Selectivity of herbicides applied in pre-emergence in chia crop

Abstract

Seeds of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) are known worldwide for the benefits in human nutrition. However, from the
agricultural point of view, weed interference is one of the main limitations in this crop, and restricted basic information about the
management with herbicides. The aim of this work was to evaluate the selectivity of herbicides applied in pre-emergence of chia
crop (S. hispanica). It was carried out an experiment in the field at the Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava - PR,
using randomized complete block design, with ten treatments and four replications. The treatments applied in the pre-emergence
of chia were constituted by the herbicides: sulfentrazone (100, 200, 400 and 800 g ha-1), oxyfluorfen (720 g ha-1), s-metolachlor
(1920 g ha-1), flumioxazin (50 g ha-1), diclosulan (25 g ha-1), trifluralin (1800 g ha-1) and a control without application. Oxyfluorfen,
s-metolachlor, flumioxazin and diclosulan were not selective for application in chia crop in pre-emergence, unlike trifluralin, which
showed high selectivity. Sulfentrazone presented viability only at the dose of 100 g ha-1.

Full text

Rev. Bras. Cienc. Agrar., Recife, v.14, n.1, e5609, 2019 1/7
Revista Brasileira de Ciências Agrárias
ISSN (on line) 1981-0997
v.14, n.1, e5609, 2019
Recife, PE, UFRPE. www.agraria.pro.br
DOI:10.5039/agraria.v14i1a5609
Protocolo 5609 - 17/01/2018 • Aprovado em 02/10/2018
Selectivity of herbicides applied in pre-emergence in chia crop
Cleber Daniel de Goes Maciel1, Luiz Henrique Ilkiu Vidal1, Sidnei Osmar Jadoski1, Cesar Eduardo Lourenço Iuchemin1,
Enelise Osco Helvig1, André Augusto Pazinato da Silva1, André Cosmo Dranca1, Miriam Hiroko Inoue2
1 Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, PR, Brasil. E-mail: cmaciel@unicentro.br (ORCID: 0000-0003-3222-2946); lvidal@unicentro.br (ORCID: 0000-0001-
8483-0375); sjadoski@unicentro.br (ORCID: 0000-0001-6064-2767); wirmond1999@hotmail.com (ORCID: 0000-0003-2126-4868); ene_osco@hotmail.com (ORCID: 0000-
0001-8225-4351); pazinato0@gmail.com (ORCID: 0000-0002-1823-6324); andredranca@gmail.com (ORCID: 0000-0002-3640-6382)
2 Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Tangara da Serra, MT, Brasil. E-mail: miriamhinoue@hotmail.com (ORCID: 0000-0002-5332-5170)
AGRONOMY (AGRONOMIA)
ABSTRACT: Seeds of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) are known worldwide for the benets in human nutrition. However, from the
agricultural point of view, weed interference is one of the main limitations in this crop, and restricted basic information about the
management with herbicides. The aim of this work was to evaluate the selectivity of herbicides applied in pre-emergence of chia
crop (S. hispanica). It was carried out an experiment in the eld at the Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava - PR,
using randomized complete block design, with ten treatments and four replications. The treatments applied in the pre-emergence
of chia were constituted by the herbicides: sulfentrazone (100, 200, 400 and 800 g ha-1), oxyuorfen (720 g ha-1), s-metolachlor
(1920 g ha-1), umioxazin (50 g ha-1), diclosulan (25 g ha-1), triuralin (1800 g ha-1) and a control without application. Oxyuorfen,
s-metolachlor, umioxazin and diclosulan were not selective for application in chia crop in pre-emergence, unlike triuralin, which
showed high selectivity. Sulfentrazone presented viability only at the dose of 100 g ha-1.
