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Of Mammoth and Pine, of Elk and Man
New insights into the Late Glacial of Canton Zug
Jochen Reinhard & Renata Huber
Amt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie ZG
Base map: Open Street Map community
Lake Zug
Base map: LiDAR DTM (2013), Canton Zug; Open Street Map community
Lake Zug
Base map: LiDAR DTM (2013), Canton Zug; Open Street Map community
Lorze
(late glacial/holocene outlet)
Lorze
(late glacial/holocene inlet)
moraine dam Baar basin
Lake Zug
Base map: LiDAR DTM (2013), Canton Zug; Open Street Map community
Risch-Rotkreuz
Cham-Oberwil Baar-Blickensdorf
Baar-Blickensdorf 1907/1928
Cham-Oberwil 1965
Photo credits: Res Eichenberger, Werner Müller
Cham-Oberwil 2018
The Risch-Rotkreuz site, aerial view
A rib found in situ
till
sandy-gravelly fluvial sediment
fine-grained limnic sediments
left tusk (distally damaged)
drill core sampling
drill core sampling
right pelvic bone
right ulna
compacta
longbone
(3 fragments) 2 right ribs
spinous process of a
thoracic vertebra
Photo credits: Werner Müller, Res Eichenberger
bone fragment
https://skfb.ly/TPAW
14C dating: preserved parts (marked in red) and sample location
14C age (IntCal13, 2σ, OxCal combine function):
14'081 +/- 35 BP
17'356-16'945 cal BP
15'406-14'995 cal BC
ETH-63071
ETH-63072
Site Lab number
14C age Calibrated age, 2σ (IntCal13)
Source
Le Brassus, Praz-
Rodet VD OxA-12982
13'705 +/
-
55 BP
14'859-14'354 BC
Barnes et al.
2007
Uster
-Oberuster
ZH
UZ
-2346/ETH
-
5522
13'350 +/
-
260 BP
14'904-13'339 BC
Hajdas
et al.
2007; pers.
comm
. Ivan Woodhatch
,
Zurich
University
Thayngen-
Kesslerloch SH OxA-10237
13'980 +/
-
110 BP
15'409-14'629 BC
Stuart et al.
2002
Risch
-Rotkreuz
ZG
ETH-63071
14'047 +/
-
48 BP
15'376-14'891 BC
Hajdas
2015
Risch
-Rotkreuz
ZG
ETH-63072
14'115 +/
-
49 BP
15'457-15'026 BC
Hajdas
2015
Gebenstorf AG ETH-35484
14'345 +/
-
125 BP
15'890-15'166 BC
Bonani et al. 2008
Gebenstorf AG ETH-35485
15'780 +/
-
100 BP
17'371-16'856 BC
Bonani et al. 2008
Hüntwangen ZH ?
17'850 +/
-
265 BP
20'355-18'980 BC
Hünermann
1985
Turgi-Geelig AG ETH-17256
18'150 +/
-
140 BP
20'416-19'691 BC
Graf
2009
Hüntwangen ZH ETH-17254
18'240 +/
-
130 BP
20'461-19'856 BC
Graf
2009
Böttstein AG ETH-17250
19'850 +/
-
150 BP
22'321-21'565 BC
Graf
2009
Mellikon AG ?
20'550 +/
-
250 BP
23'460-22175 BC
Frey et al. 1989
Wil ZH ETH-17253
21'510 +/
-
160 BP
24'132-23'566 BC
Graf
2009
Hüntwangen ZH ETH-17255
22'190 +/
-
170 BP
25'011-24'085 BC
Graf
2009
Swiss post-LGM mammoth finds
?
?
Laminated sediments above the "mammoth layer"
Photo credits: Chloe Matus
https://map.geo.admin.ch, layer 'GeoCover - Geol. Vektordatensätze'
moraine ridges, Rotkreuz-Honau (Hurden-
Konstanz) recessional stage, ~18.000 BP
Geological setting
moraine
fine sediments
15
The mammoth in the lab
mt aDNA (clade assignment;
Tübingen University)
Photo credit: J. Krause
stable isotopes (C13, N15, S34: reconstruction of
environment and feeding habits; Tübingen University)
pollen (no
results; Bern
University)
(Dorothée Drucker, Tübingen University)
Results: stable isotope analysis
permafrost soil developping soil activity
(Anja
Furtwängler,
Tübingen
University)
Results: mitochondrial aDNA analysis
Distribution of dated and aDNA analysed mammoth
finds:
clade I, green; clade II, blue; clade III, turquoise
(Palkopoulou et al. 2013, Fig. 3).
clade I
clade II
clade III
Punkte neu: Farbe!
