de Crouch y Brent Ritchie por sus características cualitativas, que, a diferencia del índice del Foro Económico Mundial no se basa en un modelo cuantitativo. Este modelo ha sido utilizado con éxito en estudios de competitividad turística en ciudades pequeñas de Italia (Cucculelli & Goffi, 2016), Alemania (Hallmann et al., 2012) y, recientemente, retomado para estudiar la competitividad de ciudades anfitrionas en turismo de convenciones de Estados Unidos (Crouch et al., 2019). En este sentido, se parte del modelo de Crouch y Brent Ritchie (1999) como una referencia importante para el desarrollo de estrategias organizacionales en los negocios turísticos en la ciudad de Morelia, México. ...
Resumen Las empresas son sistemas compuestos por recursos y capacidades; es decir, sistemas con activos tangibles e intangibles. Éstos últimos, los intangibles, son el objeto de esta investigación, la cual se enmarca en una perspectiva exploratoria y cualitativa, la cual busca identificar los activos intangibles asociados a tres factores clave de las organizaciones y de las empresas con orientación al sector turístico cultural: la organización, la mercadotecnia y la satisfacción del cliente como sujeto particular; lo anterior, teniendo como punto de referencia para este estudio, la ciudad de Morelia, en México. La investigación pretende generar conocimiento para dichas empresas y contribuir en los procesos administrativos que aporten competitividad al sector turístico en México. Entre los principales resultados que arrojó el estudio, se encuentra que estas empresas pueden aprovechar mejor los activos intangibles que tienen a su disposición en los tres factores anteriormente mencionados. Como conclusión final, se plantea la importancia que tienen esos activos intangibles en las empresas del sector turístico en México para su mejor desempeño y, de igual forma, se identifica la oportunidad para continuar este estudio de manera empírica con una propuesta de * Este artículo se deriva del proyecto titulado «Competitividad en el turismo cultural: estudio de caso» y ha sido financiado con recursos del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología-Conacyt.
... All destination selection models presented in the literature on the subject include the existing potential of hotels and their conference facilities. The models recognise the significance of resources (including hotels and their conference facilities) for a destination's ability to successfully organise a business event (Crouch et al., 2019;Crouch & Ritchie, 1997;Ritchie & Crouch, 2010). They also explain other important factors of destination competitiveness, which help cities to maintain a competitive advantage in the business events sector. ...
The article aims to assess the competitiveness of hotels in Łódź on the meeting tourism (MICE) market based on an analysis of their conference facilities. The data was obtained from GUS statistics, reports on MICE tourism in Poland and as a result of own field research carried out in 2019. Exploratory data analysis was used in their development. The development of modern hotels in Łódź of higher categories with obligatory conference rooms has contributed to the diversification of the possibilities of organising MICE tourism by city hotels. The hotel’s possession of conference facilities has become an important factor in building its competitive advantage. The analysis of hotel equipment with conference facilities, using the conference service capacity (CSC) index, turned out to be a sufficiently correct measure to illustrate the diversity of hotels’ ability to compete in the MICE urban tourism market.
The article presents the results of a study of the structure and scope of the cyclical conference “GIS in Science” held in Poland in 2012–2023. The literature related to the study of the scope of events or institutions was referred to. The research used the programs of the conferences, which made it possible to indicate from which cities and institutions the conference participants came. In addition, their academic degree and the discipline represented were examined. Simple quantitative and cartographic methods were used. It was found that the conference had a national scope, with universities dominating. The active participants were representatives of fourteen disciplines but the dominant disciplines were Earth and environmental sciences, followed by socioeconomic geography and spatial management, and in turn civil engineering, surveying and transportation, environmental engineering, mining and energy. It was noted that the conferences were not only a venue for scientific speeches but could influence the processes of integration of all event’s participants (organizers, spectators and performers).
El turismo en la posmodernidad se caracteriza por un visitante participativo que se convierte en productor de sus experiencias creativas a partir de la cultura en el destino. En esta situación se aprovechan el conocimiento y las relaciones de los actores turísticos y creativos para encauzar una oferta diferenciada. El objetivo es explorar el ecosistema creativo desde el capital social de Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México. Se aplica el enfoque mixto no experimental. El capital social tiene un valor significativo en la cooperación y confianza, en tanto en la gestión del conocimiento medianamente significativo, además en el destino, hay un patrimonio tangible e intangible que atrae otras formas de turismo. Existe un ecosistema turístico creativo que se erige resistente por la esencia histórica en el que interactúan la música, el carnaval y la gastronomía.
Purpose
The advent of the postpandemic era has brought renewed attention to the development of business tourism. However, the existing research on business tourism is fragmented, and there are gaps in the current understanding of the subject. This study aims to identify the intellectual structures, current hotspots and research directions in the business tourism field from 1994 to 2023.
Design/methodology/approach
A bibliometric visual analysis using VOSviewer was conducted to assimilate the available knowledge from 136 business tourism-related articles collected in the WoS Core Collection database between 1994 and 2023.
Findings
The results indicate that the number of business tourism-related research fluctuates, but the overall trend is gradually increasing. It synthesizes four main research themes, which are tourist behavior, destination marketing, information technology and work-family interferences of business travelers.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is among the first to systematically review business tourism publications over the past 29 years. It assists scholars in gaining a more comprehensive understanding of business tourism research and informs future research directions.