Key words: intoxication; Salvia hispanica L.; sulfentrazone; triluralin; yield
Seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência na cultura da chia
RESUMO: Sementes de chia (Salvia hispanica L.) são conhecidas mundialmente pelos benefícios na nutrição humana. Entretanto,
do ponto de vista agrícola, a interferência das plantas daninhas é uma das principais limitações nessa cultura, sendo ainda
restritas informações básicas sobre o manejo com herbicidas. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a seletividade de herbicidas
aplicados em pré-emergência da cultura da chia (S. hispanica). Um experimento foi desenvolvido a campo em Guarapuava - PR,
utilizando delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com dez tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram
constituídos pelos herbicidas: sulfentrazone (100, 200, 400 e 800 g ha-1), oxyuorfen (720 g ha-1), s-metolachlor (1920 g ha-1),
umioxazin (50 g ha-1), diclosulan (25 g ha-1), triuralin (1800 g ha-1) e uma testemunha sem aplicação. Oxyuorfen, s-metolachlor,
umioxazin e diclosulan não foram seletivos para aplicação em pré-emergência na cultura da chia, ao contrário do triuralin que
apresentou alta seletividade. Sulfentrazone apresentou viabilidade apenas na dose de 100 g ha-1.
Palavras-chave: intoxicação; Salvia hispanica L; sulfentrazone; triuralin; produtividade

Selectivity of herbicides applied in pre-emergence in chia crop
Rev. Bras. Cienc. Agrar., Recife, v.14, n.1, e5609, 2019 2/7
Introducon
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is an annual herbaceous plant,
belonging to the Lamiaceae family. It has high nutrional value,
containing substances such as omega 3 and 6, anoxidants,
dietary ber and proteins (Peire & Gai, 2009). The chia crop
culvaon can reach up to two meters in height and achieve an
average yield of 250 g of seeds per plant (Coelho & Salas-Mellado,
2014). Despite it being a photoperiod sensive species and also
considered as a short-day (Jamboonsri et al., 2012), in Brazil it
has adapted to dierent locaons, where the temperature,
altude and precipitaon condions meet the crop culvaon
requirements (Migliavacca et al. 2014, Freitas et al., 2016).
The western Paraná and northwest Rio Grande do Sul
regions began to invest in chia culvaon in the latest harvests,
having good results from it, despite the lack of informaon
regarding their nutrional requirements, dicules related to
the harvest and to the seeds commercializaon (Migliavacca et
al., 2014), as well as on the weeds management (Pozo, 2010).
Thus, the control of weeds becomes necessary, mainly
due the high pressure that may occur at the beginning of
the chia crop development, which can severely aect the
yield and quality of the nal product (Karkanis et al., 2018).
According to Ayerza & Coates (2006), the crical period of the
compeon between chia and weeds extends up to 45 days
aer emergence (DAE), aer which the crop provides shade
for the soil, hindering the infestaon development in the area.
Therefore, it becomes relevant to control weed infestaon at
the beginning of the crop cycle, since the inial development
of chia is slow (Coates, 2011; Miranda, 2012).
In this maer, among the opons for the weeds seed bank
management would be the use of herbicides applied in the
crop pre-emergence, since chia has a low compeve capacity
at its development beginning.
For the decision-making in the herbicide choice, the
technical and economic aspects must be taken into account,
such as the eciency, selecvity for the crop, residual
eect, applicaon window, control spectrum and the costs
involved (Nascimento, 2016). It is also worth nong that,
unlike other crops belonging to the Lamiaceae family, also
considered as with insucient phytosanitary support (minor
crop), such as peppermint (Mentha piperita), Japanese mint
(Mentha arvensis), ax (Linum usitassimum) and sage (Salvia
ocinalis), chia has no record of safe herbicides for use in the
weed control (Karkanis et al., 2018).
Field-level informaon regarding the herbicide selecvity
is sll scarce and insucient for the chia crop culvaon,
thus requiring researches and studies that report about weed
management in a more detailed form.
Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the
selecvity of the chia crop culvaon to the acon of herbicides
applied in pre-emergence, under the edaphoclimac
condions of Guarapuava - PR.
