SAYIN, H. ÜMİT. NEURAL CORRELATES OF THE "ID". ECRONICON NEUROLOGY (ECNE) April 2019; 11 (4) : 256-273. EC NEUROLOGY

Abstract

Id, ego and superego are three abstract compartments of the human psyche according to the schools of psychoanalysis, established by Freud. Although these are abstract notions, today we have the neuroscientific basis of knowledge for defining them in terms of neuroanatomy and psychopharmacology. Hedonic hot spots or pleasure centers in the limbic system have been identified. Some of them are ventral tegmental are (VTA) cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex, prefrontal cortex (PFC), insula, nucleus accumbens (NA), amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus. Actually, there are regions in the brain where the functions of the id arise, mostly in the limbic system. Libido and pleasure principle have the neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological correlates in the brain. During pleasure, passionate love, extreme pleasure, peak experiences, orgasms or prolonged orgasms, these areas are activated; some neurotransmitters such as dopamine, oxytocin, glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, endogenous opioids, serotonin and the hormones testosterone and vasopressin mediate the neurotransmission of pleasure and love, which is a peak experience of the id. The reward-pleasure circuitry, which plays important roles in the development of psychological dependence and addiction is also involved in the mechanisms of these functions. Nearly 5000 dopaminergic neurons originating from VTA projecting to NA and PFC control most of the pleasure reactions, which may have great impacts on synaptic plasticity, learning, habituation and influence the components of the human psyche and eventually the personality. Dopaminergic projections of VTA may have as many as 25 x 10 8 synaptic connections at the targets, which can carry 92 gigabytes of "pleasure information". The brain has much more information processing capacity than we can imagine. Dopamine and oxytocin are the major "pleasure, orgasm and happiness" neurotransmitters which the id uses to mediate and perform its discrete functions of the nature, while "the pleasure principle" is inevitable, unbeatable and indispensable. When superego counteracts with these functions, psychological disturbances may arise. The centers of ego and superego are probably the cortical and associative areas, particularly frontal, parietal and temporal cortices. This review is a neuro-scientific summary of what happens in the brain when the id prevails the superego.

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OPEN ACCESS EC NEUROLOGY
Review Article
The Neural Correlates of the “ID”
H Ümit Sayin*

Citation: H Ümit Sayin. “The Neural Correlates of the “ID””. EC Neurology 11.4 (2019): 256-273.
*Corresponding Author: 
Aksaray, Istanbul, Turkey. E-mail: humitsayin@gmail.com
Received: February 26, 2019; Published: March 29, 2019
Abstract
Keywords: 
Prefrontal Cortex; Expanded Orgasm; ESR; Hedonic Hot Spot; Pleasure Center
Id, ego and superego are three abstract compartments of the human psyche according to the schools of psychoanalysis, estab-


of them are ventral tegmental are (VTA) cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex, prefrontal cortex (PFC), insula, nucleus accumbens (NA),
amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus. Actually, there are regions in the brain where the functions of the id arise, mostly in
the limbic system. Libido and pleasure principle have the neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological correlates in the brain. Dur-
ing pleasure, passionate love, extreme pleasure, peak experiences, orgasms or prolonged orgasms, these areas are activated; some
neurotransmitters such as dopamine, oxytocin, glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, endogenous opioids, serotonin and
the hormones testosterone and vasopressin mediate the neurotransmission of pleasure and love, which is a peak experience of the
id. The reward-pleasure circuitry, which plays important roles in the development of psychological dependence and addiction is also
involved in the mechanisms of these functions. Nearly 5000 dopaminergic neurons originating from VTA projecting to NA and PFC

components of the human psyche and eventually the personality. Dopaminergic projections of VTA may have as many as 25 x 108
synaptic connections at the targets, which can carry 92 gigabytes of “pleasure information”. The brain has much more information
processing capacity than we can imagine. Dopamine and oxytocin are the major “pleasure, orgasm and happiness” neurotransmitters
which the id uses to mediate and perform its discrete functions of the nature, while “the pleasure principle” is inevitable, unbeatable
and indispensable. When superego counteracts with these functions, psychological disturbances may arise. The centers of ego and
superego are probably the cortical and associative areas, particularly frontal, parietal and temporal cortices. This review is a neuro-