Land use change is the main driver of nature and biodiversity loss worldwide, and tourism developments contribute to this loss. The combination of Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and Stated Preference (SP) methods can help inform tourism management by translating the environmental and economic impacts of developments into welfare impacts in monetary terms. We perform a CBA at both the local and regional levels for small (S), medium (M), and large (L) developments in a certified sustainable mountain destination in Norway. The L-development is the preferred tourism management locally as local economic benefits outweigh the local environmental costs. However, when we also include the economic and environmental impacts outside of the destination, we find the S-development to provide higher total welfare at the regional level. This shows that local governments’ dual role as regulators and promoters of tourism is problematic since sustainable management should also account for the nonmarket environmental welfare impacts outside of the destination.
Purpose
Web Summit is an annual technological event which takes place annually in November and has great worldwide impact. The event fits into the MICE (meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions) typology and has mega-event proportions, not only due to the number of participants but also in relation to its media coverage. The aim of this study is to analyse the participation of Web Summit participants in leisure activities outside the event, namely regarding entertainment and culture and heritage. It was also intended to know their perception of the city's brand image, according to the participants' age and the number of days they stay in the city.
Design/methodology/approach
This investigation is anchored in a quantitative methodology. Data were collected during the four days of the event from a convenience sample of 410 participants. For this purpose, a 15-item questionnaire was used, specifically designed to meet the study's objectives, assessing three dimensions: entertainment, culture and heritage and brand image.
Findings
Entertainment and culture and heritage positively influence tourists' perception of brand image. It was also possible to ascertain that the age of the tourists and their interest in culture and heritage are correlated. Finally, it was found that tourists' perception of entertainment varies depending on the number of days they stay in Lisbon.
Research limitations/implications
The main limitation of the study is related to the fact that a convenience sample was used in a single destination, which does not allow generalization to other contexts. Therefore, it would be interesting to apply the study in other geographical and cultural contexts, particularly in Rio de Janeiro, where the event will also take place next year (2023).This research contributes to extending the reflection on the role that events play in the brand image of a tourist destination. This study also highlights the importance of understanding consumer behaviour in MICE typology events.
Practical implications
The MICE sector plays an important role in the tourism industry as it constitutes a driving force of the global economy. Thus, it is considered that this research draws attention to the importance of the regions invested in this sector (e.g. expansion of facilities, ease of access to the site). Thus, in practical terms, the findings allow the authorities and the different stakeholders to better understand the impact of the event on the city's image and, at the same time, adapt the services according to the attendees' preferences.
Social implications
Considering the results, the study may have an impact on the organization of tours and events related to local culture and heritage, particularly in old quarters, where there is a greater lack of resources and the standard of living of the inhabitants is more precarious.
Originality/value
This research contributes to extending the reflection on the role that mega-events play in the brand image of a tourist destination. This study also highlights the importance of understanding the behaviour of consumers of different ages in events of the MICE typology, in leisure activities outside the event.
In the context of extensive smart developments in amusement parks, this study aimed to understand how different smart tourism technologies could be transferred into tourists’ expectations of smart tourism experiences. Drawing on the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) methodology, this study established a House of Quality (HoQ) for smart developments by analyzing data from 20 interviews (10 tourists and 10 service providers) and 300 survey responses (250 tourists and 50 service providers). The results identified 14 smart tourism technologies in amusement parks, and revealed that they correlated in different ways with the four smart tourism experience attributes (accessibility, informativeness, interactivity, and personalization), thus laying a theoretical foundation for more comprehensive discussions of smart tourism design, and providing practical implications for staging the smart tourism experience in a better way.
As there are many types of tourism, related activities, behaviors, and movement patterns, various approaches, and levels of analysis have been developed in academia and tourism practice. While some may not be very sensitive concerning data used and definitions applied, others may be very demanding in this respect.
The aim of this study is to determine the trajectories of global convention cities, in order to identify and explain the strong interactions between urban policies and changes and the dynamics of hosting international conferences around the world. To accomplish this aim, the major convention cities are calibrated so that their relative positions over 24 years alongside their policies for urban change can be analyzed. To do this, we undertake a factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) combined with ascending hierarchical classification to establish a hierarchical ranking and a typology. The hosting dynamics observed reveal the strong links between material and nonmaterial urban changes and a city’s attractiveness as a convention destination. At present, the situation still reflects the effects of the COVID-19 global pandemic. It has already had technical, technological, and health-related consequences for convention processes. These new factors need to be considered in further studies on convention tourism and urban changes
Purpose
This study aimed to assess whether sociodemographic variables explain significant differences in attitudes towards transforming academic conferences into more sustainable events.
Design/methodology/approach
An analytical model of participants' attitudes towards sustainable conferences based on literature review as well as the theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour was developed and applied to a sample of 532 surveyed individuals from 68 countries who regularly attended academic conferences in the last five years prior to 2020. The results were refined using statistical and computational techniques to achieve more empirically robust conclusions.
Findings
Results reveal that sociodemographic variables such as attendees' gender and age explain differences in attitudes. Women and older adults have stronger pro-environmental attitudes regarding event sustainability. On the other hand, attitudes towards more sustainable academic conferences are quite strong and positive overall. More sustainable events' venues, catering, conference materials and accommodations strongly influence attendees' attitudes towards more sustainable conferences. The strength of attitudes was weaker towards transportation.
Research limitations/implications
First, the analyses focused on only aspects related to the attendees' attitudes. Assessing their real behaviour would complete this research. The geographical areas defined by the U.N. and used in this study have the limitation of combining highly developed countries and developing countries in the same geographical area, for example, the Americas and Asia and the Pacific.