Material and Methods
The experiment was conducted in an experimental of the
Midwestern State University – UNICENTRO, CEDETEG Campus,
located in Guarapuava-PR at the coordinates 25°23’07.5’’ S
051°29’45.4’’ W and 1024 m of altude. The experimental
area soil was classied as typical dystrophic Bruno Latosol
(Haplustox), with clayey texture (Embrapa, 2013), presenng
composion, regarding its physical-chemical analysis, of: pH
of 5.0 in CaCl2; 4.39 cmolc cm-3 of H+ + Al+3 content, 2.8 cmolc
dm-3 of Ca+2, 1.5 cmolc dm-3 of Mg, 0.18 cmolc dm-3 of K+, 2.8
mg dm-3 of P (Mehlich), with 47.0 g dm-3 of C, as well as 490,
270 and 240 g kg-1, of clay, silt and sand, respecvely.
The predominant climate of the region was classied
by Köeppen-Geiger as the subtropical humid mesothermic
C type, with cool summers, winters with frequent and
severe frosts, and absence of a dry season. The average
annual precipitaon is between 1.600 and 1.800 mm (Iapar,
2014). In Figure 1, the meteorological data regarding the
execuon period of the work is veried (from 12/23/2016 to
05/23/2017).
Figure 1. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures (°C) and precipitaon (mm) data during eld conducon of the experiment.
Guarapuava-PR, 2017.
Precipitation (mm)
Precipitation (mm)
Temperature (oC)
TMax (oC) TMin (oC)
2016/17 crop

C. D. de G. Maciel et al.
Rev. Bras. Cienc. Agrar., Recife, v.14, n.1, e5609, 2019 3/7
The experimental design used was the randomized
block design with ten treatments and four replicates. The
treatments used in crop pre-emergence were consisted of the
following herbicides: sulfentrazone (100, 200, 400 and 800 g
ha-1; Boral 500 SC®), oxyuorfen (720 g ha-1; Galigan 240 EC®),
s-metolachlor (1920 g ha-1; Dual Gold®), umioxazin (50 g ha-1;
Flumyzin 500®), diclosulan (25 g ha-1; Spider®), triuralin (1800
g ha-1; Triuralina Nortox Gold®), and a control group without
applicaon, which was weekly manually weeded over the
enre crop cycle.
The chia sowing was manually carried out on 12/23/2016,
using a 0.5 m spacing between lines and a 160.000 plant ha-1
populaon, as well as a 250 kg ha-1 base ferlizaon of the
08-20-20 formulaon (NPK) and 60 kg ha-1 of urea, twenty
days aer emergence (DAE) of the crop. The experimental
units were represented by plots with total area of 10.0 m²
(2.5 x 4.0 m), where 0.5 m of the edges and lateral lines were
disregarded in the evaluaons.
The applicaons were carried out with a CO2 pressurized
backpack sprayer with four TTI110.02 ps, at 210 KPa
pressure, 3.6 km h-1 displacement velocity, which constuted
a 200 L ha-1 applicaon rate. The meteorological condions at
the me of applicaon (from 9:30 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.) were
recorded with a portable digital thermo-hygro-anemometer,
which typied an average temperature of 23.8 °C, relave
humidity of 64.3% and winds with 2.2 km h-1 speed.
The experiment was periodically weeded, thus avoiding
interference from weed infestaon on all treatments, in order
to verify individually just the crop selecvity to the herbicides.
The evaluated crop characteriscs were: stand (plant no. m-1),
represented by the number of chia plants emerged at 14,
21 and 28 DAE; plants height (cm), considering the distance
from the soil to the last fully expanded leaf inseron at 21,
35, 49 DAE and at the beginning of the reproducve phase
(R1); leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD index), with the aid of
a portable chlorophyll meter (Minolta SPAD-502) at 21, 35
and 49 DAE; number of ramicaons (NR), dry mass of the
aerial part (MSPA) and the roots (MSRA), all carried out at the
beginning of the reproducve phase (R1); and the producon
components: inorescence number (NINF), inorescence
length (CINF), ower number per inorescence (NF/I), mass
of 100 grains (P100G) and crop grain yield (PROD - kg ha-1), all
obtained through the weighing on an precision balance.
The data were submied to variance analysis by the F test
and the results compared by the Sco-Kno clustering test at
5.0% probability.