Introduction
The ID, ego, and super-ego are three distinct, however continuously interacting entities in the inner-psychology (psyche) of human

in regulating the desires and cooperates with ID and super-ego. Super-ego is the personality that is created and educated by the norms
of the society, family, friends, school and education to harness the instantaneous and incoherent desires of the ID. ID exists by birth and
     
sexual needs or other means to survive, from the limbic system. The ID comprises the “libido”, which is a function of ID. It acts according

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The Neural Correlates of the “ID”
Citation: H Ümit Sayin. “The Neural Correlates of the “ID””. EC Neurology 11.4 (2019): 256-273.
A
to the psychological innate rule of “pleasure principal”. Pleasure is the instinctual driving force that permeates into every detail of human
     
contradictions may arise in the human psychology which lead to neurosis and psychiatric disorders. Human psyche tries to avoid pain or
dysphoria and aims to chase the hedonic ways of living; namely, human psychology is built for chasing after “pleasure”, which is innate

The real anatomical location of ID was described in the subcortical structures, taken the functions of the ID; such as the limbic system,
brain stem, pons, hypothalamus, and partially temporal lobe, olfactory structures, parahippocampal gyrus, orbito-frontal cortex, anterior
cingulate cortex; while ego and superego are created by means of the functions of frontal cortex, parietal cortex, partially temporal lobes

B
Figure 1: 


Citation: H Ümit Sayin. “The Neural Correlates of the “ID””. EC Neurology 11.4 (2019): 256-273.
The Neural Correlates of the “ID”
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
positive emotions that lead to the general states of mind, “contentment and happiness”. Without any of them, life, for humans, would be

there are certain pleasure centers, pleasure-reward circuitry which works using certain modulatory neurotransmitters, such as dopami-
ne, oxytocin, glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine, serotonin, endogenous opioids and norepinephrine.
The ID has some basic neurophysiological and neurochemical ingredients which work in coordination with each other. Similar to the
circuitry of reward and pleasure, the circuitries of depression, anxiety, and stress, in which the signaling of some neurotransmitters are
-
bens (NA), ventral tegmental area (VTA), hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, ventral pallidum, olfactory structures etc. and also the

Components of pleasure
Pleasure principal uses bio-psychological processes which are inherited and have descended from our grand ancestors, coded in our
DNAs. These processes include, making the animals and/or mammals and higher primates become habituated to “rewards”. People, all
their lives, run, strive, crave and race for various kind of rewards; such as, rewards of “euphoria” and “feeling good”; of good taste and sme-
ll; of satisfying their ego; of sexual pleasure and orgasm; of junk food and/or chocolate; of buying as they wish; of possessing; of making
money; of getting richer and more powerful.
The animal brain and reward mechanisms in animals are not different, but simpler. It is easier to construct experiments and establish
experimental models in animals, since we cannot use invasive techniques in higher primates and humans. Evolution Theory shows us that
we have very similar built-in mechanisms and circuits in the brain for a certain mind and neurological states, such as depression, fear, an-
xiety and pleasure, or even epilepsy and convulsions, to animals. For instance, it was possible to design medication to treat epilepsy, after
discovering some of the mechanisms of epileptic discharges and using anti-epileptic agents on animal models of epilepsy, which worked


anti-depressant or anxiolytic drugs are, also tested, initially in animal models, similarly.
  
which mediates pleasure at certain reward centers: dopamine. Even in the insects and bees there are some tiny dopamine neurons, which
     
  
evolved to “perceive dopamine molecule and the activation of dopamine receptors (mostly D1-like) as pleasure and contentment”. In the


A reward activates the reward-pleasure system or hedonic hotspots and generates feelings of pleasure or positive emotions (e.g. li-
king). At the same time, a reward also activates motivational systems either originating from the limbic system or the anatomical pleasure
regions and induces incentive behavior (e.g. wanting). For example, when rats press a key and receive electrical stimulation through an
electrode implanted in the lateral hypothalamus, they try to press the key continuously as they can to get more electrical stimulations,

The electrical stimulation of some subcortical structures, such as the nucleus accumbens (NA), the lateral hypothalamus, and the
ventral tegmental area (VTA), have been proven to induce strong motivational behaviors in animals. It should always be kept in mind
that “wanting” and “liking” are two different feelings. “Wanting” is caused by the instinctive approach because of the smell, taste, shape