Practical implications
Specific socio-demographic variables' effects on attitudes towards sustainable academic conferences can indicate how organisers can best promote these events according to attendees' characteristics and develop differentiated marketing campaigns. For women and older adults, event sustainability should be emphasised as a competitive strategy to promote events and attract these audiences. Marketing strategies for younger attendees (under 30 years old) could focus on technology, networking or attractive social programmes. Sustainable venues, catering, conference materials and accommodations are easier to promote. Event organisers should encourage participants to make more environmentally friendly decisions regarding more sustainable event transport.
Social implications
A strategy based on promoting the event as contributing to sustainable development could educate attendees and put them on the path to developing stronger positive attitudes regarding sustainability and more sustainable behaviours. Sustainable academic conferences can educate students, organisers, service providers and delegates through their involvement in sustainable practices.
Originality/value
To our best knowledge, this research is the first to assess whether sociodemographic variables explain significant differences in attitudes towards the sustainable transformation of academic conferences.
The relationship between push and pull factors with the intention to revisit a destination has often been investigated in the context of general tourism. Not much is known on the factors influencing MICE destination revisit intentions, despite the numerous socioeconomic benefits that many countries have received from the MICE tourism business. This article attempts to fill the gap of knowledge by critically reviewing the literature using the integrative review approach. By reviewing, critiquing and synthesizing major literature on the issue, two push factors i.e. networking and educational opportunities and four pull factors i.e. destination image, travel costs, attraction and accessibility are established as influencing revisit intentions to MICE destination. Then a theoretical model of relationship between those factors and MICE destination revisit intentions is proposed.
The aim of this paper is to examine how tourism conference organisers react to the restricted mobility incurred by the spread of the Covid-19 virus. Do they cancel, change format or change date for the event? This study contributes to an initial analysis of how organisers of international academic conferences in the tourism and hospitality industry deal with whole groups of participants who are no longer mobile and therefore cannot actively network personally. This uniquely compiled data covers a large representative number of conferences in this field. A Multinomial Logit model is used to estimate the options available. Data is based on unique information on almost 100 conferences, meetings and congresses in the tourism and hospitality sector, including related fields such as leisure and recreation, planned to be held during the period of March to November 2020. Descriptive evidence shows that approximately one out of five conferences changes to a virtual format, somewhat more than half moves the date (mainly to the year 2021) and the remaining 25 per cent cancel the event without alternative offers. Estimation results reveal that the decision to change to online format increases non-linearly over time in the form of an inverse U-shaped curve. This indicates a certain resistance to virtual conferences, although with more time for planning, a gradual adaptation to the actual situation appears to be possible. Longer conferences are less likely to change format. The probability of cancellations is lower for association conferences, which are held regularly.
Purpose – of this paper is to analyze participants’ profiles (characteristics) and level of their satisfaction with the offer provided in a destination. Convention tourism is extremely useful and has a number of impacts on the economy of a particular destination as well as the country. Methodology – The empirical research was concerned with exploring trends in convention tourism. The research was conducted in two convention hotels in Poreč using the survey method from 24 to 27 April 2019 and 120 properly filled questionnaires were collected. Findings – Most of the subjects were satisfied with the audiovisual equipment of the hall, quality of the exhibitors at the convention, convention program and the comfort of the hall, accessibility of the destination, the attractions in the destination, the additional content and the value for money. Participants were not satisfied with the schedule of the event and level of use of technology during the convention, which certainly points to necessary changes in the convention itself. Contribution – Conventions have an impact on the development of tourism by increasing offseason movements and creating a new image of Istria so the results of this paper could be valuable to the Istrian tourism board but also to the hotels and other facilities who are trying to profit from the convention tourism.
Macao is an international tourism city. With the burgeoning development of meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions (MICE) industry over these years, convention tourism has become an integral part of tourism products in Macao. With a case study on convention participants in Macao and Kano model as the study approach, this study investigates the participants’ expectations for the quality of convention tourism in Macao and the two-dimensional quality of convention tourism products in Macao. In this study, a total of 202 valid questionnaires were classified based on the two-dimensional attributes, and the customer satisfaction coefficient was calculated as the basis for quality improvement of convention tourism. Based on the study findings, this study presents convention organizers and relevant government departments with targeted suggestions.
The MICE industry in Indonesia has been growing fast in Indonesia. There are so many different ways to organize events from the planning to the evaluation. However, the determination of venue remains a very interesting issue to be studied. The success of event organization may be based on the venue selection. This study is aimed to examine the venue management in the special event management of the First and Second Rencontre Entreprise-Alumni (REA). The objective of the study is to find out the importance of the venue selection in the impact of the success of the event. Thus, selecting an event venue will require identifying physical resources present in the location. The method of the research is descriptive using the participant observation and in-depth interview as data collection procedure. The sampling design is judgment sample with the most productive sample who are the exhibitors who was in the first only or the second only of REA, and in both events. The research gives a quite significant result to the event owner to improve the next event organization. All aspects must have been well thought including the attendees management to which the venue selection influenced the most. The event owner was taking the most important part in the venue selection that was very lightly taking the attendees’ needs into consideration. The transportation would also take the biggest part of attendees’ problem in accessing the venue.