CT scanning at the Zuger Kantonsspital
Industrial CT scanning: Qualitech AG
20
CT scanning results
cross section
longitudinal section
longitudinal section along the tusk's axis
Results: It ain't easy…
dental pulp
fragmented distal end
sampling locations
incremental growth (dentin apposition) zones
Results: 3D models,
downloadable and 3D printable
https://skfb.ly/TPAW
Results: 3D models,
downloadable and 3D printable
https://skfb.ly/TPAW
Lake Zug
Base map: LiDAR DTM (2013), Canton Zug; Open Street Map community
Zug-Gartenstadt
Zug-Gartenstadt elk
healed trauma (reason unknown)
(Werner Müller, Neuchâtel University)
cut marks
Zug-Gartenstadt elk
healed trauma (reason unknown)
(Werner Müller, Neuchâtel University)
cut marks
Zug-Gartenstadt elk
(13th mill. cal BC, Bølling)
Risch-Rotkreuz mammoth
(ca.15'000 cal BC)
14C dating of Late Glacial materials from
Canton Zug
Silex drawings from Nielsen 2009
0
1
2
3
4
5
-22 -21 -20 -19 -18
Elch ZG
Rentier FRJ
Rentier SWJ
Rothirsch FRJ
Rothirsch HCH
Rothirsch TKL
Riesenhirsch SWJ
Pferd FRJ
Pferd SWJ
Pferd TKL
d13Ccoll (‰)
d15Ncoll (‰)
(analysis: Dorothée Drucker,
Tübingen University)
(sampling: Werner Müller,
Neuchâtel University)
Results: stable isotope analysis
Lundby Mose (DK)
Deposits of elk bones in shallow water (Møller
Hansen/Buck Pedersen 2012)
Lake Zug
Base map: LiDAR DTM (2013), Canton Zug; Open Street Map community
Zug-Gartenstadt
Baar-Neufeld
Zug-Theilerstrasse
Hünenberg-Wildenbach
Zug, ZugPoint: Late Glacial pine trees (Pinus sp.) findspot
Zug-Gartenstadt elk
(13th mill. cal BC, Bølling)
Late Glacial and Early
Holocene pine trees,
different findspots
14C dating of Late Glacial materials from
Canton Zug
Onset of pine reforestation
according to pollen data
Lake Zug
Base map: LiDAR DTM (2013), Canton Zug; Open Street Map community
moraine dam Baar basin
Risch-Rotkreuz
Cham-Grindel, Steinhausen-
Hinterberg etc.
Zug-Gartenstadt
Steinhausen-
Sumpfstrasse
Steinhausen-
Sennweid
17th c. AD)
Earthquake ca.
9580 cal BC
Earthquake ca.
11'890 cal BC
Late/end of Magdalenian:
Cham-Grindel I, II, III,
Steinhausen-Hinterberg
Early Epipaleolithic:
Cham-Grindel I, II, VI,
Steinhausen-Sennweid
Middle Epipaleolithic:
Cham-Grindel I, II, III
Late Epipaleolithic:
Cham-Grindel I
Younger Early
Mesolithic: Hünenberg
14C dates cal BC
(Oxcal
v4.3.2/Intcal13)
Possible earthquake
ca. 12'640 cal BC
Earthquakes (Strasser
et al. 2013); (Baldini
et al. 2018)
Archaeological finds Kanton
Zug (Nielsen 2009)
Elk Zug-
Gartenstadt
Pinus sp. from
different sites
Pollen percentage
curve for Pinus
silvestris
Menzingen-Egelsee
(Wehrli et al. 2005)
Laacher See eruption
ca. 10'930 cal BC
Mammoth
Risch-Rotkreuz
GI-1e
GI-1d
GS-2a
GI-1c
GI-1b
GI-1a
GS-1
Climatic periods and
Greenland-ice stadials (GS)
and interstadials (GI) (dates
after Reinig et al. 2018 and
Hoek 2008)
Oldest Dryas Bølling
Older Dryas
Allerød Younger
Dryas Preboreal Boreal
Older Early Mesolithic:
Steinhausen-Hinterberg I,
Steinhausen-Sennweid
Lake level Lake Zug: ̴ 429 m ̴ 419 m ̴ 416 m
infomercial
Until
April 28th!
Until
April 28th!
Thank you for your attention!
And many thanks to:
archaeobotics
Winand Brinkmann
Dorothée Drucker
Maria Ellend Wittwer
Heinz Furrer
Anja Furtwängler
Daniel Galsterer
Hans Rudolf Graf
Irka Hajdas
Markus Hitz
Eva Kläui
Erdem Koyun
Incinur Koyun-Aras
Ezequiel Marques
Werner Müller
Beat Scheffold
Werner Schoch
Verena Schünemann
Nadine Sünneke
Nigel Thew
Felix Walder
References
R. Huber/J. Reinhard, Das letzte Zuger Mammut? Eine Baugrube als Fenster in die späte
Eiszeit. Tugium 32, 2016, 103–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5169/seals-632509
D. Drucker/A. Furtwängler/V. Schünemann/R. Huber/J. Reinhard, Durchleuchtet und
analysiert. Ein Update zur Genetik, Isotopie und Radiografie des “letzten Zuger Mammuts”.
Tugium 34, 2018, 123-131. https://goo.gl/GDjB65
J. Reinhard/R. Huber/D. Drucker/W. Müller, Von Irrtümern, Übersehenem und moderner
Analytik – neue Erkenntnisse zu den spätglazialen Elchknochen von Zug-Gartenstadt.
Tugium 35, 2019 (in press).