Citation: H Ümit Sayin. “The Neural Correlates of the “ID””. EC Neurology 11.4 (2019): 256-273.
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of the object (such as food); it is a response of the organism towards an incentive salience. In liking there is the “pleasure” factor, and it is
a learned behavior, involving short term memory, as well as the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems (D1-like dopamine and NMDA

induce “wanting”, because of the stimulation of NA and prefrontal cortex; when dopamine is increased in those regions, there is pleasant
feeling both in animals (decrease of anxiety, stress) and in humans (e.g. euphoria, relief, happiness etc). After a while it becomes a learned
and sought behavior.
Figure 2: 

-

The stimulation of VTA, NA or lateral hypothalamus have been proposed to induce “wanting”. However, the stimulation of orbitofrontal
c
there is involvement of glutamate, dopamine and GABA transmission (Figure 4). In “liking and pleasure”, there is also involvement of the

Citation: H Ümit Sayin. “The Neural Correlates of the “ID””. EC Neurology 11.4 (2019): 256-273.
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endogenous opioids, addition to the stimulation of the dopaminergic system. All these areas have neuronal connections with the other

Figure 3: 
Figure 4: -


Citation: H Ümit Sayin. “The Neural Correlates of the “ID””. EC Neurology 11.4 (2019): 256-273.
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The brain areas that are activated with good-positive emotions, pleasure, feelings-emotions, sexual pleasure, and orgasm have been

• Orbitofrontal cortex
• Cingulate cortex
• Medial prefrontal cortex
• Insula
• Nucleus accumbens
• Ventral pallidum
• Substantia nigra
• Ventral tegmental area
• Thalamus and hypothalamus.
These brain areas are often called “hedonic hotspots”. The experiments and observations claim that either the electrical (using micro
electrodes) or chemical stimulation (amphetamines or cocaine) of these brain structures can induce pleasure or positive emotions; in

Pleasure neurotransmitter of the ID: Dopamine
Dopamine (DA) is an excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. DA receptors have subtypes which are
mainly two families D1-like (D1, D5) and D2-like (D2, D3, D4) groups. Activation of D1- group receptors increases cyclic adenosine 3,
5,-monophosphate (cAMP) through stimulation of adenylyl cyclase via Gs stimulatory G-proteins. But, activation of D2-group receptors
decreases cAMP through Gi (inhibitory) pathway. The other receptor subtypes belong to the D2-like subfamily (D2, D3, and D4) and they
are Gi protein-coupled receptors that inhibit adenylyl cyclase and activate K+
Endogenous DA levels and DA release increase in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA), Nucleus Accumbens (NA), Orbitofrontal Cortex
(
stimulant substances are, also, associated with the reward system in those areas by means of increasing the release of DA (or by blocking
the re-uptake of DA) into the synaptic cleft extremely, compared to the usual-daily reward system or usual DA concentrations within the
synapses.
Most of the animals, perceive dopaminergic transmission at the higher centers of the brain as “pleasure and contentment”, an unsolved
mystery, which is not understood yet, why? Namely, why in some animals, norepinephrine does not have the similar effects, since nore-

“evolution theory”, nature may have chosen to give the role of pleasure to DA, after many trial and errors! The preference of DA by the
nature, instead of other modulatory neurotransmission, is a subject of another review.
There are many similarities between the activation of pleasure-reward mechanisms and drug addiction. Reward system of DA in the
brain includes the VTA and NA, where a sequence of reactions occurs based on the stimuli of a drug or a behavior. During this cascade of bi-
ochemical reactions which occur in milliseconds, short term electrophysiological learning, such as LTP, may develop after the stimulation
of D1 and NMDA receptors while pleasure is learned. These drugs stimulate mainly every part of the brain, but particularly VTA, prefrontal


-
 
mediate the development of psychological addiction to gambling, over-eating and obesity, some certain repeated stereotypic behaviors or
habituation (watching TV, internet, pornography or gambling etc.) In animal and human studies self-administration of DA increasing sub-
stances, creates some positive-like clinical effects, such as pleasure, euphoria, increased libido, and enhanced sexual pleasure, cessation of
anxiety, hedonism, and loss of the depressive mood.