In order to benefit from the significant dual spending of meetings, incentives, conventions/conferences, exhibitions/events (MICE) attendees, destination marketers have attempted to identify key success criteria that enable increased convention and exhibition participation. Given the significant growth of the MICE industry in Asia, this study examines the role of destination and product images on Chinese attendees' perceptions of the benefits acquired through convention and exhibition participation in the regions of Macau and Hong Kong. Data were collected using an intercept survey and a systematic random sampling procedure. Structural Equation Modeling was used to test a model that integrates two strands of literature from the fields of marketing and international business: Product-Country Image (PCI) and the Augmented Service Offering (ASO). Results show that a favorable overall destination image positively impacts the image of the MICE product of the destination, which, in turn, leads to a greater perception of personal and professional benefit acquisition. Based on these findings, the authors propose the Augmented MICE Offering as a theoretical framework that can serve as a foundation for more comprehensive inquiry into the decision-making process of the MICE attendee and postattendance behavioral impacts. The study also provides important positioning and communication implications for MICE destinations.
In the process of organizing a convention, owners of conventions forward their requests to convention planners and leave the full organization of the event to convention planners. Therefore, convention planners perform all the purchases for the organization of a convention. Selecting the suitable convention hotel is a critical step for a successful convention, and for that reason, convention hotels should understand convention planners’ preferences in order to have success in convention tourism. The aim of this study is therefore to determine the primary convention hotel selection criteria of convention planners operating in Ankara. The Delphi technique was used for the development of a data collection form. Data were gathered by conducting face to face interviews with managers from 13 travel agents in April, 2014. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed in the analysis of data. Findings indicate that facilities of the convention hotel, price, accessibility, site environment, and local support were clarified as the primary factors, respectively. Managerial implications for convention hotel managements are also discussed.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which price competitiveness accounts for the observed precipitated decline in the number of meetings taking place in Macau from 2009 to 2012, in spite of the rapid growth in overall tourism, diversification in its tourism offering, and the sizable expansion of its capacity and facilities for hosting business tourism over the same period.
Design/methodology/approach
– Analyzing historical as well as comparative data in a cross-section analytic design, the study suggests an implied competitive price range (using comparative accommodation prices as a proxy) beyond which financial incentives may be ineffectual in attracting meetings
Findings
– Examination of price levels as a proxy of competitiveness in attracting meeting events in the single case of Macau proved inconclusive. Other factors beyond mere price competitiveness likely account for the declining number of meetings in Macau from 2009 to the end of 2012.
Originality/value
– Overall, the above findings pose a challenge for the continued general development of MICE industry in Macau and its meetings industry in particular. Despite the noble and generous efforts of its government agencies to arrest the decline in the number of meetings and maintain Macau’s position as a meetings industry hub through monetary incentives and subvention packages for organizers, it would benefit them and the private sector to explore channeling more resources toward addressing the fundamental and structural factors that can improve long-term competitiveness in attracting more meeting events.
While many studies have investigated travel motives and modelled holiday destination choices, none have directly modelled choice of type of holiday experience and how these two choices interrelate. This study tests whether early exposure to geographical destination or experience type information in a decision task influences consumers’ final choices when choosing a holiday. The study compares two choice tasks that have the same instructions and attributes but differ with respect to which attribute is exposed first and is used to label the choice options: the destination name or the experience type. Findings show that the early exposure to either attribute enhances the importance of the attribute, although the effect is less pronounced for experiences than for destinations. The findings are explained using the psychological notions of leader primacy, complacency and induced mindset. The research, conducted in Australia, shows that sequential effects can be very important in shaping tourism consumption choices and decision-making.
The paper presents results of research on Polish event planners. The overall purpose of the study is to investigate main destination selection variables Polish event planners consider important in destination selection process. The current research focused on the destination selection variables that event planners used for events they held in 2013. The research was based on structured interviews carried on in February 2013. The research group consisted of members of four leading MICE associations. Questions created for the survey were based on an extensive literature review and previous studies which concerned main destination attribute requirements. organizations as well as marketing professionals in hotel meeting facilities and convention centres better position their services and better understand event planners' needs and requirements.
Importance–performance analysis (IPA) is extensively used in hospitality and tourism research because of its simplicity. However, due to the lack of critical statistical analysis, the traditional IPA framework is compromised by serious reliability and validity issues. Although many researchers have tried to address these problems, a comprehensive framework to guide researchers through the various stages of IPA is still needed. This study offers a research framework and a straightforward guide for the use of IPA. Experimental surveys are conducted to validate the proposed research framework.
One of the most attractive segments of the travel and tourism market is the meetings and conventions sector. Convention and visitor bureaus (CVBs) covet this important visitor group to compete for a share of the spoils this segment now represents. But very little is known about the factors that determine how the site for a convention is chosen from among the many different alternative host destinations available. Consequently, CVBs and other destination management organizations (DMOs) lack adequate knowledge for competitive action. This study reports the results from a stated choice experiment on the Australian domestic conventions industry. It provides statistical evidence of the determinant site attributes that influence the choice of convention site and finds that although convention facility and accommodation factors are critical, a destination must offer additional features to compete effectively. The study also demonstrates the application of stated choice modeling for assessing the utility of each choice attribute.