Results and Discussion
The results, in general, showed a reducon in the stand
and height of plants for all treatments in relaon to the
control group without applicaon at 14, 21 and 28 days aer
emergence (AED) (Table 1). For these variables, the damage
intensity was lighter in the groupings formed by triuralin and
sulfentrazone at the 100 g ha-1 dose, severe for sulfentrazone
at 200; 400 and 800 g ha-1 doses, and enrely harmful for the
grouping consisng of oxyuorfen, s-metolachlor, umioxazin
and diclosulan.
Triuralin, despite having stascally reduced the crop
stand, was the one that less aected the emergence of chia
plants, followed by the lower doses of sulfentrazone (100
and 200 g ha-1) (Table 1). Rojas (2013) also reported that
triuralin and linuron did not cause damage in the chia crop
development, as well as reducon in the grain yield, in addion
of providing ecient weed control. On the opposite way, the
other herbicides oxyuorfen, s-metolachlor, umioxazin and
diclosulan fully inhibited the emergence of chia plants, being
then characterized as non-selecve for the crop culvaon.
In this aspect, it is important to note that besides chia
seeds being small and sowed supercially, the edaphoclimac
condions such as soil texture and excessive precipitaon
may favor the phytotoxic acon of the chloroacetamide
(s-metolachlor) and dinitroanilines (triuralin) in the
emergency phase, reducing the crop stand.
Unlike triuralin, which acts inhibing cellular division
and elongaon in plants, and has a low leaching potenal
- Means followed by the same leer in the lines do not dier from each other by the clustering test of Sco-Kno (p ≥ 0.05). * = signicant (p < 0.05) e NS = signicant (p ≥ 0.05).
Table 1. Stand and height of the chia crop culvaon at 14, 21, 28, 35, 49 DAE (Days Aer Emergence) and the beginning of
owering (R1), submied to pre-emergence herbicide applicaon. Guarapuava/PR, 2017.

Selectivity of herbicides applied in pre-emergence in chia crop
Rev. Bras. Cienc. Agrar., Recife, v.14, n.1, e5609, 2019 4/7
due to its high adsorpon to the soil, the sulfentrazone has
an acon mechanism based on the inhibion of the PROTOX
(protoporphyrinogen oxidase) enzyme, causing peroxidaon
of lipids from the cell membranes and interference in the
chlorophyll biosynthesis, with moderate mobility and low
soil adsorpon (Roman et al., 2007; Oliveira Jr. et al., 2011;
Rodrigues & Almeida, 2011). This fact may be a possible
explanaon for the death of chia plants due low selecvity of
the higher sulfentrazone concentraons, especially when the
applicaon was held in pre-emergence, soon aer the crop
sowing.
For the plant height evaluaon, it was observed a
vegetave suppression for all treatments that received
sulfentrazone applicaons at 21, 35, 49 DAE and at the
beginning of owering (R1), as well as for triuralin, except for
the last evaluaon (Table 1). For sulfentrazone, the 100 and
200 g ha-1 doses were the ones that less aected the height of
the chia plants unl the beginning of owering (R1), diering
stascally from 400 and 800 g ha-1, where the reducon
was about 24 and 32%, respecvely. However, in terms of
selecvity, the chia height may not be posively associated
with the yield, especially when grown under long-day
development condions (Baginsky et al., 2016), in accordance
with how this work was developed.
Specically for triuralin and sulfentrazone at the 100
g ha-1 dose, even though the reducon of the chia plants
stand and height were less severe, it is sll highlighted
that the condion of less densied and smaller plants can
provide compeveness for environment resources such as
space, light, water, and nutrients. On the contrary, in a study
developed by Rodrigues (2016) with seeding densies of the
chia crop culvaon in the state of Ceará, the author observed
that the density reducon of the crop resulted in a height
increase of the plants.
Regarding the chlorophyll content in the leaves of chia
(SPAD index), a signicant reducon was only observed at 21
DAE for 200, 400 and 800 g ha-1 of sulfentrazone in relaon to
the control group without applicaon, in the order of 6, 12 and
10%, respecvely (Table 2). However, it is worth nocing that
for the lowest dose of sulfentrazone (100 g ha-1) and triuralin
there was no reducon of this variable. At 35 and 49 DAE no
stascal dierences were observed between sulfentrazone
and triuralin treatments, which contained emerged chia
plants, in response relaon to the weeded control group.