Citation: H Ümit Sayin. “The Neural Correlates of the “ID””. EC Neurology 11.4 (2019): 256-273.
The Neural Correlates of the “ID”
262
VTA is the dopaminergic transmission center and DA production area, mesocortical dopaminergic pathway starts at VTA with many
dopaminergic neurons originating. Nucleus Accumbens (NA) is the center for motivation and goal directed behavior. DA, as a signaling
agent in the brain, is very crucial for memory formation; dopaminergic activity and neural transmission helps the animals (or humans)

positive-hedonic experiences are never forgotten either. This stamped-in memory gives the animals the motivation to repeat the pleasu-
rable experiences (e.g. pressing the lever to deliver electric shocks through an electrode implanted in lateral hypothalamus; or pressing
the lever for the reward of cocaine instead of regular food). Dopaminergic, glutamatergic and adrenergic systems work together, while
glutamatergic NMDA receptors mediate acute electrophysiological short-term memory, referred as LTP; dopaminergic and adrenergic, as
well as acetyl-cholinergic, systems mediate the long-term memory in the limbic structures (e.g. VTA, amygdala and hippocampus) and the



reward that had elevated DA-system (e.g. electric shock into the lateral hypothalamus or cocaine for the animals; drug usage, addiction of
eating, gambling or habituation in humans).
ID’s sexual drive is a built-in component of reproductive behavior which is crucial for the reproduction of human race. Sexual desire
and drive are also an important part of the survival instinct. Sexual desire also shapes the emotions, love and sexual satisfaction, making
     
get much more pleasure than animals in sexual activity and the components of the emotional, psychological and sexual aspects are more
-
rotransmitters.
Summary and Conclusion
The ID has very effective ways to express itself, as a built-in bio-software of the human brain; also it has very powerful methods and
c
may result in the formation of novel synaptic plasticity and new neurochemical balances, which may induce some psychological disorders,
such as neurosis, anxiety, depression. Today, actually, we know the neurophysiological basis of what Freud had articulated a century ago,

The ultimate pleasure and peak experience of the ID: Love
The mechanisms of passionate love and what it changes in the brain have not been unraveled until recently. According to Freud and
for
-
onships with the father and mother. Actually, the inherited, built-in reward system in humans, described above, starts to function during
the early development and the young brain is very susceptible to traumas, events that give pleasure, subconvulsive discharges, or other


The term “love” comprises a variety of strong and positive emotional and mental states, where pleasure becomes the topmost. In a
passionate love, there is the deepest interpersonal affection, high levels of happiness and pleasure; powerful attachment. Lust and sexual
attraction are the most important components, in which one can see the traces of the ID.
Some scientists described love in three stages: lust, attraction, and attachment. Lust is the feeling of strong sexual desire; romantic
at
involves staying together for a long time, leaving together, sharing a home, parental duties, mutual defense, and involves feelings of safety



Citation: H Ümit Sayin. “The Neural Correlates of the “ID””. EC Neurology 11.4 (2019): 256-273.
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    
H
sexual satisfaction and extreme happiness as an outcome of sexual activity (Figure 5).
Figure 5: 
During love, the information emerging from the subconscious and collective unconscious has been proposed to be very crucial. If we
anal
collective unconscious that compel the person to fall in love. ID is the discreet subordinate of love, most of the time. Many neurochemical,
hence behavioral changes happen during a deep and passionate love.
Extensive neuroscience and neuropharmacology research has been accomplished about “falling in love” 
al-

Figure 6: 

Citation: H Ümit Sayin. “The Neural Correlates of the “ID””. EC Neurology 11.4 (2019): 256-273.
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• Serotonin decreases very much compared to normal (that of before falling in love).
• Dopamine increases a lot compared to normal.
• Oxytocin increases a lot compared to normal.
• Stress hormone cortisol increases slightly.
• Norepinephrine is increased slightly; adrenergic sympathetic autonomous system is activated.
• Vasopressin is increased.
• Testosterone increases both in men and women; hence libido and sexual pleasure is increased.
In the case of love, being with or making love with the loved one becomes a super-reward and it is strived for compulsively after a while.
Without any sexual activity, even being together with the lover is always sought; that person becomes the most important individual in
her/his life.
Love, in human beings, is a complex behavioral, emotional and consciousness state and a ; it requires many higher
cortical functions in coordination with many alterations in the limbic circuitry, where the ID is located. Brain chemistry changes, for
at least 6 months; in some cases these changes may continue up to two years or more. Generally, the changes determined in the blood
   
subconscious, collective unconsciousness, limbic system, learned information and conditioning since childhood, sexual preferences, fanta-
Figure 7: 