The study developed a measurement scale to examine factors affecting convention participation decision-making. The scale development process started with a review of extant literature and personal interviews, followed by data collection through a Web survey of selected association members. Data were subjected to exploratory factor analysis and unidimensionality tests via subsequent confirmatory factor analysis. These procedures yielded a five-factor measurement scale with acceptable levels of reliability and validity. Five underlying dimensions of convention participation decision-making were labeled: (a) destination stimuli, (b) professional and social networking opportunities, (c) educational opportunities, (d) safety and health situation, and (e) travelability. The implications of the scale are discussed for future research as well as convention marketing strategy.
The convention sector is one of the fastest growing and most lucrative areas of the tourism industry. Solving for the most salient determinants in selecting or organizing a destination for conventions and seeing out their success is an important research topic. This study proposes the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) approach, a decision-making method based on pairwise comparisons between criteria, to construct an evaluation structure with criteria and associated weights of convention site selection for meeting planners. A case study with a three-level evaluation structure is constructed and tested. The findings indicate that the AHP approach is a useful tool to help support a decision in convention site selection.
This article addresses the need for measuring meeting planners' preferences of hotel selection to help hotel management better understand their customers' expectations in the meeting business. Using hybrid conjoint analysis (HCA) the authors incorporated meeting planners' trade-offs in the preference measurement to overcome the drawbacks of traditional measurement methods. The HCA methodology is discussed to provide a better under standing of this research technique. This article reports which attributes are considered most important and least important to meeting planners. The most preferred hotel profile in the study was identified as a reference for hotel operators to improve their meeting packages. HCA model validations were carried out to examine the validity of preference prediction. Finally, the authors explain the implications and some limitations of this research.
A frequently stated advantage of fractional-factorial (FF) designs over one-factor-at-a-time (1FAT) designs is their high relative efficiency. We study k-factor, 2k-run designs, where k is a power of 2 or is divisible by 4, for which the usually stated relative efficiency is k in favor of the resolution IV FF design over an orthogonal 1FAT design. We examine other ways to measure efficiency under main-effects–only modeling in the case when all factors are quantitative, which enables rescaling of their settings. If both designs are restricted to lie in smallest-sized hypercubes or hyperspheres of equal volume, then the relative efficiency of the FF design is 1 under the full model (k effects active). We also show that the designs are identical in an important sense: The 1FAT design can be rescaled and rotated to become a resolution IV FF design. The primary advantage of the FF design lies in its projection properties; if at most k′ factors are expected to be active, then, under equal-volume designs, the efficiency of the FF is at least k/k′. Next, taking a size-of-effects–based approach, we rescale the FF by restricting the design to have the same probability as a 1FAT design of producing too-large swings in the response (i.e., swings that produce unusable runs). Here the efficiency of the FF usually remains greater than 1, but it can reach 1/k in the limit. We show how these ideas may be used to help scale back originally planned settings in a fractional factorial design to reduce the chance of unusable runs while still maintaining the other advantages of FF designs.
This book describes the new generation of discrete choice methods, focusing on the many advances that are made possible by simulation. Researchers use these statistical methods to examine the choices that consumers, households, firms, and other agents make. Each of the major models is covered: logit, generalized extreme value, or GEV (including nested and cross-nested logits), probit, and mixed logit, plus a variety of specifications that build on these basics. Simulation-assisted estimation procedures are investigated and compared, including maximum simulated likelihood, method of simulated moments, and method of simulated scores. Procedures for drawing from densities are described, including variance reduction techniques such as anithetics and Halton draws. Recent advances in Bayesian procedures are explored, including the use of the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm and its variant Gibbs sampling. No other book incorporates all these fields, which have arisen in the past 20 years. The procedures are applicable in many fields, including energy, transportation, environmental studies, health, labor, and marketing.
This study assessed convention attendee motivations, performance evaluation, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions in a regional conference setting. Data was collected from conference attendees in the southeast United States. The findings revealed a five-dimension conference motivation: (1) activities and opportunities, (2) networking, (3) convenience of conference, (4) education benefits and (5) products and deals. Furthermore, the relationships between attendee's evaluation of conference performance, satisfaction judgment, and behavioral intention were examined. The relationships between educational activities, overall satisfaction, word-of-mouth, and intent to return were found to be significant. Recommendations to the meeting planners for conferences are provided based on the results.
Over the past decade or so, a choice design in which a person is asked to select both the best and the worst option in an available set of options has been gaining favor over more traditional designs, such as where the person is asked, for instance, to: select the best option; select the worst option; rank the options; or rate the options. In this paper, we develop theoretical results for three overlapping classes of probabilistic models for best, worst, and best–worst choices, with the models in each class proposing specific ways in which such choices might be related. The models in these three classes are called random ranking and random utility, joint and sequential, and ratio scale. We include some models that belong to more than one class, with the best known being the maximum-difference (maxdiff) model, summarize estimation issues related to the models, and formulate a number of open theoretical problems.
This paper introduces an approach for identifying the determinants of convention attendance at alternative cities. This approach permits planners to evaluate the relative importance of accessibility and attractiveness variables as determinants of convention attendance for each site. Four major convention sites in the USA are analysed to illustrate the procedure. In this example, accessibility was found to be far more important than attractiveness.
Multinomial logit (MNL) models are widely used in marketing research to analyze choice data, but it is not generally recognized that the unit of the utility scale in a MNL model is inversely related to the error variance. This means that, for instance, parameters of two identical utility specifications estimated from different data sources with unequal variances will necessarily differ in magnitude, even if the true model parameters that generated the utilities are identical in both sets. Despite a growing number of papers that compare MNL coefficients, no examples of appropriate tests of the joint and separate hypotheses of scale and parameter equality in MNL models exist in the marketing literature. The purpose of this paper is to address the proper procedure for MNL parameter comparisons between different data sets and to propose a simple relative scaling test that can be implemented with standard MNL estimation software. Several examples are given to illustrate the approach.