The photosynthec eciency of the plants is related to the
process of converng light radiaon into chemical energy, in
which chlorophylls are directly involved (Taiz & Zeiger, 2016).
Therefore, it is possible to arm for the studied condions that
the herbicide triuralin, an inhibitor of tubulin polymerizaon
in the plant root mitosis (Roman et al., 2007; Rodrigues &
Almeida, 2011), did not interfere in the physiological acvity
regarding the maintenance of the chia leaves chlorophyll
content. However, this variable may have been aected by
sulfentrazone, at the concentraons higher than 200 g ha-1,
considering that aer 21 DAE there was recovery of the crop.
The sulfentrazone herbicide reduces photosynthec acvity in
suscepble plants due to the lower synthesis of chlorophylls
and heme compounds in the chloroplasts (Vidal et al., 2014),
and as the oxidave stress increases according to the light
exposure me, the thylakoids are damaged and lose their
photosynthec capacity (Tripathy et al., 2007).
Regarding the number of ramicaons (NR) per plant of the
chia crop, it was observed in the R1 stage that only triuralin did
not inuence this variable. For sulfentrazone the levels of NR
reducon were in the order of 7, 8, 12 and 20%, respecvely,
for the 100, 200, 400 and 800 g ha-1 doses (Table 2).
With these results, it is noted that the NR reducon of chia
was not proporonal to the stand and height reducons. This
fact may have occurred due to the greater space available for
the growth and development of the plants that have managed
to emerge, being it an intrinsic characterisc of species that
have the branching ability. However, although there was no
NR increase in chia for the herbicide treatments, this crop
when strategically established in low plant populaon can
- Means followed by the same leer in the lines do not dier from each other by the clustering test of Sco-Kno (p ≥ 0.05). * = signicant (p < 0.05) e NS = signicant (p ≥ 0.05).
Table 2. Chlorophyll content of the leaves, number of ramicaon (NR), dry maer of the aerial part (MSPA) and dry mass
of roots (MSRA) of chia crop culvaon submied to pre-emergence herbicide applicaon at 21, 35 and 49 DAE (Days Aer
Emergence), as well as number of ramicaon (NR), dry mass of the aerial part (MSPA) and roots (MSRA) at the owering
beginning (R1). Guarapuava/PR, 2017.

C. D. de G. Maciel et al.
Rev. Bras. Cienc. Agrar., Recife, v.14, n.1, e5609, 2019 5/7
increase its ramicaons and, consequently, the grain yield
(Miranda, 2012).
Triuralin (1800 g ha-1) and the two lowest sulfentrazone
doses (100 and 200 g ha-1) did not dier from the control group
without applicaon, for the variables dry mass of the aerial
part (MSPA) and of the roots (MSRA) of chia plants (Table 2).
However, for 400 and 800 g ha-1 of sulfentrazone, the levels
of MSPA reducon in relaon to the control group without
applicaon were 44 and 61%, respecvely. For the MSRA,
the reducon for both herbicides in relaon to the control
group without applicaon was in the order of 27 and 65%,
respecvely. In addion to this, it is important to reinforce
that only triuralin and the lower doses of sulfentrazone had
an increase in the MSRA of the chia plants in relaon to the
control group without applicaon, probably due the result
of the recovery from the chemical stress caused by these
herbicides acon. Karkanis et al. (2018) also menoned a
low selecvity of the chia crop culvaon for pre-emergence
applicaon of linuron (900 g ha-1), pendimethalin (1137 g ha-1)
and, mainly oxyuorfen (600 g ha-1) herbicides, where it was
found a signicant reducon in height and MSPA, as well as
the photosynthec acvity of plants, in a work developed in
two locaons in Greece.
For the variables inorescence number (NINF),
inorescence length (CINF) and ower number per
inorescence (NF/I), no stascal dierences were observed
between treatments with triuralin and sulfentrazone at
the lowest doses (100 and 200 g ha-1) and the control group
without applicaon (Table 3).