Citation: H Ümit Sayin. “The Neural Correlates of the “ID””. EC Neurology 11.4 (2019): 256-273.
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sies, childhood traumas, abstract thinking, cognitive factors of the individual, social norms and conditioning, social and religious dogmas,

What kind of behavioral changes occur when the ID takes the steer?
Love can be accepted as a kind of compulsion, however with positive emotions; rewarding and inducing happiness. Changes in the
b 
lovers. During love, sexual pleasure and orgasms are enhanced, particularly in women. Better and more intense the orgasms are, the more
oxytocin is released; hence, love strengthens, and more attachment occurs. Oxytocin, which is secreted from hypothalamic paraventricu-
lar nucleus and posterior pituitary, is a hormone in the bloodstream and a neurotransmitter in the brain. Acute oxytocin release induces
-

Neuro-imaging studies of passionate love
Parieto-temporo-occipital region induces the perception of integrity of the self with the environment. Activation of this region makes
the



Aron., 
and thought about pleasurable, non-sexual events involving the partner, activation was detected in the right caudate nucleus and the ven-
tral tegmental area (VTA), whereas the amygdala, which mediates aggression, showed deactivation. Caudate nucleus and VTA are the most
       
regions are strongly associated with reward and goal-directed behavior, supporting the notion that romantic love is an intense motivatio-
nal state and extraordinary experience which also uses the reward-pleasure circuitry and some of the “hedonic hot spots” (See Figure-8).
Figure 8: 

Citation: H Ümit Sayin. “The Neural Correlates of the “ID””. EC Neurology 11.4 (2019): 256-273.
The Neural Correlates of the “ID”
266
Informatics and biophysics of neurons, dopamine and pleasure
Human brain and human psyche have a very complicated structure. There are 1013 neurons in the human brain. The duration of an ac-
tio
information in the brain contains “YES” and “NO” binary algebra (0 or 1, in binary mathematics), and one bit of information corresponds to

synapse can be stored in 1 millisecond. Each neuron can make from a couple to 104 synapses; let’s assume that as an average one neuron
makes 103 synapses with other neurons. Then, through the synapses of the human brain, 103 x 1013 x 4.7 bits of information can be stored
in one millisecond, namely 4.7 x 1016 bits of information. The byte is a unit of digital information technology that most commonly consists
of eight bits, representing a binary number. In one millisecond ((4.7 x 1016)/8) bytes of information, in computer terms, can pass and be
stored in the human brain. In modern computer technology, the computer systems started use 32 or 64 bit systems; so, to compare with
our current modern computers (and current byte concept), it is better to take one byte as 64 bits, then in one millisecond (4.7 x 1016)/64
bytes can be processed in one millisecond; which is 0.0754 x 1016 bytes; or 754 x 1012 bytes. 754 terabytes of information can be passed
in one millisecond through whole brain synapses (among 1016 synapses, approximately). In one second, while you blink your eye, 754
terabytes x 1000, or 754 peta bytes of information can be processed in the brain. In a day, during a wakeful period of 16 hours (which is
3600 x 16 = 576 x 102 seconds) is 576 x 102 seconds. During, one day when you are conscious 576 x 102 x 754 petabytes of information is
processed. Approximately this makes, (576 x 754 x 102= 434 304 x 102) approximately, 4 x 105 x 102, namely (4 x 107) petabytes of infor-

of Congress represent about 10 terabytes of data. In one single day, the human brain has the capacity of processing the data much more
than the total volumes of US Library of Congress. However, it does not work that way because of various reasons, particularly because of
many inhibitory synaptic connections, so many action potentials would be blocked and inhibited at certain levels (inhibitory serotonin,
  