Purpose
This paper aims to systematically develop a sustainability framework and guidelines for the green convention industry to cover the entire process of hosting a convention.
Design/methodology/approach
The guidelines were designed in three phases: defining a sustainability framework for a green convention, conducting a three-round Delphi survey and developing comprehensive guidelines. The relative weights and/or importance were calculated and compared based on questionnaires and the analytic hierarchy process method.
Findings
This study summarized 153 sustainable practices and their relative importance (seven categories and 37 subcategories) to suggest future directions and managerial implications for academia and practitioners to cope with negative environmental impacts and to create an environmentally sustainable convention industry.
Research limitations/implications
Because the proposed framework and guidelines were developed in a particular environment, their applicability might be improved by further review prior to translating them into another context.
Practical implications
This study provides implications to help practitioners plan and execute events in more environmentally and socially responsible ways. Practitioners may use the proposed guidelines, either as a whole or in part, to select the areas that are most applicable or in need of attention. Additionally, the guidelines may be used as an evaluation framework after hosting a convention to indicate specific ways to reduce harmful environmental practices and the importance of each practice.
Originality/value
The proposed sustainability framework and guidelines consider all aspects of the convention industry, including all possible aspects of stakeholders that may affect convention organizers and participants, as well as related industries.
This study examines the dimensions of convention and exhibition (C&E) center selection attributes from the perspective of exhibition organizers, who have the authority to decide on an exhibition venue. The combined qualitative and quantitative method generates 33 items within a 9-factor (F) structure, including five center-specific and four destination-specific factors: (F1) quality of C&E center staff members and service contractors; (F2) extra-exhibition opportunities; (F3) image of C&E center; (F4) industrial environment of C&E center site; (F5) center facilities; (F6) center accessibility; (F7) C&E center site environment; (F8) exhibition hall cost; and (F9) hotel accommodation. The results of this study enhance the insights of concerned C&E center management and stakeholders with regard to which factors should be considered when conducting a feasibility study before constructing a center, and wih regard to determining effective ways to manage an operating center that aims to focus on hosting exhibitions.
Destination competitiveness has become a prominent part of hospitality and tourism literature. Competitiveness, however, is not easily defined or uniformly calculated because a number of diverse factors must be considered. Although meeting planners’ site selection criteria has been studied in existing convention destination research, the attendees’ perspective has rarely been examined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the indicators that affect a convention destination’s competitiveness in the eyes of convention attendees. Data were collected from three trade shows hosted by three different convention destinations, which resulted in 696 usable responses for data analyses. Importance-performance analysis (IPA) was implemented on seven attributes of convention destination competitiveness. In addition, the overall destination competitiveness indices were calculated to see the relative competitiveness among the destinations. Repeated measures of MANOVA were conducted to complement and to offer valid interpretation of the IPA results.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to advance a theoretical model by estimating the effects of convention attendance on gaming volume (both monthly coin-in and table game drop).
Design/methodology/approach
– Performance monthly data from two casinos in South Korea are used to test the research model. Specifically, time series regression modeling was performed on the data with the dependent variables including coin-in and table drop and the independent variables including convention attendance and hotel occupancy.
Findings
– The hotel occupancy variable was found to significantly increase slot coin-in at a rate of 113,603,912 KRW (approximately US$93,500) per month at Casino A. Interestingly, this variable had a significant negative relationship with coin-in per month at Casino B. Meanwhile, the hotel occupancy variable failed to produce any significant effect in the table drop model at both casinos. The convention attendance variable also had no significant effect on both coin-in and table drop at both casinos.
Originality/value
– This research represents the first attempt to empirically examine the effects of convention attendance on gaming revenues in Asian markets.
Roughly equal in terms of the economic value of transactions, B2B (Business-to-Business) marketing sees a small fraction of the academic research attention that B2C (Business-to-Consumer) marketing sees. In this article, I cite some of the reasons for that imbalance. I then highlight three specific areas—B2B Innovation, B2B Buying and B2B Analytics—that have great potential for yielding academically significant research contributions that meet the needs of practitioners. In each area, I sketch the state of knowledge and then identify a few research questions. I then highlight a number of other areas of B2B that offer high potential. Next, I comment on the importance of crafting B2B academic research that is both rigorous and relevant and what we as a profession might do to encourage more such work. I then offer a few thoughts about how to increase the participation of practitioners in the B2B knowledge creation process.
Attending meetings and conventions currently represents the largest market segment in business travel. More than 1 million association and corporate meetings are held annually in the United States alone, yielding an estimated 85 million attendees who spend more than US$75 billion annually. This paper provides an overview of the research extended in the areas of associations' location choice and participation decision-making variables of the attendees. Two models are proposed. One addresses the interactions and interrelationships among associations, host locations, and attendees. The second model addresses the convention participation decision-making process by potential attendees. The influencing variables are then categorized into personal/business, association/conference, location, and intervening opportunities.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to understand the relative importance of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) based features and services at conference centers and underlying dimensions which could impact their selection by meeting planners. Further, it tests the relationship between types of meeting planners and their perceived importance of ICT‐based features.