The NINF is directly related to the producvity of the
chia crop culvaon. For this variable, sulfentrazone at 400
and 800 g ha-1 doses caused a reducon of 30 and 57%,
respecvely. However, for the mass of 100 grain (P100G) no
stascal dierence was observed in relaon to the control
group for the triuralin and sulfentrazone, at all doses studied.
This result corroborates with those obtained by Rojas (2013),
using triuralin (2500 g ha-1) and pendimethalin (3030 g ha-1)
in pre-emergence. Thus, it is possible to arm that the chia
grain formaon is not inuenced by the applicaon of up to
800 g ha-1 of sulfentrazone and triuralin (1800 g ha-1), under
the studied edaphoclimac condions (Table 3).
In relaon to the yield (PROD) of the chia crop culvaon,
only triuralin and sulfentrazone treatments at the lowest
dose (100 g ha-1) were veried as selecve and did not cause
a stascal reducon in the yield when compared to the
control group without applicaon (Table 3).
Recent researches have shown that the triuralin
applicaon in pre-emergence did not cause damage to the
chia crop, allowing both unchanged growth and grains yield
(Migliavacca et al., 2014). In contrast to this, the 200, 400
and 800 g ha-1 sulfentrazone concentraons promoted a
progressive yield reducon with damages around 40, 84 and
94%, respecvely (Table 3). Thus, the 200 g ha-1 sulfentrazone
dose, regardless of not reducing the NINF, CINF, F/I and P100G
of the chia plants that managed to survive the pre-emergence
applicaon, was sucient in rendering a reducon in the
number of emerged plants (stand), and consequently, in grain
yield reducon.
With these preliminary results, it was possible to arm
that the only applicable treatments at eld level in the
studied condions, with a reliable recommendaon to the
farmer, would be the triuralin (1800 g ha-1) and the lowest
sulfentrazone dose (100 g ha-1). For sulfentrazone, it is
important to point out that 100 g ha-1 may not be sucient
to control the weeds seed bank in a reasonable mely
manner, since this dose is praccally ve mes lower than the
recommended one for the same use modality in the soybean
crop culvaon (Rodrigues & Almeida, 2011).
Sll regarding the weed control, it is important to establish
the early management of the infestaon while sll in the seed
bank in the area, since the chia crop culvaon presents a
slow inial development (Coates, 2011; Miranda, 2012). In
this context, the combinaon, in a tank mix, of triuralin (1800
g ha-1) with 100 g ha-1 of sulfentrazone would have potenal
- Means followed by the same leer in the lines do not dier from each other by the clustering test of Sco-Kno (p ≥ 0.05). * = signicant (p < 0.05) e NS = signicant (p ≥ 0.05).
Table 3. Inorescence number (NINF), inorescence length (CINF), ower number per inorescence (NF/I), as well as the
mass of 100 grains (P100G) and grain yield (PROD) of the chia crop culvaon under pre-emergence applicaon of herbicides.
Guarapuava/PR, 2017.

C. D. de G. Maciel et al.
Rev. Bras. Cienc. Agrar., Recife, v.14, n.1, e5609, 2019 6/7
to improve the residual eect on the control of the weeds
seed bank in the soil. Beyond that, in relaon to the culture
selecvity for the triuralin + sulfentrazone associaon, it is
also possible to envisage the possibility of posive eects
from its use, even with higher doses than the studied, but
only provided that a larger interval between the applicaon
window and the sowing of the crop was established.
In a general way, the results indicate potenal pre-
emergence use of triuralin and sulfentrazone in the chia crop
culvaon, but further studies are sll needed to opmize the
best opons of dosage and intervals between applicaon and
sowing, under dierent edaphoclimac condions.
Conclusions
The oxyuorfen, s-metolachlor, umioxazin and diclosulan
herbicides, in their respecve studied doses, were not
selecve for the pre-emergence applicaon in the chia
sowing, in contrast to triuralin, which presented acceptable
selecvity for the crop culvaon.
Sulfentrazone was selecve for the chia crop only with
100 g ha-1, but the results indicated feasibility and potenal
use for chia crop culvaon, requiring further studies for a
beer adjustment of the dose and the interval between the
applicaon and sowing.
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