and at every synapse, at every millisecond; otherwise there would be chaos and it would become epileptic. Third, the brain cannot store
this much information in the form of proteins, RNA or DNA, otherwise we would have to carry a brain as big as an elephant; only one way,
possible to store this much information is: to record it in holograms! There is a hypothesis about the “holographic brain” proposed by some

                  
following (http://www.acsa2000.net/bcngroup/jponkp/):
1. The apparent spectral frequency filtering aspect of cortical cells.
2. The relationship between Fourier transforms and holograms.
3. The fact that selective brain damage doesn’t necessarily erase specific memories.
4. The computational advantage to performing correlations in the spectral domain.
5. The specific abilities of the brains of some people that can exceed the known possible limits. For instance, some autistic or genius
people can multiply five digit numbers instantaneously, faster than calculators, (e.g. the synesthetic genius Daniel Tammet who
sees the numbers in shapes and colors and his multiplications’ pictures are like landscape paintings. Tammet can multiple
numbers using his synesthetic abilities faster than computers. Tammet went to Iceland and learned Icelandic in 7 days and
made an interview in Iceland TV speaking Icelandic. There are numerous genius mathematicians like him, how can neuroscience
explain these extraordinary abilities?).
6. His idea of conscious experience being concurrent with the brain performing these Fourier-like transformations (which
simultaneously correlate a perception with other previously stored perceptions). He believes that conscious experience is
   

7.          
relation.

Citation: H Ümit Sayin. “The Neural Correlates of the “ID””. EC Neurology 11.4 (2019): 256-273.
The Neural Correlates of the “ID”
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           
th
an idea of the capacity of the biological computer of . The consciousness is aware only of a very small proportion of the informa-

     
mind; the consciousness does not perceive and process this amount of information. There is also a phenomenon which is coined as
8 bits of informa-
tion enters into the brain as perception in each second and 104 bits of information is processed as an output every second; Herbert, claims
that the information that unconsciously enters our brain is nearly 1013

drops the rest into thrash. According to Herbert, average person’s “ordinary conscious mind” can process nearly 50 bits of information



Figure 9: 
estimated to be 50 - 100 bits/sec; while there is huge amount of subliminal and unconscious data which is not either


cingulate and perirhinal cortices; which are generally referred as meso-cortico-limbic system. In the human brain, there are relatively few
dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc (substantia nigra, pars compacta) and VTA (less than 400,000 in the SNpc and roughly 5,000 in the

extensive and hence modulate various brain functions, including pleasure, emotions and mood. The midbrain dopaminergic neuron is es-
-

are generated by those 5000 dopaminergic neurons and nearly 25 x 108
500 action potentials in one second, let’ say, in one second ((4.7 bits x 25 x 108 x 500)/64) bytes of dopaminergic pleasure information can
be processed originating from VTA. This is 918 x 108 bytes, or nearly 92 gigabytes. So, 92 GB of dopaminergic pleasure information can be
processed. Of course this is not actually pleasure, but our consciousness perceives such a dopaminergic discharge as pleasure, which is an
illusion of the conscious mind, predetermined in the bio-software of the ID.

Citation: H Ümit Sayin. “The Neural Correlates of the “ID””. EC Neurology 11.4 (2019): 256-273.
The Neural Correlates of the “ID”
268
wor-
  
aims, such as survival and/or “pleasure principal”. All the mood states, such as, joyfulness, ecstasy, happiness, euphoria, pleasure, orgasm,

each subgroup or subunit has neuronal network information value, in megabytes or gigabytes (allowing us to compare with modern com-


as pleasure, which is one of the topmost driving forces of life, hidden as a discreet bio-software of the ID.
Conclusion
During the last half century, neuroscience has proven that all mind and mood states, feelings, emotions, thought, abstract thinking,
psychological and mental disorders have 1-neuroanatomical 2-neurochemical 3-neuro physiological or pathophysiological basis and
do also have neuro-
-
gical psychiatry. Any abstractions about human psyche which do not depend on pure neuroscience and neuropharmacology are not valid


perplexing issues in human psychology will be unraveled by means of the methods of neuroscience.
Figure 10: 




-



Citation: H Ümit Sayin. “The Neural Correlates of the “ID””. EC Neurology 11.4 (2019): 256-273.
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Acknowledgements

Similar reviews on the topic are published at the SexuS Journal (www.sexusjournal.com).
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