Design/methodology/approach
– A total of 17 ICT‐based features and services were identified through extensive literature content analysis. Meeting planners were asked to rate the importance of each item when they select a conference center. Factor analysis was then performed to identify underlying dimension of the items and ANOVA was used to test any difference of perceived importance by the type of meeting planners.
Findings
– Meeting planners consider “availability of technical support”, “high‐speed internet”, “wireless connectivity”, and ”e‐mail station” as important features/service when they select a conference center. However, they show significant lack of knowledge in terms related to network infrastructure that are used in meeting venue marketing materials. The results show that there is no significant difference in their perceived importance of ICT‐based feature/service by the type of meeting planner.
Originality/value
– This study provides meaningful new dimensions of important ICT‐based features and services in site selection by both researchers and meeting facility professionals. In addition, this study compared three types of meeting planners including rarely studied corporate and government meeting planners regarding their perceived importance of ICT‐based features and services in their site selection.
The meetings, incentives, conventions, and exhibitions (MICE) industry has evolved into a vital sector of business tourism. The vast majority of research to date has focused on the convention/meeting sector, with studies on convention site selection being especially prominent. In contrast, the exhibition sector and particularly, exhibition destination attractiveness, have received relatively little research attention. This study aims to address this research gap by examining, from the exhibitors' perspective, key factors for an attractive and successful exhibition destination. Based on 616 survey responses from exhibitors collected at nine trade fairs in four cities in Mainland China, study findings highlighted the critical importance of two types of cluster effectshost city leadership in the industry and host city/region as a source of exhibitorsto an exhibition destination's attractiveness for exhibitors. Accessibility, venue facilities, and the destination's leisure and economic environment were considered less important. Implications of the study results are discussed and directions for future research provided.
Preface 1. In the beginning 2. Basic notations of statistics 3. Choosing 4. Paradigms of choice data 5. Processes in setting up stated choice experiments 6. Choices in data collection 7. Nlogit for applied choice analysis: a primer 8. Handling choice data 9. Case study: model choice data 10. Getting started modelling: the workhorse - MNL 11. Getting more from your model 12. Practical issues in the application of choice models 13. Allowing for similarity of alternatives 14. Nested logit estimation 15. The mixed logit model 16. Mixed logit estimation Nlogit terms and commands References Index.
This study aims to gather and analyze published articles regarding the influence of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) on the hotel industry. Articles published in the last five years appearing in six different academically recognized journals of tourism have been reviewed in the present study. Analysis of these articles has identified two main lines of research: review-generating factors (previous factors that cause consumers to write reviews) and impacts of eWOM (impacts caused by online reviews) from consumer perspective and company perspective. A summary of each study's description, methodology and main results are outlined below, as well as an analysis of findings.
This study also seeks to facilitate understanding and provide baseline information for future articles related to eWOM and hotels with the intention that researchers have a “snapshot” of previous research and the results achieved to date.
With social issues again close to the top of the research agenda for marketers, policy makers are increasingly likely to be presented public opinion research findings that suggest the public is very concerned about issues within their jurisdiction. Such findings have some shortcomings as a basis for policy decision making however. It is often difficult to interpret the practical importance of consumers’ expressed levels of concern, and concern alone tells nothing about what actions will be seen as ameliorating the problem. Alternative methods, borrowed from more mainstream marketing research, can readily overcome these shortcomings. To illustrate, the authors report the findings of a low cost study designed to identify what citizens want a government department to do in response to polling suggesting high levels of concern about food safety.
The field of business-to-business (B2B) marketing has grown considerably in the past four decades. However the state of knowledge about its structure and evolution remains limited. Who are the key players and what are the key papers in B2B marketing? What main research topics have been investigated over time? This article answers these questions by applying bibliometric methods for the first time to the existing body of scholarly B2B research. The key findings reveal a highly dynamic discipline in the 1970s and 1980s, when new knowledge was being intensively exchanged among an increasing number of B2B researchers. Since that time, the pace of development has slowed, and diversification in the discipline manifested itself in a distinctive number of core research subfields. Yet initial research topics such as organizational buying behavior, where much research is still undone, are to a large extent not addressed by modern B2B scholars.
This paper examines meeting planners’ rating of seven US convention cities not only as overall destinations but also on specific city attributes that are important in site selection. Regression analysis showed that promotional appeal of the city had a significant effect in the overall ratings of destinations. In addition, results suggested that different attributes are significant for different cities in explaining their convention, exposition and meeting-site attractiveness.
A buying center for site selection is the group within an association that selects meeting and convention sites. A qualitative, exploratory study of the configuration of players in 23 associations' buying centers found three general patterns of decision making, each with a number of variations. In the first general pattern an association board or executive committee controlled the decision, usually in consultation with the executive director or meeting planner. A second group of decision-making patterns finds the meeting planner or association executive choosing meeting locations, sometimes with input from members. A final pattern gives the association's annual-meeting committee or program committee the determination of where to meet. Some associations vary the process from year to year depending on the president's procedural preferences. Knowing how an association makes its decision on annual conferences can assist destination marketers and hotel operators to reach the persons who actually make the decision. It is worth noting that in many cases the association's meeting planner acted as a gatekeeper for information about a potential destination.
