ArticlePublisher preview available

Efficiency of Eichhornia crassipes in the treatment of raw kitchen wastewater

April 2019
SN Applied Sciences 1(4)

DOI:10.1007/s42452-019-0400-0

Authors:

Rijwana Parwin

Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar

Kakoli Karar Paul

National Institute of Technology Rourkela

The present water crisis mandates the reuse of wastewater for non-potable purpose. In this study, raw kitchen wastewater (KWW) was treated using Eichhornia crassipes, as a low-cost and eco-friendly remediation method. The advantage of Eichhornia crassipes is quick and high efficiency for removal of pollutants from wastewater. It was found that during characterization of raw KWW, the value of pH and the concentration of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen were exceeding the permissible limit for irrigation water quality. A field experiment was conducted for 21 days, and the physicochemical parameters were monitored at 3 days of interval. After treatment, the concentration of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen reduced to 97.79% and 92.03%, respectively, within 15 days, whereas the pH value increased from 4.3 to 6.67. It was found that Eichhornia crassipes showed good reduction efficiency for BOD5 (77.23%), ammonium nitrogen (92.03%), total organic carbon (39.24%) and total suspended solids (95.94%) as compared to control (KWW sample without Eichhornia crassipes). An increase of 50% biomass of Eichhornia crassipes was observed at the end of the experiment. The study found that the treated KWW can be reused for irrigation purpose as it satisfied irrigation standard guidelines. Keywords Eichhornia crassipes · Irrigation · Kitchen wastewater · Phytoremediation

Effect of Eichhornia crassipes on the reduction in physicochemical parameters of KWW at a different time interval. a BOD 5 , b TOC, c TSS, d TDS and e oil and grease

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Effect of Eichhornia crassipes on different parameters of KWW at a different time interval. a pH, b nitrate nitrogen, c ammonium nitrogen and d dissolved oxygen (DO)

…

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SN Applied Sciences (2019) 1:381 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0400-0

Research Article

Eciency ofEichhornia crassipes inthetreatment ofraw kitchen

wastewater

RijwanaParwin1· KakoliKararPaul1

Abstract

The present water crisis mandates the reuse of wastewater for non-potable purpose. In this study, raw kitchen wastewa-

ter (KWW) was treated using Eichhornia crassipes, as a low-cost and eco-friendly remediation method. The advantage

of Eichhornia crassipes is quick and high eciency for removal of pollutants from wastewater. It was found that during

characterization of raw KWW, the value of pH and the concentration of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen were

exceeding the permissible limit for irrigation water quality. A eld experiment was conducted for 21days, and the phys-

icochemical parameters were monitored at 3days of interval. After treatment, the concentration of nitrate nitrogen

and ammonium nitrogen reduced to 97.79% and 92.03%, respectively, within 15days, whereas the pH value increased

from 4.3 to 6.67. It was found that Eichhornia crassipes showed good reduction eciency for BOD5 (77.23%), ammonium

nitrogen (92.03%), total organic carbon (39.24%) and total suspended solids (95.94%) as compared to control (KWW

sample without Eichhornia crassipes). An increase of 50% biomass of Eichhornia crassipes was observed at the end of the

experiment. The study found that the treated KWW can be reused for irrigation purpose as it satised irrigation standard

guidelines.

Keywords Eichhornia crassipes· Irrigation· Kitchen wastewater· Phytoremediation

1 Introduction

Water is the most precious resource to prolong life on

earth. Plessis [1] stated that out of the total available water

resource, only 3% is freshwater, and approximately 69%

of it is locked up in glaciers. Due to rapid urbanization,

industrialization and growth in population, the availabil-

ity of freshwater resource now become a critical issue. In

future, the water demand for irrigation for a populated

country like India will be 910 billion cubic metres (BCM) by

2025 and rise to 1072 BCM by 2050 [2]. Thus, it is the high

time to think not only about the judicious use of existing

water resource but also for the reuse of wastewater for

non-potable purposes.

Domestic wastewater generates from household activi-

ties are mainly of two types: grey water (excluding toilet

wastewater) and blackwater (including toilet wastewa-

ter) [3]. The grey water contributes 80% of total domes-

tic wastewater, and 44% of grey water is produced from

the kitchen outlet from an Indian household [4]. Kitchen

wastewater (KWW) is produced on an average of 12L per

person per day (LPD) in the residential area in India [5],

rural school 4 LPD [6], and Indian cities (Delhi, Kolkata,

Mumbai, Hyderabad, Ahmadabad, Kanpur and Madurai)

14.92 LPD [7]. KWW has the potential to combat the water

crisis for non-potable use. A suitable treatment method is

required for the treatment of KWW.

Dierent types of plants have been used across the

globe for KWW treatment. Phragmites australis was used

in a constructed wetland, which is made up of half brick,

gravel and sand layers for KWW treatment. The author

suggested that this is helpful in reducing organic matter

Received: 2 January 2019 / Accepted: 23 March 2019 / Published online: 30 March 2019

* Rijwana Parwin, rijwana.parwin27@gmail.com; Kakoli Karar Paul, k_karar1@yahoo.co.in | 1Department ofCivil Engineering, NIT,

Rourkela769008, India.

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