Cities can benefit greatly by being selected as the site for association meetings, but there is not a uniform selection process used by all associations. Cities should therefore conduct market research and be creative in dealing with each target association. Factors specific to each situation are crucial in determining whether a city makes the final cut, and understanding those factors can provide a marketing edge (e.g., knowing that there may be many people involved in the site-selection process, identifying who they are and what power they possess, and directing attention to the decision makers). Determining an association's venue and facility needs will help determine target customers, and taking steps to reduce the planners' financial, social, physical, psychological, and functional risks can improve a city's chances of being selected. While an association may have a written procedure for meeting planning, in some cases nontask variables are more important than the formalized, task-related variables.
In this study, a two-step refinement of conceptual models was performed: firstly, an existing model developed by Oppermann and Chon [1997. Convention participation decision-making process. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(1), 178–191] was used as the foundation framework; secondly, while referring to the model and other literature, a modified model was proposed as the conceptual framework for future study. The new refined model of factors affecting convention participation decision-making comprises four main dimensions, association/conference factors, personal/business factors, location factors, and total cost factors. Attributes under each dimension were also carefully examined. This proposed model should provide research insights, make a contribution to the existing literature and guide future research on the factors affecting convention participation decision-making.
Meetings and conventions is one of the largest and fastest growing sectors within the tourism industry. For many destinations it provides a tremendous number of tourists and high exposure. This article looks into convention destination images as held by association meeting planners. It analyses the major destination attributes of meeting planners and compares the images of 30 North American convention destinations. Using importance-performance analysis, it highlights exemplary strengths and weaknesses of convention destinations. The results could be used to improve the competitive position of the individual destination.
This paper reports on research carried out into the consumer behaviour displayed by UK association conference delegates when deciding to attend a conference. Examination of the available literature suggested that there has been little investigation of the delegate's perspective on attending a conference, as most research into business events has traditionally been centred on the supply side particularly convention destination image, and association site selection. The paper found six underlying dimensions of the UK association conference delegate decision-making process – personal/professional development, networking opportunities, cost, location, time and convenience and health and wellbeing. Additionally, regression analysis showed that two of the dimensions (networking opportunities and cost) were significant predictors of intention to attend the conference again in the future.
Purpose
– Proposes to review convention and meeting management articles published in the hospitality and tourism literature.
Design/methodology/approach
– Uses content analysis of 147 articles published in hospitality and tourism journals for the 14 years from 1990 to 2003.
Findings
– Identifies five core research themes, i.e. economic impact of conventions, site selection, meeting participation processes, destination marketing, and advances in technology.
Originality/value
– Offers the first thematic view of convention and meeting management issues, derived from the literature.
Despite the importance of understanding the site selection process in the meetings, incentives, conventions, and exhibitions (MICE) industry, there is a paucity of research in this important area. The majority of scholarly authors have focused their research work on the criteria considered significant by buyers prior to choosing a particular site rather than the decision-making process. Hence, the current article aims to develop a model of the site selection process for associations from the perspective of organizational buyer behavior (OBB) in an attempt to fill such a gap in MICE research. In establishing this model, a number of contributions that arise from the three pioneering OBB models of Robinson, Faris, and Wind (1967), Sheth (1973), and Webster and Wind (1972), along with Crouch and Ritchie's (1998) model of the site selection process, were considered. The proposed model could help meeting sites design competitive marketing strategies and develop an adequate database about the association market, the issue that could lead to their satisfaction and improve customer service.
Understanding association members' evaluations of site attributes helps prospective meeting destinations to target associations and thus improve their chances of acceptance. Further, associations may need their members' insights into which attributes are more or less important, so they can select a meeting destination based on preferred attributes. With the purpose of helping both associations and meeting destinations achieve their common goal, which is to maximise meeting attendance, this study investigated the role of destination image in association meeting participation, using the intention-based structural model. In addition, destination attributes were comprehensively analysed and their relative influences on image formation were explored. The results of structural model evaluation revealed that destination image is closely linked to expected performance based on destination attributes, and the destination image positively affects association members' intentions to attend the meeting.
Describes an approach to examining the managerial decisions of whether to implement a new product or withdraw an existing product from the product mix. Predicting the proportion of consumers in the market who will try new products introduced into a retailer's product line in the face of competition from other retailers who may also introduce new products is a problem of considerable applied interest. One solution to this problem is based on designed choice experiments in which retailers introduce new products into their lines and compete for consumers' business. The multinomial logit choice model allows a forecast to be made of the likely proportion of consumers who will try each product under competition from existing retailers and their products. An empirical illustration using fast food restaurants is presented, and possible extensions to repeat purchases are suggested. (56 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Multinomial logit (MNL) models are widely used in marketing research to analyze choice data, but it is not generally recognized that the unit of the utility scale in a MNL model is inversely related to the error variance. This means that, for instance, parameters of two identical utility specifications estimated from different data sources with unequal variances will necessarily differ in magnitude, even if the true model parameters that generated the utilities are identical in both sets. Despite a growing number of papers that compare MNL coefficients, no examples of appropriate tests of the joint and separate hypotheses of scale and parameter equality in MNL models exist in the marketing literature. The purpose of this paper is to address the proper procedure for MNL parameter comparisons between different data sets and to propose a simple relative scaling test that can be implemented with standard MNL estimation software. Several examples are given to illustrate the approach.
Over recent years there has been tremendous growth in the convention business and commensurately in the number of convention centers. However, while the expansion in the quantity and size of centers continues unabated, a number of issues have come to light that question the validity of continuing on the current path. This paper considers these issues by assessing the pros and cons of building convention centers. This task is accomplished by analyzing and critiquing the existing literature on the subject while concluding with a summary of those research questions that remain either unaddressed or unsettled.